Background: As of 2024, digestive system diseases rank fourth among the causes of mortality in Mongolia. Among these, hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer) accounted for 20,501 deaths, leading in total mortality rates. In Traditional Mongolian Medicine, Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi is used to cool blood heat, clear internal heat, and regulate imbalances; Saussurea amara L. is used for its antibacterial, anti-infective, and anti-inflammatory properties; Carthamus tinctorius L. serves for disinfection, pain relief, fever reduction, and detoxification; and Chiazospermum erectum L. is used to eliminate toxic heat and febrile conditions. Studies have confirmed that the Hepaclin-4 formulation exhibits antioxidant, membrane-stabilizing, hepatoprotective, anti-necrotic, detoxifying activities, and reduces the accumulation of harmful byproducts from excessive peroxidation. Therefore, developing a solid dosage form from the raw herbal materials of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, Saussurea amara L., Carthamus tinctorius L., and Chiazospermum erectum L.in the He paclin-4 formula forms the basis of our research. Aim: To formulate and develop a tablet dosage form based on the compound prescription of Hepaclin-4 Materials and Methods: The raw materials of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, Saussurea amara L., Carthamus tinctorius L., and Chiazospermum erectum L.were weighed at a 1:1:1:1 ratio and extracted with 40% ethanol at a 1:10 ratio using the remaceration method. Ethanol was evaporated using a vacuum evaporator to obtain a thick extract, and quality indicators were determined. From the obtained thick extract, granules were prepared using two types of excipients through the wet granulation method, and their quality characteristics were studied. Based on the most suitable granules, tablet and capsule dosage forms were prepared and standardized according to the methods outlined in the Mongolian National Pharmacopoeia. Results: The Hepaclin-4 tablets were found to be round, well-formed, smooth, with intact edges, a slight characteristic odor, no unpleasant taste, and light yellow in color. The friability resistance of the 0.5 g tablet was 99.6±0.08%, hardness was 1.07±0.12 MPa, weight variation ranged from -2.6% to +3.9%, all within the acceptable 5% limit. The disintegration time was 4.23±0.05 minutes, and dissolution was 95.4±0.47%, meeting the permissible standards. When flavonoids in the tablets were detected by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), brownish-yellow spots appeared at Rf values identical to standard quercetin (Rf=0.94) and rutin (Rf=0.48). The total flavonoid content, determined by Spectrophotometric Method (SPM), was 0.165±0.01%. Conclusion Tablets were successfully developed from the thick extract of the Hepaclin-4 herbal compound. Upon eval uation, the tablets met all the required technical specifications.

Background: New cases of cancer and cancer-related deaths are high in Mongolia. Therefore, it is a priority to develop anticancer drugs based on recent scientific achievements, successes, and major theoretical concepts. Pharmaceutical nanotechnology, including pharmaceutical engineering, is developing rapidly, and the problem of drug delivery to tumor-triggered organs, tissues, and cells has been studied at many levels. Drug delivery systems are divided into organic, inorganic, and complex nanocarriers based on their physicochemical properties. The specificity of drug targeting to tumor-triggered organs, tissues, and cells can be explained by passive and active targeting mechanisms. The passive delivery mechanism of drugs to tissues and cells is related to the tumor microenvironment and vascularization, while the active delivery mechanism is related to the principle of binding to specific receptors on the surface of tumor-transformed cells and releasing the drugs into the cell. Conclusion Extensive research in this area in Mongolia has many benefits for the development of anti-cancer drugs.

Background: Accreditation of healthcare institutions serves as a fundamental mechanism for ensuring patient safety and validating the quality of medical services provided to the population. At Intermed Hospital, a quality measurement system for healthcare services has been established since 2015, encompassing 126 quality indicators at both institutional and departmental levels. This system facilitates continuous quality improvement efforts. In this context, quality indicators specific to the endoscopy department play a pivotal role in objectively assessing the quality of endoscopic services. Aim: To assess the quality indicators in gastrointestinal endoscopy unit. Materials and Methods: A retrospective single-center study was conducted by collecting data from the Intermed hospital’s electronic information systems which included HIS and PACS and Quality and Safety Department’s Database and the results were processed using the SPSS software. Ethical approval was granted by the Intermed hospital’s Scientific research committee. The quality of endoscopic services in the Intermed hospital was assessed based on: a) the average values of four quality indicators measured monthly; b) sample survey data from five categories of quality indicators. Results : Between 2016 and 2024, the quality indicators of the endoscopy unit measured as the level of early warning score evaluations for patients was 95.97%±3.33, the level of cases where peripheral blood oxygen saturation decreased during sedation was 1.54%±3.78, the level of cases where patients experienced paradoxiical response during sedation was 5.82%±1.75, surveillance culturing level for validation of endoscopy reprocessing was 11.6%. The endoscopic documentation quality by peer review showed 95.7-100%, the colonoscopy quality indicators were followings as adenoma detection rate: 24.5% Cecal intubation rate: 99.1%, 95.2%, Colonoscope withdrawal average time: 13.28±10.62 minutes, Bowel preparation quality (Boston Scale): 89.3% 95.7%), patient discharge from the recovery room, Average discharge time post-procedure: With propofol alone: 30.92 minutes; With propofol and fentanyl combined: 31.52 minutes, The intermediate risk was 0.28% by the TROOPS evaluation during procedural sedation. Conclusion The quality benchmark levels for these endoscopic units, as determined by a single-center study, can be effectively implemented by benchmark endoscopy centers to enhance their quality and safety operations.

Introduction: Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, which is used in traditional medicine, has the ability to remove blood-drying heat. Chiazospermum erectum Bernh. has the ability to relieve typhoid fever and poison fever. Carthamus tinctorius L. has antiseptic, analgesic and anti-toxic properties. Saussurea amara L. has bactericidal, anti-infective, and anti-inflammatory properties. Researchers found that the Hepaclin-4 recipe has antioxidant, membrane-strengthening, liver-protective, necrosis-preventing, detoxification, and peroxidation product accumulation-reducing properties. Therefore, extracting the granular medicine form from the concentrated extract containing the Hepaclin-4 formulation is the basis of our research work. Goal: To obtain the granular medicine form from the concentrated extract containing ingredients of the Hepaclin-4 recipe. Materials and Methods: The research was carried out with the support of the Institute of Pharmaceutical Research and the University of Pharmaceutical Sciences. The raw materials for the Hepaclin-4 formula were extracted by remaceration with water, 40% ethanol, and 70% ethanol (1:10 ratio). Six types of granules were extracted from the concentrated extract using several excipients by the wet granulation method, and the pouring weight and flowability were determined. Results: The quality index of the concentrated extract of the Hepaclin-4 recipe complies with the standards outlined in the 11th Pharmacopoeia of the National Pharmacopoeia of Mongolia. In qualitative analysis of total flavonoid, spots were detected at the same level as standard quercetin (Rf=0.88) and rutin (Rf=0.4), indicating the presence of flavonoids. According to the results of the above research, lactose was found to be the suitable filler for extracting granules, and starch at 8% was identified as the appropriate binding agent from the concentrated extract of the Hepaclin-4 formula. Conclusion It was found suitable to select 8% lactose as a filler and starch as a binding agent from the concentrated extract of the Hepaclin-4 formula and obtain a granule drug form using the wet granulation method.

Background: Infections in respiratory systems have spread throughout the world without any restrictions including living places, public issues, and lifestyle. Three main causes of illnesses for the population of cities and rural areas were gastrointestinal diseases, respiratory diseases, and cardiovascular diseases. After investigated some medicinal herbs including Stelleria Chamaejasme L. and Oxytropis Pseudoglandulosa, it has been reported that they had antiinflammatory, analgesic, and wound healing effects. Lozenge formulation has some advantages for treatment application, such as easily absorbed, good bioavailability and ability of diminishing stomach irritation. In this study, we aimed to obtain a suitable extract from Stelleria Chamaejasme L. and Oxytropis Pseudoglandulosa for further lozenge formulation. Purpose: To obtain a suitable extract from Stelleria Chamaejasme L. and Oxytropis Pseudoglandulosa, and to conduct qualitative and quantitative studies for some biologically active substances Materials and methods: In this study, an aerial part of Stelleria Chamaejasme L. and Oxytropis Pseudoglandulosa were used, and the study was conducted in MUPS. For obtaining a suitable extract, the raw materials were extracted by remaceration, repercolation and circulation methods in 20% and 70% of ethanol and distilled water. The flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds in the extracts were determined by thin layer chromatography. Quantitative analysis for total flavonoids was performed by spectrophotometer. Results: According to the result, a yellow spot-on chromatogram was detected in extracted raw materials (Stelleria Chamaejasme L. and Oxytropis Pseudoglandulosa), indicating that flavonoid contained in the extracted solution.
The result was compared to standards of rutin (Rf=0.2) and quercetin (Rf= 0.94). Also, a black, blue spot-on chromatogram was detected in extracted raw materials (Stelleria Chamaejasme L. and Oxytropis Pseudoglandulosa), indicating that polyphenols contained in the extracted solution. The spots were compared to gallic acid as a standard substance. In the quantitative assay of total flavonoids in raw materials, black-green precipitation was revealed after procedure. From this result, remaceration and circulation techniques were suitable to extract the raw materials. Flavonoid content was 3.35±0.04% after using remaceration technique, which indicated that it was more suitable to extract the raw materials. Conclusions These results showed that the appropriate extracting solution for Stelleria Chamaejasme L. and Oxytropis Pseudoglandulosa was 70% of ethanol. In this case, 3.35±0.04% of flavonoid was extracted by remaceration technique.

Background: In 2021, 5981 of cancer new cases was registered in Mongolian population. Among those cases, liver cancer was commonly registered with a prevalence of 32.7%. Studies on anticancer agents with no-adverse effects and good-preventive efficacy against cancer have been attracted more attention from the researchers in the field of pharmaceutical sciences. Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, Saussurrea amara.L, Chiazospermum erectum Berh, and Carthamus tinctorius.L are well recognized as effective agent against liver diseases. Using these raw materials, researchers have been invented a traditional prescription and named as Hepaclin-4. In this study, we aimed to investigate the qualitative study of raw materials and some biologically active sub- stances in the compounds. Purpose: To study the qualitative study of raw materials for Hepaclin-4 prescription Materials and methods: Some qualitative properties of raw materials for Hepaclin-4 prescription, including appearance, minerals, some organic compounds, total ash, water-soluble substances and fungi, were investigated according to Mongolian pharmacopeia and total flavonoid was detected by thin layer chromatography. Results: No changes were observed on the appearance of raw materials, and minerals and organic compounds weren’t detected in the prescription. No contamination with fungi and insects were identified. The moist in the raw materials were 5.9 to 8.1%, total ash was 4.7 to 13.3% and the water-soluble substances were detected 33.8 to 42.9%. Number of aerobic bacteria, fungi and E.coli, Salmonella species were detected in normal range, indicating that the prescription was matched with the requirement of pharmacopeia. According to the thin layer chromatography study of the raw materials, a yellow spot on the chromatogram were identified and same as quercetin (Rf=0.9-0.98) and rutin ((Rf=0.18-0.23)) as standard compounds, which indicated that the spot which indicated that the spot was flavonoids in the prescription. Conclusions These results showed that the appearance, moist, minerals, organic compound, water-soluble substances, ash and biologically active substances of the raw materials for Hepaclin-4 prescription was corresponded with the requirements of pharmacopeia, and flavonoid was detected in raw materials of Hepaclin-4.

Background: Numerous studies among the western population have been demonstrated that the intolerance of uncertainty can cause mental disorders such as OCD, anxiety disorder major depressive disorder. The lack of research in this field among the eastern population, especially the Mongolians, is the basis of our study. Material and Methods The study was designed as a cross-sectional study with a self-report questionnaire and conducted between December 5th and February 5th of 2022. The Intolerance of Uncertainty scale (IUS-12) is for measuring intolerance of uncertainty, Patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9), and Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD-7) were used to measuring mental health among study participants. The present study was undertaken following ethical approval from the MNUMS scientific research ethics committee (approval number: 2021/3-06). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 24. Purpose: The current study was aimed to explore the impact of intolerance of uncertainty on students’ mental health. Results: Total of 3137 students (2440 Chinese, 697 Mongolian), 65.7% of them were female students participated in the current study. The mean score of IUS-12 was 33.53±7.72 among Chinese students, while 38.65±8.48 among Mongolians. This reveals the statistically significant (p=0.003) difference intolerance level between Chinese and Mongolian students. Moreover, Chinese students were less depressed and less anxious than Mongolian students. The anxiety and depression level was directly impacted by the influence of intolerance of uncertainty. Conclusion Chinese students are more tolerant toward uncertainties than Mongolian students. The intolerance of uncertainty causes depression and anxiety, regardless of nationality.

Introduction: According to the annual health report of Mongolia, non-communicable diseases are rising. Digestive system diseases, the second leading cause of morbidity in the population, account for an average of 15.5 percent of all morbidity over the last 10 years. In traditional Mongolian medicine, Plantago Major L has been widely used as a remedy for wound healing, cholangitis, gastric and duodenal ulcers. Material and method: The research was conducted in the pharmaceutical industry and technology laboratory. The leaves of Plantago Major L were chosen as the main raw materials and UV spectrophotometer, shaker, thin-layer chromatographic plates (Silica gel 60 F 254, Germany), and UV light were used in the experiment. The leaves of Plantago Major L were extracted with 40% ethyl alcohol in a soxlet apparatus and evaporated in a vacuum evaporator to obtain a thick extract. Result: Thin-layer chromatographic analysis of granule and ethyl alcohol extracts of Plantago Major L revealed yellow-brown spots (Rf = 0.4) at the same level as the standard substance rutin on the plate, indicating the presence of flavonoids. The highest light absorption was 250 nm when determining the sensitive wavelength of ethyl alcohol extract of Plantago Major L between 200 nm and 520 nm. The total flavonoids contained 3.95 ± 0.17% (p <0.001) in 40% ethyl alcohol extract of Plantago Major L. Conclusion It was detected that quantitative mass of total flavonoids in liquid extracts from was 3.95±0.17%.

Introduction: Amenorrhea has still been listed as one of common diseases among women in Mongolia. Some traditional prescription for amenorrhea, used commonly in Mongolian traditional medicine, needs more attention to dig out its scientific proof of therapeutic effect on pathogenesis of some diseases. Therefore, we aimed to research Shimshin-6 traditional prescription to develop a granule formulation for amenorrhea and other female reproductive diseases, and study its qualitative and quantitative characteristics. Material and method: In this study, Shimshin-6 traditional prescription was randomly collected from 5 pharmaceutical manufacturers named as “Х-1, Х-2, Х-3, Х-4 and Х-5”. The collected prescriptions were granulated and optimized by a wet-granulation method. Then, granule spill weight and flow quality were detected in obtained granule formulation. Result: 20 types of granule formulation from Shimshin-6 were obtained by using 8% and 10% of gelatin, 6% and 8% of polyvinylpyrrolidone as a binder in these formulations. As a result, the suitable binder in this formulation was detected 6% of polyvinylpyrrolidone after researching the granule spill weight and flow rate. For the granule formulations of X-1, X-2 and X-5 prescriptions, the polyvinylpyrrolidone was chosen as the suitable binder due to the result from granule spill weight of the formulation. As for the X-3 and X-4 prescriptions, gelatin was the suitable binder in these formulations. After studying the flow quality of newly obtained granule formulations from “Х- 1, Х-2, Х-3, Х-4 and Х-5”, the most suitable binder was polyvinylpyrrolidone. Conclusion Altogether, these results showed that the most suitable binder for granulating Shimshin-6 traditional medicine was 6% of polyvinylpyrrolidone due to the results from granule spill weight and flow rate.

Introduction: According to the annual health report of Mongolia, non-communicable diseases are rising. Digestive system diseases, the second leading cause of morbidity in the population, account for an average of 15.5 percent of all morbidity over the last 10 years. In traditional Mongolian medicine, Plantago Major L has been widely used as a remedy for wound healing, cholangitis, gastric and duodenal ulcers. Material and method: The research was conducted in the pharmaceutical industry and technology laboratory. The leaves of Plantago Major L were chosen as the main raw materials and UV spectrophotometer, shaker, thin-layer chromatographic plates (Silica gel 60 F 254, Germany), and UV light were used in the experiment. The leaves of Plantago Major L were extracted with 40% ethyl alcohol in a soxlet apparatus and evaporated in a vacuum evaporator to obtain a thick extract. Result: Thin-layer chromatographic analysis of granule and ethyl alcohol extracts of Plantago Major L revealed yellow-brown spots (Rf = 0.4) at the same level as the standard substance rutin on the plate, indicating the presence of flavonoids. The highest light absorption was 250 nm when determining the sensitive wavelength of ethyl alcohol extract of Plantago Major L between 200 nm and 520 nm. The total flavonoids contained 3.95 ± 0.17% (p <0.001) in 40% ethyl alcohol extract of Plantago Major L. Conclusion It was detected that quantitative mass of total flavonoids in liquid extracts from was 3.95±0.17%.