Based on the biomechanical mechanism of human upper limb, the disadvantages of traditional rehabilitation training and the current status of upper limb rehabilitation robot, a six degree of freedom, flexible adjustment, wearable upper limb rehabilitation exoskeleton design scheme is proposed. Firstly, the mechanics of each joint of the upper limb is analyzed, and the virtual prototype design of the whole mechanical structure of the upper limb rehabilitation wearable exoskeleton is carried out by using CATIA three-dimensional software. The tooth transmission of the forearm and the upper arm single row four point contact ball bearing with internal/external rotation and the shoulder flexible passive adjustment mechanism (viscoelastic damper) are innovatively designed. Then, the joints of the upper limb rehabilitation exoskeleton are analyzed, theoretical analysis and calculation of the driving torque, the selection of the motor and gearbox of each driving joint are carried out. Finally, the whole finite element analysis of the upper limb exoskeleton is carried out. The research and experimental results showed that the design scheme of the upper limb exoskeleton assist structure is highly feasible, which can help the patients with upper limb paralysis and motor dysfunction self-rehabilitation.
Biomechanical Phenomena ; Exoskeleton Device ; Humans ; Robotics ; Stroke Rehabilitation ; Torque ; Upper Extremity ; Wearable Electronic Devices

Sit-stand movement is one of the most common movement behaviors of the human body. The knee joint is the main bearing joint of this movement. Thus, the dynamic analysis of knee joint during this movement has deeply positive influences. According to the principle of moment balance, the dynamics of the knee joint during the movement were analyzed. Furthermore, combined with the data obtained from optical motion capture and six-dimensional ground reaction force test, the curve of knee joint torque was calculated. To verify the accuracy of the analysis of dynamic, the human body model was established, the polynomial equations of angle and angular velocity were fitted according to the experimental data, and the knee joint simulation of the movement was carried out. The result revealed that in terms of range and trend, the theoretical data and simulation data were consistent. The relationship between knee joint torque and ground reaction force was revealed based on the variation law of knee joint torque. During the sit-stand movement, the knee joint torque and the ground reaction force were directly proportional to each other, and the ratio was 5 to 6. In the standing process, the acceleration first increased and then decreased and finally increased in reverse, and the maximum knee torque occurred at an angle of about 140°. In the sitting process, the torque was maximized in the initial stage. The results of the dynamics analysis of knee joint during sit-stand movement are beneficial to the optimal design and force feedback control of seated rehabilitation aids, and can provide theoretical guidance for knee rehabilitation training.
Humans ; Hip Joint ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Movement ; Knee Joint ; Torque

OBJECTIVE: Develop an intelligent equipment that can perform multiple modes of functional exercise on the knee joint, and can accurately measure and control strength, angle, angular velocity, time, frequency and so on. METHODS: Using geared motors, magnetic powder brakes and synchronous belt wheel sets and other mechanical structure and transmission technology combined with sophisticated mechanical design methods, the knee joint multiple functional exercise methods are cleverly integrated; a highly reliable PLC is used as the control core; the resistance torque out-put by the equipment is accurately controlled by adjusting the size of the exciting current; the angle sensor is used to accurately measure the rotation angle around the axis; and the error of each parameter index and the actual measured value is controlled within 5%. RESULTS: The developed prototype has a compact structure and a simple and convenient method of use. Based on the control of joint parameters such as resistance, the expected goal is achieved. CONCLUSIONS The equipment can carry out diversified, accurate and automatic rehabilitation treatment for knee joint diseases, and has certain social and economic benefits.
Biomechanical Phenomena ; Knee Joint ; Powders ; Rotation ; Torque

The series of YY/T 0987 standards converted from the corresponding ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) standards regulate the marking medical devices and testing methods for passive implants in the magnetic resonance environment. Along with the advancement of scientific cognition and the development of technology, the ASTM continuously amends and updates standards. This article studies the new version of ASTM standards and analyzes the advancing parts newly added as compared to the current YY/T 0987-2016 standard and eventually pinpoints some problems that remained to be solved. Except for the standard for image artifacts, this study found out that other standards had also been constantly updated, such as the standard of ASTM F2503 for marking medical devices extends its referenced documents and adds some ISO standards in, meanwhile, the test method on magnetically induced displacement force, radio frequency induced heating and magnetically induced torque also had been significantly adjusted and improved accordingly. This article recommends that domestic standards need to keep pace with the latest edition of ASTM F standards and to supplement new research achievements timely, just in order to provide a better normalization, guidance and support to the development of Chinese passive implants industry.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Prostheses and Implants ; Radio Waves ; Torque ; United States

This study designed an isokinetic muscle strength rehabilitation training equipment, based on oil resistance. The equipment detected joint angles during movement through displacement sensors to measure the angular velocity in real-time. Then it can achieve flow resistance adjustment and constant velocity movement, based on the flow area of the proportional valve calculated by PID algorithm and the deviation between the set speed and the measured speed. The equipment can also collect muscle strength during exercise through force-sensitive sensors to achieve real-time and accurate assessment of muscle strength. Moreover, the study preliminarily certificated the isokinetic motion the results showed that the mean error of peak torque test is less than 5%, and the correlation is between 0.89 and 0.92 (
Exercise Therapy ; Humans ; Movement ; Muscle Strength ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Torque

OBJECTIVES: An automatic needle destroyer (ANDY) was developed to prevent needlestick injuries, and usability tests were conducted in several hospitals. The addition of extra features to the ANDY is in progress, such as data collection and automatic identification of used syringes. Thus, this report describes how the ANDY can be used to track the data of used syringes. METHODS: The motor torque required for barrel separation differs according to syringe diameters. By monitoring the electric current which is consumed for the motor torque, the type of syringe can be identified. Twelve prototypes were produced, and five usability tests were conducted in hospitals. RESULTS: After use, a syringe is inserted into the proposed device, and the needle portion is then cut and separated from the syringe body (barrel) and discarded. The needles are collected in a sharps container for hygienic disposal, and the barrel is dropped into a general medical waste container. CONCLUSIONS: The ANDY can be used to track the syringe used for each patient. The barcode can be read while the syringe rotates in the main body of the ANDY with a built-in omnidirectional scanner. Collection of information during syringe disposal can facilitate stock management. This system could also be extended to other types of consumable medical devices, although it would still be a challenge to differentiate each medical device.
Data Collection* ; Disposable Equipment ; Equipment and Supplies ; Equipment Design ; Humans ; Medical Waste ; Medical Waste Disposal ; Needles ; Needlestick Injuries ; Syringes* ; Torque

Muscle strength training plays an important role in improving limb movement function, preventing muscle atrophy and promoting muscle function recovery in patients with various bone and joint diseases. The sports function of elbow joint is closely related to people's daily life activity ability. At present, Chinese muscle strength training devices are depended on import. Therefore, it is of great significance to develop muscle strength training devices. Based on the concepts and characteristics of isometric training, isotonic training, passive training and isokinetic training, in the upper computer, the servo driver and servo motor are controlled through the LabView interface, and the real-time torque is detected by the torque sensor, realizing four training modes. The main parameters of the multi-mode elbow joint muscle strength training device meet the requirements, and the trainers have a good experience.
Elbow Joint ; physiology ; Humans ; Muscle Strength ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Resistance Training ; Torque

BACKGROUND: In the osseointegration of dental implants, the implant surface properties have been reported to be some of the most important critical factors. The effect of implant's surfaces created by resorbable blast media (RBM) followed by laser ablation on bone tissue reactions was examined using the removal torque test and histomorphometric analysis.METHODS: Two types of dental implants, RBM-laser implants (experimental group) and RBM implants (control group) (CSM implant system, Daegu, Korea; L=6 mm, diameter=3.75 mm) were placed into the right and left distal femoral metaphysis of 17 adult rabbits. Six weeks after placement, removal torque was measured and histomorphometric analysis was performed.RESULTS: The mean removal torque was 24.0±10.2 Ncm and 46.6±16.4 Ncm for the control and test specimens, respectively. The experimental RBM-laser implants had significantly higher removal torque values than the control RBM implants (p=0.013). The mean values of total and cortical bone to implant contact (BIC) were respectively 46.3±10.8% and 65.3±12.5% for the experimental group, and 41.9±18.5% and 57.6±10.6% for the control group. The experimental RBM-laser implants showed a higher degree of total and cortical BIC compared with RBM implants, but there was no statistical significance (p=0.482, 0.225).CONCLUSION: The removal torque and BIC of the test group were higher than those of the control group. In this study, the surface treatment created by RBM treatment followed by laser ablation appears to have a potential in improving bone tissue reactions of dental implants.
Adult ; Bone and Bones ; Daegu ; Dental Implants ; Humans ; Korea ; Laser Therapy ; Osseointegration ; Rabbits ; Surface Properties ; Torque

OBJECTIVE: To investigate functional outcomes after the application of a critical pathway for inpatient rehabilitation of total knee arthroplasty (TKA).METHODS: A total of 184 patients (57 males and 127 females; average age, 71.5±5.9 years) who underwent unilateral or bilateral TKA were included. The critical pathway included early, intensive individualized rehabilitation exercises. Patients completed the following performance-based physical function tests: the stair climbing test (SCT), 6-minute walk test (6MWT), and Timed Up and Go test (TUG) as well as measurement of isometric knee flexor and extensor strength of the operated knee, gait speed, and range of knee flexion and extension. Self-reported physical function and pain were measured using the Western Ontario McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) and visual analog scale (VAS), respectively, and self-reported quality of life was measured using the EuroQoL 5 dimension (EQ-5D) questionnaire. These evaluations were performed preoperatively and at 1 month and 3 months postoperatively.RESULTS: Performance-based and self-reported physical function and quality of life measures improved nonlinearly over time. Specifically, the 6WMT, TUG, gait speed, WOMAC-pain, WOMAC-function, VAS, and EQ-5D scores showed a significant improvement at 1-month post-TKA, whereas SCT, peak torque of the knee extensors and flexors, and WOMAC-stiffness scores showed gradual, but substantial, improvements over 3 months. There were between-group differences (unilateral and bilateral TKA groups) in the time course of the SCT, 6MWT, TUG, VAS, WOAMC-stiffness, and WOMAC-function results.CONCLUSION: Patients who underwent critical pathway rehabilitation after TKA showed significant improvements in functional measurements during the first 3 months post-surgery.
Arthroplasty ; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee ; Critical Pathways ; Exercise ; Female ; Gait ; Humans ; Inpatients ; Knee ; Male ; Ontario ; Osteoarthritis ; Quality of Life ; Rehabilitation ; Torque ; Visual Analog Scale

PURPOSE: This study aims to evaluate the loosening torque on the implant fixture, and to assess the accuracy of difference electronic torque drivers.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three electronic torque drivers were used to measure the loosening torque on the implant system (AnyOne; MegaGen). The implant fixtures were divided among the 3 electronic torque driver types (W&H, SAESHIN, and NSK group) and 9 for each group. The screws were fastened at the implant fixture by three electronic torque drivers using the tightening torques recommended by the manufacturers of the drivers. After 10 minutes, the screws were again fastened at the implant fixture with equal torque. Then, the loosening torques were measured with an MGT12 torque gauge (MARK-10, Inc.). This measurement procedure was repeated 10 times under loosening torques of 15 Ncm, 25 Ncm, and 35 Ncm. In the statistical analysis, all values of loosening torque were analyzed with the one-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis test (α=.05) for comparative evaluation.RESULTS: There were significant inter-group differences at loosening torques of 15 Ncm and 25 Ncm (P<.05). The accuracy of the NSK driver was the highest, followed by SAESHIN and W&H. There was no significant difference between NSK and W&H at 35 Ncm (P>.05). The SAESHIN driver showed the closest loosening torque at 35 Ncm.CONCLUSION: The most accurate loosening torques were SAESHIN at 35 Ncm, and NSK at 15 Ncm and 25 Ncm. Since the loosening torque may vary depending on the tightening torques and electronic torque drivers, periodic calibration of the electronic torque driver is recommended.
Calibration ; Torque