OBJECTIVES: Primary trigeminal neuralgia (PTN) is a common cranial nerve disease in neurosurgery, which seriously endangers the physical and mental health of patients. Percutaneous balloon compression (PBC) has become an effective procedure for the treatment of PTN by blocking pain conduction through minimally invasive puncture. However, the recurrence of facial pain after PBC is still a major problem for PTN patients. Intraoperative balloon shape, pressure and compression time can affect the prognosis of patients with PBC after surgery. The foramen ovale size has an effect on the balloon pressure in Meckel's lumen. This study aims to analyse the predictive value of foramen ovale size for postoperative pain recurrence of PBC by exploring the relationship between foramen ovale size and postoperative pain recurrence of PBC. METHODS: A retrospectively analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 60 patients with PTN who were treated with PBC in Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College from November 2018 to December 2021. We followed-up and recorded the Barrow Neurological Institute (BNI) pain score at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after operation. According to the BNI pain score at 12 months after surgery, the patients were divided into a cure group (BNI pain score I to Ⅱ) and a recurrence group (BNI pain score Ⅲ to Ⅴ). The long diameter, transverse diameter and area of foramen ovale on the affected side and the healthy side of the 2 groups were measured. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and area under the curve (AUC) were used for analysis the relationship between the recurrence of pain and the long diameter, transverse diameter, area of foramen ovale on the affected side, and aspect ratio, transverse diameter ratio, area ratio of foramen ovale on the affected side to healthy side in the 2 groups. RESULTS: At the end of 12 months of follow-up, 50 (83.3%) patients had pain relief (the cured group), 10 (16.7%) patients had different degrees of pain recurrence (the recurrence group), and the total effective rate was 83.3%. There were no significant differences in preoperative baseline data between the 2 groups (all P>0.05). The long diameter of foramen ovale on the affected side, the long diameter ratio and area ratio of foramen ovale on the affected/healthy side in the cured group were significantly higher than those in the recurrence group (all P<0.05), and there were no significant differences in the transverse diameter and area of foramen ovale on the affected side and the transverse diameter ratio of foramen ovale on the affected/healthy side between the 2 groups (all P>0.05). The ROC curve analysis showed that the AUC of the long diameter of foramen ovale on the affected side was 0.290 (95% CI 0.131 to 0.449, P=0.073), and the AUC of aspect ratio of foramen ovale on the affected side to healthy side was 0.792 (95% CI 0.628 to 0.956, P=0.004). The AUC of area ratio of foramen ovale on the affected side to healthy side was 0.766 (95% CI 0.591 to 0.941, P=0.008), indicating that aspect ratio and area ratio of foramen ovale on the affected side to healthy side had a good predictive effect on postoperative pain recurrence of PBC. When aspect ratio of foramen ovale on the affected side to healthy side was less than 0.886 3 or area ratio of foramen ovale on the affected side to healthy side was less than 0.869 4, postoperative pain recurrence was common. CONCLUSIONS Accurate evaluation of the foramen ovale size of skull base before operation is of great significance in predicting pain recurrence after PBC.
Humans ; Retrospective Studies ; Foramen Ovale ; Treatment Outcome ; Trigeminal Neuralgia/surgery* ; Pain, Postoperative/etiology* ; Recurrence

Resection of oral and maxillofacial tumors is often accompanied by the inferior alveolar nerve neurectomy, resulting in abnormal sensation in lower lip. It is generally believed that spontaneous sensory recovery in this nerve injury is difficult. However, during our follow-up, patients with inferior alveolar nerve sacrifice showed different degrees of lower lip sensory recovery. In this study, a prospective cohort study was conducted to demonstrate this phenomenon and analyze the factors influencing sensory recovery. A mental nerve transection model of Thy1-YFP mice and tissue clearing technique were used to explore possible mechanisms in this process. Gene silencing and overexpression experiments were then conducted to detect the changes in cell morphology and molecular markers. In our follow-up, 75% of patients with unilateral inferior alveolar nerve neurectomy had complete sensory recovery of the lower lip 12 months postoperatively. Patients with younger age, malignant tumors, and preservation of ipsilateral buccal and lingual nerves had a shorter recovery time. The buccal nerve collateral sprouting compensation was observed in the lower lip tissue of Thy1-YFP mice. ApoD was demonstrated to be involved in axon growth and peripheral nerve sensory recovery in the animal model. TGF-β inhibited the expression of STAT3 and the transcription of ApoD in Schwann cells through Zfp423. Overall, after sacrificing the inferior alveolar nerve, the collateral compensation of the ipsilateral buccal nerve could innervate the sensation. And this process was regulated by TGF-β-Zfp423-ApoD pathway.
Mice ; Animals ; Lip/innervation* ; Prospective Studies ; Mandibular Nerve/pathology* ; Sensation/physiology* ; Trigeminal Nerve Injuries/pathology*

Objectives: To explore the causes of ineffective or short-term recurrence (within 3 months)of trigeminal neuralgia treated by percutaneous microballoon compression(PBC), and to examine the reoperative strategies and clincal outcomes of modified PBC. Methods: The clinical data of 21 patients with ineffective or short-term recurrence after PBC treatment (5.7% of 369 patient received PBC) admitted to the Department of Neurosurgery,Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University from June 2018 to June 2020 were retrospectively analyzed.There were 8 males and 13 females, mean aged 66.6 years (range:51 to 79 years).Among them,2 patients was ineffective after PBC and 19 patients relapsed within 3 months.The distribution of pain was along V₂ branches in 2 cases,V₃ branches in 3 cases,V₁+V₂ branches in 1 case,and V₂+V₃ branches in 15 cases.The mean time of recurrence was 46.8 days (range:23 to 76 days) among the 19 patients with short-term recurrence.The patients were divided into 4 types based on the causes of postoperative ineffectiveness or short-term recurrence.TypeⅠ:extracapsular false pear (1 case);Type Ⅱ:invalid true pear(2 cases);Type Ⅲ:capsular rupture (6 cases);Type Ⅳ:compression blind area (12 cases).The individualized modified PBC operation plans were used according to the types of the patients and the clinical effect and complications of the patients were observed. Results: The pain symptoms of the patients disappeared after the second operation with immediate effective rate of 100%. All patients had mild facial numbness after surgery.Five patients(23.8%,5/21) had masseter muscle weakness, 3 (14.3%,3/21) had peristomatous herpes, 1(4.8%, 1/21) had diplopia.No bleeding or other complications occurred.All patients were followed up for at least 12 months (range:13 to 28 months). One patient (4.8%,1/21) (compression blind area type) had pain recurrence 9 months after surgery, and cured by receiving the original modified PBC surgery again with no recurrence after another 13 months' follow-up. None of the other patients relapsed during the follow-up period.Up to the last follow-up,19 cases(90.5%,19/21) were cured,and 2 cases (9.5%,2/21) were relieved. Conclusions: The main reason for ineffective or short-term recurrence of PBC in trigeminal neuralgia patients is the ineffectively compressed of trigeminal ganglion.According to the different types of patients,the use of individualized modified surgical scheme can improve the efficacy of PBC surgery.
Aged ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Pain ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome ; Trigeminal Neuralgia/surgery*

OBJECTIVE: To observe the clinical effect of chicken-claw needling at Xiaguan (ST 7) combined with intradermal needling on negative emotion in primary trigeminal neuralgia (PTN) of phlegm obstruction and blood stasis. METHODS: Sixty cases of patients with PTN of phlegm obstruction and blood stasis were randomly divided into an observation group and a control group, 30 cases in each group. The observation group was treated with chicken-claw needling at Xiaguan (ST 7) combined with intradermal needling (acupoints Sibai [ST 2], Yuyao [EX-HN 4], Hegu [LI 4], Taichong [LR 3] and auricular points Xin [CO₁₅], Shenmen [TF₄], Pizhixia [AT₄], etc.), once a day, 6 d as a course of treatment, rest 1 d between courses, a total of 2 courses of treatment; and the control group was given oral carbamazepine tablets for 13 days. Before and after treatment, the pain visual analogue scale (VAS), TCM syndromes, self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) scores and the contents of serum neurotransmitter (β-endorphin [β-EP], substance P [SP] and 5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) were compared, and the clinical efficacy was evaluated. RESULTS: After treatment, the VAS, SAS, TCM syndrome scores and the contents of serum SP in the two groups were lower than those before treatment (P<0.05), and the above indexes in the observation group was lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). The contents of serum β-EP and 5-HT in the two groups were higher than those before treatment (P<0.05), and the above indexes in the observation group were higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). The total effective rate in the observation group was 93.3% (28/30), which was higher than 83.3% (25/30) in the control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Chicken-claw needling at Xiaguan (ST 7) combined with intradermal needling can relieve pain symptoms and negative emotions in patients with primary trigeminal neuralgia of phlegm obstruction and blood stasis, which may be related to the regulation of serum neurotransmitter levels.
Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; Emotions ; Humans ; Pain ; Serotonin ; Syndrome ; Treatment Outcome ; Trigeminal Neuralgia/therapy*

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate whether the microglia in the spinal trigeminal nucleus caudal part (Sp5C) were activated in a rat model of trigeminal neuralgia and to explore whether the activation level of microglia is consistent with maxillofacial pain level. METHODS: Chronic constriction injury of trigeminal nerve (CCI) was induced by partial ligation of infraorbital nerve (IoN) in rats. The behavioral change of rats observed at D1, D5, D10, D15, and D30 days post-surgery and the change of pain threshold were detected with electronic Von Frey filaments served as an evaluation index of maxillofacial pain. Weight change was measured by weighing. Ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule-1 (Iba-1) expression level of Sp5C at each time point was detected, and three microglia morphological categories were analyzed by immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS: The changes of behavioral and pain threshold suggested the maxillofacial pain level first increased and then decreased post-surgery in the IoN-CCI group. Both the expressions of Iba-1 and proportion of ameboid morphology in ipsilateral Sp5C increased from D1 and reached their peaks in D10 and D5, respectively. Then, they recovered nearly to the same level with contralateral Sp5C on D30. This trend was consistent with the maxillofacial change. CONCLUSIONS The model of trigeminal neuralgia in rats constructed by partial ligation of infraorbital nerve can induce the activation of microglia in Sp5C, and the activation level is consistent with maxillofacial pain, which reached its peak at around D10 post-surgery.
Rats ; Animals ; Trigeminal Neuralgia ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Microglia ; Pain Threshold/physiology* ; Pain

Objective: To evaluate the risk factors of inferior alveolar nerve injury (IANI) after surgical removal of the mandibular third molars (M3) and present a new risk scoring system to predict the probability of IANI. Methods: Patients who underwent extraction of M3 in the Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine from April 2017 to December 2019 were involved. The investigators enrolled a sample composed of 949 mandibular third molars. Prediction model was used for univariate and multivariate analysis of gender, age, M3, inferior alveolar canal (IAC), and the contact between M3 and IAC, to assess the risk factors of IANI. Combined with the risk factors determined by the outcomes of prediction model, the risk scoring system was constructed. The diagnostic performance of each cut-off score was examined to conduct a risk stratification of IANI risk scores. The predictive ability and reliability of the model were evaluated. Results: In prediction model, twenty nine cases (4.4%, 29/664) experienced postoperative IANI. Number of root (P<0.01), depth of impaction (P<0.05), contact between M3 and IAC (P<0.01) and their contact position (P<0.05) were statistically significant as contributing risk factors of IANI. Specifically, the incidence of temporary IANI was higher in those who aged under 25 years (P<0.001), while female suffer more permanent injury (P<0.05). Based on the IANI risk scoring system, patients were stratified into low-risk, middle-risk and high-risk groups at cutoff scores of 3 and 4. The area under the receiver operator characteristic curve of the risk scoring system were 0.81 [95%CI (0.70-0.90), P=0.002] and 0.80 [95%CI (0.68-0.92), P=0.007] towards good discrimination. Conclusions: Age, gender, number of root, depth of impaction, and contact between M3 and IAC were risk factors of IANI. IANI risk scoring system might help in preoperative assessment, recognition of high-risk cases and decision-making to reduce IANI.
Aged ; Female ; Humans ; Mandible/surgery* ; Mandibular Nerve ; Molar, Third/surgery* ; Reproducibility of Results ; Risk Factors ; Tooth Extraction/adverse effects* ; Trigeminal Nerve Injuries/etiology*

OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinical therapeutic effect between deep needling at Xiaguan (ST 7) with round sharp needle combined with plum-blossom needle and conventional acupuncture in patients with trigeminal neuralgia (TN) of wind and heat, and explore its mechanism. METHODS: A total of 60 patients with TN of wind and heat were randomized into an observation group (30 cases) and a control group (30 cases). In the observation group, deep needling with round sharp needle was applied at Xiaguan (ST 7), and tapping with plum-blossom needle was applied at Yangbai (GB 14), Quanliao (SI 18), Dicang (ST 4), Sibai (ST 2), etc. of affected side. In the control group, conventional acupuncture was applied at the same acupoints selected in the observation group. The treatment was given once a day, 5 times a week for 4 weeks in the both groups. Before and after treatment, the scores of short-form McGill pain questionnaire (SF-MPQ), TCM syndrome, patient global impression of change (PGIC) and comprehensive symptom were observed, the serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and β-endorphin (β-EP) were detected, and the adverse reaction was observed in the both groups. RESULTS: After treatment, the scores of PRI, PPI, VAS, TCM syndrome, PGIC and comprehensive symptom and the serum levels of IL-6, TNF-α and VIP were decreased compared before treatment in the both groups ( CONCLUSION Deep needling at Xiaguan (ST 7) with round sharp needle combined with plum-blossom needle can effectively treat the trigeminal neuralgia of wind and heat and relieve pain, its therapeutic effect is superior to conventional acupuncture. The mechanism may be related to the regulation of serum IL-6, TNF-α, VIP and β-EP.
Flowers ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Prunus domestica ; Trigeminal Neuralgia/therapy* ; Wind

Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a chronic disorder of the trigeminal nerve characterized by repeated electrical shock-like sensations on one side of the face. It can cause severe pain in the face and disrupt or impair quality of life in patients. Options for the management of TN consist of pharmacological and surgical treatments, including Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS). GKRS has been used for TN for a long time because of its low rate of complications and high success rate. Moreover, GKRS can be of use for drug-resistant TN patients who are poor surgical candidates due to medical comorbidities, patients of older age, or patients who refuse invasive therapy. We reviewed the rationale, effects, safety, and current treatment policies of GKRS for TN in view of our institution's results and a review of the literature to date.]]>
Comorbidity ; Facial Pain ; Humans ; Quality of Life ; Radiosurgery ; Sensation ; Trigeminal Nerve ; Trigeminal Neuralgia

Ossification of parts of the intracranial dura mater is common and is generally accepted as an age-related finding. Additionally, duplication of the abducens nerve along its course to the lateral rectus muscle is a known, although uncommon anatomical variant. During routine cadaveric dissection, an ossified portion of dura mater traveling over the trigeminal nerve's entrance (porus trigeminus) into the middle cranial fossa was observed unilaterally. Ipsilaterally, a duplicated abducens nerve was also observed, with a unique foramen superolateral to the entrance of Dorello's canal. To our knowledge, there has been no existing report of a simultaneous ossified roof of the porus trigeminus with an ipsilateral duplicated abducens nerve. Herein, we discuss this case and the potential clinical and surgical applications. We believe this case report will be informative for the skull base surgeon in the diagnosis of neuralgic pain in the frontomaxillary, andibular, orbital, and external and middle ear regions.
Abducens Nerve ; Cadaver ; Cranial Fossa, Middle ; Diagnosis ; Dura Mater ; Ear, Middle ; Orbit ; Skull Base ; Trigeminal Neuralgia

Trigeminal nerve injury as a consequence of lower third molar surgery is a notorious complication and may affect the patient in long term. Inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) and lingual nerve (LN) injury result in different degree of neurosensory deficit and also other neurological symptoms. The long term effects may include persistent sensory loss, chronic pain and depression. It is crucial to understand the pathophysiology of the nerve injury from lower third molar surgery. Surgery remains the most promising treatment in moderate-to-severe nerve injuries. There are limitations in the current treatment methods and full recovery is not commonly achievable. It is better to prevent nerve injury than to treat with unpredictable results. Coronectomy has been proved to be effective in reducing IAN injury and carries minimal long-term morbidity. New technologies, like the roles of erythropoietin and stem cell therapy, are being investigated for neuroprotection and neural regeneration. Breakthroughs in basic and translational research are required to improve the clinical outcomes of the current treatment modalities of third molar surgery-related nerve injury.
Chronic Pain ; Depression ; Erythropoietin ; Humans ; Lingual Nerve ; Mandibular Nerve ; Molar, Third ; Neuroprotection ; Postoperative Complications ; Regeneration ; Stem Cells ; Translational Medical Research ; Trigeminal Nerve Injuries ; Trigeminal Nerve