Oestrogen is essential for maintaining bone mass, and it has been demonstrated to induce osteoblast proliferation and bone formation. In this study, complementary DNA (cDNA) microarrays were used to identify and study the expression of novel genes that may be involved in MC3T3-E1 cells' response to 17-β estradiol. MC3T3-E1 cells were inoculated in minimum essential media alpha (α-MEM) cell culture supplemented with 17-β estradiol at different concentrations and for different time periods. MC3T3-E1 cells treated with 10⁻⁸ mol⋅L⁻¹ 17-β estradiol for 5 days exhibited the highest proliferation and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity; thus, this group was chosen for microarray analysis. The harvested RNA was used for microarray hybridisation and subsequent real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to validate the expression levels for selected genes. The microarray results were analysed using both functional and pathway analysis. In this study, microarray analysis detected 5403 differentially expressed genes, of which 1996 genes were upregulated and 3407 genes were downregulated, 1553 different functional classifications were identified by gene ontology (GO) analysis and 53 different pathways were involved based on pathway analysis. Among the differentially expressed genes, a portion not previously reported to be associated with the osteoblast response to oestrogen was identified. These findings clearly demonstrate that the expression of genes related to osteoblast proliferation, cell differentiation, collagens and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)-related cytokines increases, while the expression of genes related to apoptosis and osteoclast differentiation decreases, following the exposure of MC3T3-E1 cells to α-MEM supplemented with 17-β estradiol. Microarray analysis with functional gene classification is critical for a complete understanding of complementary intracellular processes. This microarray analysis provides large-scale gene expression data that require further confirmatory studies.
3T3 Cells ; Alkaline Phosphatase ; drug effects ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; genetics ; Cell Culture Techniques ; Cell Differentiation ; drug effects ; genetics ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; Cell Survival ; drug effects ; genetics ; Collagen ; drug effects ; genetics ; Coloring Agents ; Cytokines ; drug effects ; genetics ; Estradiol ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Estrogens ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Mice ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Osteoblasts ; drug effects ; Signal Transduction ; drug effects ; genetics ; Tetrazolium Salts ; Thiazoles ; Transforming Growth Factor beta ; drug effects ; genetics

An 87-year-old woman visited our clinic for a scheduled cataract surgery. At the time of preoperative evaluation, slit lamp examination showed lattice-shaped and granular deposits with asymmetrical patterns in the stroma of both corneas. Genomic DNA samples of the patient, amplified by polymerase chain reaction, showed a single nucleotide substitution, c. 1580T>G (p.L527R), in the transforming growth factor-beta-induced TGFBI gene. We also found two additional SNP mutations, c.1620T>C (p.F540F) and c.1678+23G>A, along with the well-known L527R mutation. This is the first report of lattice corneal dystrophy type IV with an L527R mutation outside of Japan, and could challenge the idea that L527R is caused by a mutation from a single Japanese ancestor.
Aged, 80 and over ; Corneal Dystrophies, Hereditary/diagnosis/*genetics/metabolism ; DNA/*genetics ; DNA Mutational Analysis ; Extracellular Matrix Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; *Mutation ; Pedigree ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Transforming Growth Factor beta/*genetics/metabolism

An 87-year-old woman visited our clinic for a scheduled cataract surgery. At the time of preoperative evaluation, slit lamp examination showed lattice-shaped and granular deposits with asymmetrical patterns in the stroma of both corneas. Genomic DNA samples of the patient, amplified by polymerase chain reaction, showed a single nucleotide substitution, c. 1580T>G (p.L527R), in the transforming growth factor-beta-induced TGFBI gene. We also found two additional SNP mutations, c.1620T>C (p.F540F) and c.1678+23G>A, along with the well-known L527R mutation. This is the first report of lattice corneal dystrophy type IV with an L527R mutation outside of Japan, and could challenge the idea that L527R is caused by a mutation from a single Japanese ancestor.
Aged, 80 and over ; Corneal Dystrophies, Hereditary/diagnosis/*genetics/metabolism ; DNA/*genetics ; DNA Mutational Analysis ; Extracellular Matrix Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; *Mutation ; Pedigree ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Transforming Growth Factor beta/*genetics/metabolism

BACKGROUNDHaze or corneal subepithelial fibrosis is one of the common complications after refractive surgery procedures, such as photorefractive keratectomy (PRK), laser epithelial keratomileusis, and epipolis laser in situ keratomileusis, which would result in refractive regression, decreased visual quality, and corneal opacification. Haze directly resulted from corneal fibrosis mediated by transforming growth factor β (TGFβ). Smad7, an inhibitory Smad, can inhibit TGFβ signal transduction. Recently, the effects of Smad7 on the inhibition of fibrosis in several organs have been studied, while little is known about the effects on cornea after PRK. This study was aimed to determine the effects of lentiviral-mediated Smad7 gene expression on corneal fibrosis in rats after PRK.

METHODSFour different experimental groups were established using right eyes of Sprague-Dawley rats. Thirty-two eyes underwent de-epithelialization only and served as a sham operation group (group 1). Ninety-six eyes underwent PRK operation and were further divided into group 2 (the PRK group) without lentivector administration, group 3 (the Lv-blank group) with control lentiviral vector without Smad7 administration, and group 4 (the Lv-Smad7 group) with Smad7 expressing lentiviral vector Smad7 administration. At 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months after PRK, the transfection efficiency was determined by measuring the fluorescence signal as well as Smad7 protein and mRNA levels. Corneas were further processed for immunoblotting to assess the phosphorylation of Smad2 as a downstream event of TGFβ/Smad signaling. The expression of fibrotic markers, such as α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), Type III collagen (collagen III), and cell cycle-related marker Ki67, was measured by quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).

RESULTSLentivirus-mediated exogenous Smad7 gene expression in rat corneal tissue resulted in reduced activation of TGFβ/Smad signaling caused by downregulation of phosphorylation of Smad2. Smad7 also downregulated the expression of TGFβ2. Markers of cell proliferation and fibrosis, including Ki67, α-SMA, and collagen III, were inhibited by Smad7 up to 3 months after PRK operation.

CONCLUSIONSmad7 gene transfer inhibits fibrogenic responses of cornea in rats after PRK.

Actins ; genetics ; Animals ; Collagen Type III ; genetics ; Cornea ; pathology ; Fibrosis ; Genetic Therapy ; Ki-67 Antigen ; genetics ; Lentivirus ; genetics ; Photorefractive Keratectomy ; adverse effects ; RNA, Messenger ; analysis ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Signal Transduction ; Smad7 Protein ; genetics ; physiology ; Transforming Growth Factor beta ; physiology

BACKGROUNDSmad4 is found mutated in many cancers. It acts as a tumor suppressor in the regulation of TGF-β signaling pathway. The objective of this work was to study the expression of Smad4 in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) and its relationship with the biological behavior and prognosis of the disease.

METHODSForty-nine paraffin-embedded ICC specimens and nine normal liver tissues were analyzed by immunohistochemical methods using Smad4 monoclonal antibodies. The expression of Smad4 was compared with the clinical pathological characteristics of the patients.

RESULTSThe expression of Smad4 was 100% positive in normal liver tissues, which was higher than that in the ICC (44.9%). Negative labeling of the Smad4 protein was found in 26.1% (6/23) of well-differentiated ICCs and 61.5% (16/26) of poorly to moderately differentiated ICCs, and 34.3% (12/35) and 71.4% (10/14) showed negative Smad4 labeling (P = 0.018) of ICC at pathological Tumor Node Metastasis (pTNM) stage I-II and pTNM stage III-IV separately. Furthermore, 72% (8/11) of lymph node metastatic ICCs and 73.3% (11/15) of intrahepatic metastatic ICCs showed negative labeling of the Smad4 protein. The loss of Smad4 expression in those metastatic ICCs was significantly more severe compared with non-metastatic ICCs (P = 0.000).

CONCLUSIONSThe expression of Smad4 was associated with the histological grade, clinical stage, and metastasis of ICC (P < 0.05). The detection of Smad4 may be helpful in determining the degree of malignancy and prognosis of ICC.

Adult ; Aged ; Bile Duct Neoplasms ; Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic ; Cholangiocarcinoma ; chemistry ; pathology ; Female ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms ; chemistry ; pathology ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Staging ; Prognosis ; Signal Transduction ; physiology ; Smad4 Protein ; analysis ; genetics ; physiology ; Transforming Growth Factor beta ; physiology

OBJECTIVETo determine the expression level of Smad ubiquitination regulatory factor 1 (SMURF1) gene in hepatocellular carcinoma, and to explore its role in liver cancer.

METHODSWith non-neoplastic adjacent normal tissues as controls, real-time PCR and Western blotting were used for measuring the expression of SMURF1 mRNA and protein in 89 samples of hepatocellular carcinoma. Correlations between SMURF1 expression and clinical features were explored. Following transfection of SMURF1--specific small interference RNA(siRNA), the apoptosis and proliferation of hepatic cancer cells Hep G2 were detected using flow cytometry and MTT assays .

RESULTSThe expression of SMURF1 mRNA and protein were significantly higher in hepatocellular cancer tissues compared with the paired normal tissues (P< 0.05). The expression of SMURF1 however did not correlate with any clinical features (P> 0.05). Transfection of SMURF1-specific siRNA can promote the apoptosis whilst inhibit the proliferation of Hep G2 cells.

CONCLUSIONThe expression of SMURF1 is enhanced in hepatocellular carcinoma, which may have played a role in the disease through affecting apoptosis and proliferation of hepatic cancer cells.

Female ; Hep G2 Cells ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms ; pathology ; Male ; RNA, Messenger ; analysis ; Transforming Growth Factor beta ; physiology ; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases ; genetics ; physiology

Human amniotic membrane-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hAM-MSCs) are capable of differentiating into several lineages and possess immunomodulatory properties. In this study, we investigated the soluble factor-mediated immunomodulatory effects of hAM-MSCs. Mitogen-induced peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) proliferation was suppressed by hAM-MSCs in a dose-dependent manner as well as hAM-MSC culture supernatant. Moreover, interferon-gamma and interleukin (IL)-17 production significantly decreased from PBMC, whereas IL-10 from PBMCs and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) production from hAM-MSCs significantly increased in co-cultures of hAM-MSCs and PBMCs. Production of several MSC factors, including hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), TGF-beta, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and indoleamine 2, 3 dioxygenase (IDO), increased significantly in hAM-MSCs co-cultured with PBMCs. These results indicate that the immunomodulatory effects of hAM-MSCs may be associated with soluble factors (TGF-beta, HGF, PGE2, and IDO), suggesting that hAM-MSCs may have potential clinical use in regenerative medicine.
Amnion/cytology/*immunology ; Cell Differentiation/immunology ; Coculture Techniques ; Dinoprostone/genetics/immunology ; Female ; Hepatocyte Growth Factor/genetics/immunology ; Humans ; Immunologic Factors/*immunology ; Immunophenotyping ; Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/genetics/immunology ; Interferon-gamma/immunology ; Interleukin-10/analysis/immunology ; Interleukin-17/analysis/immunology ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear/cytology/immunology ; Mesenchymal Stem Cells/cytology/*immunology ; Pregnancy ; RNA, Messenger/chemistry/genetics ; Regenerative Medicine/methods ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics/immunology

Previously, we found that high doses of genistein show an inhibitory effect on uterine leiomyoma (UtLM) cell proliferation. In this study, using microarray analysis and Ingenuity Pathways Analysis(TM), we identified genes (up- or down-regulated, > or = 1.5 fold, P < or = 0.001), functions and signaling pathways that were altered following treatment with an inhibitory concentration of genistein (50 microg/ml) in UtLM cells. Downregulation of TGF-beta signaling pathway genes, activin A, activin B, Smad3, TGF-beta2 and genes related to cell cycle regulation, with the exception of the upregulation of the CDK inhibitor P15, were identified and validated by real-time RT-PCR studies. Western blot analysis further demonstrated decreased protein expression of activin A and Smad3 in genistein-treated UtLM cells. Moreover, we found that activin A stimulated the growth of UtLM cells, and the inhibitory effect of genistein was partially abrogated in the presence of activin A. Overexpression of activin A and Smad3 were found in tissue samples of leiomyoma compared to matched myometrium, supporting the contribution of activin A and Smad3 in promoting the growth of UtLM cells. Taken together, these results suggest that down-regulation of activin A and Smad3, both members of the TGF-beta pathway, may offer a mechanistic explanation for the inhibitory effect of a high-dose of genistein on UtLM cells, and might be potential therapeutic targets for treatment of clinical cases of uterine leiomyomas.
Activins/*genetics/metabolism/pharmacology ; Anticarcinogenic Agents/*pharmacology ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation/drug effects ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p15/genetics/metabolism ; Down-Regulation ; Female ; Genistein/*pharmacology ; Humans ; Leiomyoma/*metabolism ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Signal Transduction/drug effects ; Smad3 Protein/*genetics/metabolism ; Transforming Growth Factor beta/*genetics/metabolism ; Up-Regulation ; Uterine Neoplasms/*metabolism

OBJECTIVETo investigate the point mutations and polymorphisms of transforming growth factor beta-induced gene (TGFBI) in Chinese patients with keratoconus and discuss the relationship between the feature of gene mutations and single nucleotide polymorphisms of TGFBI gene and keratoconus.

METHODSPolymerase chain reaction single strand conformation polymorphism and DNA direct sequencing were performed in 30 keratoconus cases and 30 healthy controls. All 17 exons of the TGFBI gene were analyzed for point mutations and single nucleotide polymorphisms.

RESULTSTotally two heterozygous nucleotide changes were identified in exon 12 of the TGFBI gene. The codon 535 is changed from GGA to TGA in 1 patient, leading to a substitution of glycine to a stop codon at the protein level (G535X). The codon 540 is changed from TTT to TTC in 2 patients and 1 control individual, resulting in a nonsense mutation (F54F), and is a single nucleotide polymorphism of the gene.

CONCLUSIONMutation and polymorphisms of the TGFBI gene were detected in Chinese patients with keratoconus in this study. The results suggest that TGFBI gene might play an important role in the pathogenesis of keratoconus.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Case-Control Studies ; Child ; China ; Extracellular Matrix Proteins ; genetics ; Female ; Glycine ; deficiency ; genetics ; Humans ; Keratoconus ; genetics ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Point Mutation ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; methods ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; methods ; Transforming Growth Factor beta ; genetics ; Young Adult

BACKGROUNDThe expression of genes encoding a number of pathogenetic pathways involved in colorectal cancer could potentially act as prognostic markers. Large prospective studies are required to establish their relevance to disease prognosis.

METHODSWe investigated the relevance of 19 markers in 790 patients enrolled in a large randomised trial of 5-fluorouracil using immunohistochemistry and chromogenic in situ hybridisation. The relationship between overall 10-year survival and marker status was assessed.

RESULTSMinichromosome maintenance complex component 2 (MCM2) and cyclin A were significantly associated with overall survival. Elevated MCM2 expression was associated with a better prognosis (HR = 0.63, 95%CI: 0.46 - 0.86). Cyclin A expression above the median predicted an improved patient prognosis (HR = 0.71, 95%CI: 0.53 - 0.95). For mismatch repair deficiency and transforming growth factor &beta; receptor type II (TGFBRII) overexpression there was a borderline association with a poorer prognosis (HR = 0.69, 95%CI: 0.46 - 1.04 and HR = 2.11, 95%CI: 1.02 - 4.40, respectively). No apparent associations were found for other markers.

CONCLUSIONThis study identified cell proliferation and cyclin A expression as prognostic indicators of patient outcome in colorectal cancer.

Aged ; Cell Proliferation ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; metabolism ; Cyclin A ; metabolism ; DNA Mismatch Repair ; genetics ; physiology ; Female ; Humans ; In Situ Hybridization ; Ki-67 Antigen ; metabolism ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prognosis ; Prospective Studies ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases ; metabolism ; Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta ; metabolism ; Tissue Array Analysis ; methods