Background: This study presents research on the traditional knowledge regarding Gentian (Gentiana L.) plants and their utilization. Aim: The objective of the study is to explore traditional knowledge about Gentian plants, their medicinal and other uses in various local communities, as well as to identify their vernacular names. Materials and Methods: The research was conducted in certain regions of Mongolia and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (IMAR), involving 190 cultural heritage bearers through 36 questionnaires. The collected data were analyzed to determine the utilization index and frequency index of Gentian plants, assessing how they are used in the respective regions. Results: The results indicated the identification of four species of Gentian plants: Gentiana algida, G. macrophylla, G. decumbens, and Gentianopsis barbata. The relative frequency indices in Mongolia showed high usage with values of 0.37 for G. macrophylla, 0.51 for G. decumbens, and 0.55 for Gentiana algida. In contrast, the values in IMAR were lower, with 0.08 for white Gentian, 0.18 for large-leaved Gentian, and 0.21 for creeping Gentian. These findings suggest that the utilization of Gentian plants is influenced by intensive livestock farming and agricultural practices in the area. Conclusion The use of Gentian plants varies across regions, and the cultural heritage bearers from both countries name them differently based on flower color, size, and local dialects. This study provides valuable information for preserving local traditional knowledge and can be beneficial for researchers and cultural heritage protectors.

Background: Cancer incidence and mortality are steadily increasing both globally and in Mongolia. As these rates rise, traditional Mongolian medicine has long utilized herbal formulas for the treatment of gastric and esophageal cancers and precancerous conditions. One such formulation—Hot Natured 3 Herbs (HN3H)—comprises three species from the Ranunculaceae family: Atragene sibirica L., Ranunculus repens L., and Pulsatilla bungeana L.. However, scientific validation of its anti-tumor effects is essential. This study aimed to investigate the effect of HN3H in a tumor-induced animal model. Aim: To identify the biologically active compounds of HN3H and evaluate their effect in an experimentally induced tumor model in animals. Materials and Methods: The three herbs comprising HN3H—Atragene sibirica L., Ranunculus repens L., and Pulsatilla bungeana L.—were collected during their flowering stage (May–June) in Khishig-Undur, Bulgan province, and dried according to official procedures. Extraction was carried out by maceration in 96% ethanol at a 1:10 ratio. The concentrated extract was suspended in water (1:1) and successively fractionated with dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, butanol, chloroform, and n-hexane. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences (Protocol №2020/03-04). A colorectal cancer model was established by subcutaneous injection of MC-38 cells (Kerafast, USA) into C57BL/6 mice. Immunohistochemistry was performed using CK20, CDX2, Ki67, and p53 antibodies at 1:100 and 1:200 dilutions. Results: The ethanol extract of HN3H contained 2.98±0.04% total phenolics and 2.16±0.05% total flavonoids. Body weight and tumor volume were measured daily with three repetitions. All groups showed a time-dependent increase in body weight. Mice in groups 1A and 1B received ethanol extract at 50 and 100 mg/kg doses; groups 2A and 2B received dichloromethane extract at the same doses. The negative control group was administered 0.5 mg/kg PBS orally, while the positive control group received intraperitoneal injections of 5-fluorouracil (5FU) at 10 mg/kg twice a week. Tumor growth increased in a time-dependent manner across groups. Compared to the negative control, tumor volumes in four treatment groups showed statistically significant reduction (p˂0.05), while no significant difference was observed when compared to the positive control (p=0.08). Histological analysis revealed necrosis in all groups, with variation in extent. Conclusion The ethanol extract of HN3H exhibited moderate levels of phenolic compounds and a high concentration of flavonoids. HN3H extract inhibited tumor progression and activated lymphocyte-predominant inflammation in tumor tissues, indicating potential anti-tumor activity (p˂0.05).

Background: From the perspective of traditional medicine, researchers believe that the individual’s innate quality has a reciprocal effect on the physiological level. The study of body-specific quality differences is important for improving disease risk prediction, diagnosis, and treatment approaches. Therefore, explaining the features of traditional medicine with some physiological parameters and establishing the relationship between them is clinically significant and important for predicting disease risk and developing individualized treatment methods, which is the basis of this research. Aim: To establish the correlation between an individual’s innate unique constitution and specific biochemical indicators. Materials and Methods: The innate unique constitution of individuals was determined using electronic data, and the relationships between their characteristics and levels of uric acid, creatinine, urea, and glucose in the blood were analyzed. Results: A total of 102 participants were included in the study. Among them, the Shar-Khi constitution was the most prevalent, with 28 cases (27.45%), while the Khi-Badgan constitution was the least common, with 13 cases (12.75%). Individuals with the Khi-Shar constitution exhibited the highest urea level at 4.47 ммоль/л, whereas those with the Badgan-Shar constitution had the lowest at 4.15 ммоль/л. The uric acid level was highest in individuals with the Shar-Khi constitution at 316.15 µmol/L and lowest in those with the Badgan-Shar constitution at 261.36 µmol/L (p<0.001). Furthermore, individuals with the Badgan-Khi constitution had the highest creatinine level at 73.51 µmol/L, while those with the Badgan-Shar constitution had the lowest at 63.97 µmol/L (p<0.001). The blood glucose level was highest in individuals with the Khi-Badgan constitution at 4.59 ммоль/л and lowest in those with the Khi-Shar constitution at 4.21 ммоль/л. Kidney function indicators, particularly creatinine, significantly correlated with blood glucose levels (r=0.67, p<0.01). Higher uric acid and creatinine levels were associated with elevated blood glucose levels. These findings suggest that variations in urea, uric acid, and creatinine levels among different unique constitutions could be utilized to predict the risk of kidney disease or diabetes. Conclusion Depending on the individual characteristics of traditional medicine, kidney and blood sugar parameters are different and related to each other, and can assess the state of diabetes and kidney disease. Determining the inherent characteristics of an individual is considered important for improving the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diabetes and kidney disease.

Introduction: Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, which is used in traditional medicine, has the ability to remove blood-drying heat. Chiazospermum erectum Bernh. has the ability to relieve typhoid fever and poison fever. Carthamus tinctorius L. has antiseptic, analgesic and anti-toxic properties. Saussurea amara L. has bactericidal, anti-infective, and anti-inflammatory properties. Researchers found that the Hepaclin-4 recipe has antioxidant, membrane-strengthening, liver-protective, necrosis-preventing, detoxification, and peroxidation product accumulation-reducing properties. Therefore, extracting the granular medicine form from the concentrated extract containing the Hepaclin-4 formulation is the basis of our research work. Goal: To obtain the granular medicine form from the concentrated extract containing ingredients of the Hepaclin-4 recipe. Materials and Methods: The research was carried out with the support of the Institute of Pharmaceutical Research and the University of Pharmaceutical Sciences. The raw materials for the Hepaclin-4 formula were extracted by remaceration with water, 40% ethanol, and 70% ethanol (1:10 ratio). Six types of granules were extracted from the concentrated extract using several excipients by the wet granulation method, and the pouring weight and flowability were determined. Results: The quality index of the concentrated extract of the Hepaclin-4 recipe complies with the standards outlined in the 11th Pharmacopoeia of the National Pharmacopoeia of Mongolia. In qualitative analysis of total flavonoid, spots were detected at the same level as standard quercetin (Rf=0.88) and rutin (Rf=0.4), indicating the presence of flavonoids. According to the results of the above research, lactose was found to be the suitable filler for extracting granules, and starch at 8% was identified as the appropriate binding agent from the concentrated extract of the Hepaclin-4 formula. Conclusion It was found suitable to select 8% lactose as a filler and starch as a binding agent from the concentrated extract of the Hepaclin-4 formula and obtain a granule drug form using the wet granulation method.

Background: In 2021, 5981 of cancer new cases was registered in Mongolian population. Among those cases, liver cancer was commonly registered with a prevalence of 32.7%. Studies on anticancer agents with no-adverse effects and good-preventive efficacy against cancer have been attracted more attention from the researchers in the field of pharmaceutical sciences. Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, Saussurrea amara.L, Chiazospermum erectum Berh, and Carthamus tinctorius.L are well recognized as effective agent against liver diseases. Using these raw materials, researchers have been invented a traditional prescription and named as Hepaclin-4. In this study, we aimed to investigate the qualitative study of raw materials and some biologically active sub- stances in the compounds. Purpose: To study the qualitative study of raw materials for Hepaclin-4 prescription Materials and methods: Some qualitative properties of raw materials for Hepaclin-4 prescription, including appearance, minerals, some organic compounds, total ash, water-soluble substances and fungi, were investigated according to Mongolian pharmacopeia and total flavonoid was detected by thin layer chromatography. Results: No changes were observed on the appearance of raw materials, and minerals and organic compounds weren’t detected in the prescription. No contamination with fungi and insects were identified. The moist in the raw materials were 5.9 to 8.1%, total ash was 4.7 to 13.3% and the water-soluble substances were detected 33.8 to 42.9%. Number of aerobic bacteria, fungi and E.coli, Salmonella species were detected in normal range, indicating that the prescription was matched with the requirement of pharmacopeia. According to the thin layer chromatography study of the raw materials, a yellow spot on the chromatogram were identified and same as quercetin (Rf=0.9-0.98) and rutin ((Rf=0.18-0.23)) as standard compounds, which indicated that the spot which indicated that the spot was flavonoids in the prescription. Conclusions These results showed that the appearance, moist, minerals, organic compound, water-soluble substances, ash and biologically active substances of the raw materials for Hepaclin-4 prescription was corresponded with the requirements of pharmacopeia, and flavonoid was detected in raw materials of Hepaclin-4.

Introduction: This plants distributed about 2500 species in worldwide and 69 species of those grow in Mongolia. In case of medicinal application of this plant is commonly used traditional medicine in European and Asian. For example, the different preparations of Astragalus mongholicus root, the most commonly used Astragalus species in Chinese medicine. Other Astragalus species which are being investigated for their anti-cancer properties are the Turkish species, and include Astragalus brachypterus, Astragalus cephalotes, Astragalus microcephalus and Astragalus trojanus. Astragalus mongholicus.Bunge. Traditional Uses: The taste is sweet and the potency is hot. It is used for the following: treating light swelling, water swelling and phlegm, and improving physical energy and strength. It is also used to soothe a purulent inflammation, for wound-healing, to treat lung fever, oliguria and hemorrhoids. It is an ingredient of the following traditional prescription: Jurur-6 Chemical constituents: Root contains flavonoids: formononetin, 3-hydroxy-formononetin, 2,3- dihydroxy- 7,4-dimethoxyflavone, 7,3-dihydroxy-4-methoxyflavone 7-O- glucoside, 7,3-dihydroxy-4- dimethoxyflavone, saponins: astragaloside I-X, isoastragaloside I-IV, polysaccharides, Above- ground parts contain astragaloside quercetin, isorhamnetin, rhamnocetin, isorhamnetin 3-b-Dglucopyranoside, propingoside, coumarin, tannins, and saponins. Qualitative and quantitative assays: Flavonoids in the plant are identified by cyanidin reaction and reaction with lead tetraacetate. Total flavonoid content is determined by spectrophotometry at 430 nm and calculated as quercetin. Qualitative and quantitative standards: Loss on drying, 8.0%. Organic matter, not more than 0.5% and mineral matter, not more than 1.0%. Total flavonoid content, not less than 3.0%.

Foreword: There is a demand to compare traditional medicine with modern medical science so that it will educate public for proper usage of natural traditional medicine such as main concept, identifying medical plants, reducing its volume, taste etc...1We mainly concentrated on comparisement of Mongolian religious healers books and chose following books for our research work that are “Thefour basic medicine” by Yutig Yondongombo Tibeten doctor and 2 other books by Mongolian doctor Luvsanchultem and Jambaldorj. Methods we used are analyzing, summarizing, comparing and classifying. According to a book “The four basic medicine” the animal starch includes horn, bone, meat, blood, gall, fat, brain, skin, nail, hair, urine, litter and body. Also, the book states their potential healing power. In a book named “Beautification” it says there are11 medicine comes from human and 124 medicine comes from animals and detailed classification is stated here. “Medicine identifying science” by Luvsanchultem Tsakhar gevsh (monastic title for a learned lama) says that there are 54 animal starch medicineand it shows us how to be aware of recognition and not to be mistaken. Here popular medicine are determined how to find out that is in good or bad condition, so that made it easier for us to identify and contributed greatly to Mongolian medical science.

Introduction:Influenza A viruses (IAV) are important pathogens that cause acute diseases in humans and domestic animals. In Mongolia only during 2010/2011 influenza season, there has been registered in average 1232 influenza like illness per 10.000 people, which is 5.8% of all the registered outpatient visits. Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi is one of the most widely used Mongolian Traditional Medicine that historically is used in anti-inflammation, anticancer, antiviral and antibacterial therapy. The goal of this study was to study antiviral effectiveness of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi extract on the cells via in vitro. Methods:Water extracts of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi were prepared from its rhizomes and herbs. To assess the antiviral properties, avian influenza virus isolate A/H3/Teal/Tunka/7/2010 was incubated at 37°C for 30min in presence and absence of plants and the drug extracts in various concentrations. Subsequently the concentration of infectious virus in each sample was determined by plaque assays. Neutralisation indexes and 90% plaque reduction concentrations had been estimated for each extract and significance of data obtained was evaluated using convenient statisticalmethods. Results:The extracts of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi no significant toxicity, is well tolerated by Madin-Darby canine kidney cells at concentrations up to 1-0.25%. The extracts of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi reduced the titer of A/Teal/Tunka/7/2010 (H3N8) by 50% (p≤0.05). The plaque reduction neutralization tests revealed that none of the extracts tested were able to inhibit 90% of plaques. However, extract ofScutellaria baicalensis Georgi, is able to inhibit more than 50% of plaques at low dilutions from 1:3 to 1:14 and the former two were expressing concentration- dependent inhibitory effect. Conclusion 1.Antiviral action of the extracts of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgiis detected. These extracts significantly reduced the infectiveness ofinfluenza A virus H3N8 in-vitro when used in high concentrations (1-0.25%). 2.Extract of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi is well tolerated by Madin-Darby canine kidney cells at concentrations up to 0.94%.