Breast milk is the best food for infants. However, worrying about the transmission of pathogens to their offspring, mothers who have ongoing infections are usually hesitated on breastfeeding, or even unwillingly give up breastfeeding. This article summarized some basic knowledge and evidence on breastfeeding when maternal infections occur and emphasized that there is no risk of hepatitis virus transmission during breastfeeding. After taking appropriate measures, mothers with transmittable diseases through breastfeeding can still breastfeed their babies. This review provides reasonable medical advice on whether to breastfeed when maternal infection occurs in order to increase breastfeeding rate.

Objective To explore the influence of delivery mode and feeding pattern on cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection on infants born ≥ 32 gestational weeks,and to observe the outcomes after CMV infection.Methods In this retrospective study,378 pregnant women with positive CMV IgG and negative CMV IgM,and their offsprings (384 cases,including six pairs of twins),who got visited at five hospitals of our collaboration group during March 2013 and February 2016,were enrolled.Serum samples were retrieved from a previous study of these participants for CMV IgM and IgG detection with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.All participants were divided into exclusive artificial feeding (EAF) and breastfeeding groups (BF),and the latter included exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) and mixed feeding (MF).T or Chi-square or Fisher's exact tests were performed for statistical analysis.Results (1) Among the 378 pregnant women,there were 186 mothers and 190 infants (4 pairs of twins) in BF group,and the other 192 mothers and 194 infants (2 pairs of twins) in EAF group.The percentage of male infants were 54.7％(104/186) and 56.2％(109/194) in the BF and EAF group,respectively.The mean birth age was (38.9± 1.4) and (38.7± 1.7) weeks,and the age at followingup was (9.8± 2.2) and (10.5± 2.9) months,respectively.(2) The CMV IgG positive rate of infants in BF group was higher than in the EAF group [62.6％(119/190) vs 29.9％ (58/194),x2=41.403,P＜0.001].CMV IgG levels in infants were higher than the mothers [(537.1 ±249.5) vs (416.2±241.2) U/ml,t=4.609,P＜0.001].In infants with positive CMV IgG,the positive rates of CMV IgM were similar in the two groups [21.0％(25/119) vs 19.0％ (11/58),x2=0.101,P=0.751].(3) The positive rate of CMV IgG in vaginally born infants was higher than those born by caesarean section [55.2 (95/172) vs 38.7％ (82/212),x2=10.472,P=0.001].Further analysis in the EAF group showed that those infants born vaginally had a higher positive rate ofCMV IgG than those born by caesarean section [42.9％ (33/77) vs 21.4％ (25/117),~=10.231,P=0.001],while this figure did not show statistical difference in the BF group.(4) Infants with positive or negative CMV IgG were in similar age and gender proportion,as well as their height and weight.Among 36 infants with both positive CMV IgG and IgM,three failed in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) test due to hemolysis.However,among the other 33 cases,15.1％ (five cases) presented with lightly elevated ALT (42-107.2 U/L),which was similar to those infants with positive CMV IgG and negative CMV IgM (14/98,14.3％) and those with both negative CMV IgG and IgM (20/144,13.9％),(x2=0.036,P=0.982).Conclusions Although breastfeeding and vaginal birth may increase CMV infection rate in neonates and infants,but no obviously adverse prognosis was reported in those born over 32 gestational weeks.So we should encourage vaginal birth and breastfeeding in these population.

OBJECTIVETo establish a laboratory method for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum based on variable number tandem repeat (VNTR).

METHODSMycobacterium tuberculosis was tested by VNTR and fluorescent quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (FQ-PCR) in 130 sputum samples from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and 200 specimens from patients with other lung diseases. According to the amplification conditions and clinical detection needs, MTUB21, MUTB04, QUB18, QUB26, QUB11b, MIRU31, MIRU10 and MIRU26 were selected as test targets. The results of VNTR and FQ-PCR were compared with Lowenstein-Jensen culture and clinical diagnosis, and analyzed by chi-square test.

RESULTSWith the results of L-J culture as the standard, the sensitivity and specificity of VNTR were 93.1% (108/116) and 97.7% (209/214), and those of FQ-PCR were 94.0% (109/116) and 96.7% (207/214), respectively; no significant difference was observed between two groups (χ2=0.352, P=0.569). Using the clinical diagnosis as the standard, the sensitivity and specificity of VNTR were 86.9% (113/130) and 100% (200/200), and those of FQ-PCR were 87.7% (114/130) and 99.0% (198/200), respectively; the difference was not statistically significant (χ2=0.030, P=0.862). In 113 VNTR positive samples, the molecular codes differed from each other in 98.2% samples (111/113); only 2 samples had identical code (5-4-6-8-5-5-3-8).

CONCLUSIONThe study suggests that VNTR provides a promising method for diagnosis of clinical tuberculosis.

Humans ; Minisatellite Repeats ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis ; isolation & purification ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Sputum ; microbiology ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary ; diagnosis

Guided by the demands of society,we propose a new professional training objectives of medical laboratory technology,which is to cultivate comprehensive talents covering the entire industrial chain of medical laboratory technology with profound foundation,broad caliber,high quality and outstanding ability.According to the training objective,we build up 4321 talents training system and try to carry out preliminary practice and exploration on talent cultivation model from the following aspects,such as the construction of curriculum system,the reform of the teaching contents and methods,training of students' professional skills and entrepreneurial innovation spirit.

Objective: To establish a laboratory method for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum based on variable number tandem repeat ( VNTR) .Methods: Mycobacterium tuberculosis was tested by VNTR and fluorescent quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction ( FQ-PCR ) in 130 sputum samples from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and 200 specimens from patients with other lung diseases.According to the amplification conditions and clinical detection needs, MTUB21, MUTB04, QUB18, QUB26, QUB11b, MIRU31, MIRU10 and MIRU26 were selected as test targets.The results of VNTR and FQ-PCR were compared with Lowenstein-Jensen culture and clinical diagnosis, and analyzed by chi-square test. Results:With the results of L-J culture as the standard, the sensitivity and specificity of VNTR were 93.1%(108/116) and 97.7%(209/214), and those of FQ-PCR were 94 .0% ( 109/116 ) and 96 .7% ( 207/214 ) , respectively; no significant difference was observed between two groups (χ2 =0.352, P =0.569 ).Using the clinical diagnosis as the standard, the sensitivity and specificity of VNTR were 86.9% (113/130) and 100% (200/200), and those of FQ-PCR were 87.7% (114/130) and 99.0%(198/200), respectively;the difference was not statistically significant (χ2 =0.030, P=0.862).In 113 VNTR positive samples, the molecular codes differed from each other in 98.2%samples (111/113);only 2 samples had identical code (5 4 6 8 5 5 3 8 ) .Conclusion:The study suggests that VNTR provides a promising method for diagnosis of clinical tuberculosis.

In order to meet the education reform and the needs of diversified society,according to the talents training goal of generic eagle plan of Inspection Department of Chongqing Medical University,this article use the pin type education management to awake the student's potential advantage,cultivate a variety of laboratory medicine talented person.This article was focused on pin type education management scheme,implementation methods,results and experience.

Objective To investigate the effect of leptin on the secretion of chemokine in THP1 cells and explore its related mechanism, and to provide basis for research on the role of leptin in immune response.Methods The expressions of Ob-Rb and Ob-Rt in THP1 cells were detected by RT-PCR and flow cytometry (FCM).The THP1 cells at logarithm growth phase were selected and randomly divided into blank control group and different concentrations(10,50,100,200μg· L-1 )of leptin groups.Transwell chamber assay was performed to detect the number of invated THP1 cells.The THP1 cells were divided into blank control group and 100μg·L-1 leptin group.Western blotting method was carried out to detect the expressions of p-AKT,p-ERK 1/2,and p-STAT3 in THP1 cells.The THP1 cells were divided into blank control group and 100μg·L-1 leptin group,100μg·L-1 leptin+ DMSO group,100μg·L-1 leptin+50μmol·L-1 AG490 group,100μg·L-1 leptin+10μmol·L-1 LY294002 group and 100μg·L-1 leptin+ 10 mol·L-1 PD980590 group.RT-PCR and Western blotting methods were performed to detect the expression of IL-8.Results Ob-Rb and Ob-Rt were highly expressed in THP1 cells. Compared with blank control group,the number of invated THP1 cells was significantly increased in 50,100,and 200μg·L-1 leptin groups (P<0.05).Compared with blank control group,the expressions of p-STAT3,p-ERK 1/2 and p-AKT in THP1 cells were up-regulated in 100 ug·L-1 leptin group(P<0.05).Compared with blank control group,the mRNA and protein expressions of IL8 in THP1 cells in 50,100,and 200μg·L-1 leptin groups were remarkably increased(P<0.05);compared with 100μg·L-1 leptin group,the expressions of IL-8 in THP1 cells in 100μg·L-1 leptin+10 mol·L-1 PD980590 group and 100μg·L-1 leptin+10μmol·L-1 LY2 94002 group were decreased(P<0.05),while the expression of IL-8 in 100μg·L-1 leptin+ 50μmol·L-1 AG490 group had no change(P>0.05).Conclusion leptin can up-regulate the expression of chemokine in THP1 cells,which might be associated with PI3K-AKT and MAPK/ERK 1/2 signaling pathways.

Objective To establish a continuous monitoring assay of serum argininosuccinate lyase (ASL) activity with automatic biochemistry analyzer, and perform methodology validation and preliminary clinical application.Methods According to the chemical reaction catalyzed by ASL and the working characteristics of automatic biochemistry analyzer, an enzyme coupled reaction system with high specificity was set up, and the methodology validation was performed.Three hundred and nine patients with various liver diseases, 269 non-liver disease patients and 40 healthy controls were enrolled in this study.Serum ASL, ALT, and AST level were determined in all subjects.Results A new kinetics assay of ASL activity was set up with automatic biochemistry analyzer.The methodological validation demonstratod that inter-assay and intra-assay coefficient of variation were 4.0% and 5.9% respectively and the mean recovery was 100.5%.The linear range was 0-167.7 U/L.The lowest detection limit was approximately 0 U/L.The interference test showed that there is no significant interferences while the concentration of bilirubin is less than 342 μmoL/L or commonly used anticoagulants is employed at their routine concentrations.However,interference was significant when Hb level is more than 0.06 g/L.Preliminary study of clinical application showed that there was no significant difference of serum ASL level between non-liver disease group and healthy group ( q = 0.027, P = 0.979 ), but there was significant differences for both serum ALT and AST levels (ALT:q =6.461,P =0.000;AST:q =6.481,P =0.000).Conclusions A continuous monitoring assay for the determination of serum ASL activity is successfully established. Serum ASL may be a good biomarker for liver injury.

Objective:To clarify further the mechanisms for total saponins of Panax ginseng(TSPG)in inducing differentiation of K562 cells,and to provide the theoretical basis and the experimental evidence of its clinical application.Methods:By using cell culture in vitro,morphological observation and flow cytometry,the effect of TSPG on K562 cells in expressing CD 15 ,HIR 2,EPO-R and GM-CSF-R were studied.Results:The results indicated that TSPG could induce the differentiation of K562 cells toward proerythroid cells and progranulocytic cells.It was also shown that after induction by TSPG,the ratio of positive K562 cells expressing CD 15 ,HIR 2,erythropoietin recepter(EPO-R) and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating facter recepter(GM-CSF-R) increased.Conclusion:K562 cells are abnormal cells whose differentiation are blocked,but its biological features are similar to the normal hematopoietic stem cells.The mechanism for TSPG inducing differentiation of K562 cells may be related to the higher expression of EPO-R and GM-CSF-R.

Objective To investigate the effects of total saponins of Panax ginseng(TSPG) combined with erythropoietin(EPO) or granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor(GM CSF) on the differentiation of K562 cells. Methods Cells were cultured in vitro . Morphologic changes of cells were observed with light microscope and electron microscope. The levels of hemoglobin, peroxidase, non specific lipase ? NAE in cells were detected respectively by benzidine staining, peroxidase(POX) staining and ? NAE cytochemical staining. Levels of cell surface differentiation antigens CD15, HIR2, EPO R and GM CSF R were determined by immunocytochemistry. Results TSPG combined with EPO or GM CSF resulted in more mature morphological features of K562, increased expressions of hemoglobin and myeolperoxidase in K562 cells, and enhanced expressions of cell surface differentiation antigens CD15, HIR2, EPO R and GM CSF R. Conclusion TSPG combined with cytokine EPO or GM CSF can induce more mature differentiation of K562 cells.