With the rice-steamed Rehmanniae Radix unearthed from the tomb of Haihunhou in the Western Han Dynasty as the re-ference, the present study evaluated the quality of Rehmanniae Radix and investigated the processing technology of rice-steamed Rehmanniae Radix to lay the foundation for the research on rice-steamed Rehmanniae Radix products. With catalpol and rehmannioside D as the investigation indexes, the quality and grade of Rehmanniae Radix from different producing areas were evaluated with the methods in 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia. UPLC method was established for the determination of catalpol and rehmannioside D in the rice-steamed Rehmanniae Radix. The effects of steaming time, the amount of supplementary rice, and steaming times in the rice-steamed processing on the quality of products were investigated by L_9(3~4) orthogonal test and multi-index comprehensive balance scoring method combined with the content of catalpol and rehmannioside D and appearance characteristics. At last, the stability of the processing technology was tested. The results showed that the optimal processing technology for rice-steamed Rehmanniae Radix was as follows: Rehmanniae Radix and rice(200 g∶4 g) were steamed twice at atmospheric pressure, four hours each time. The mass fractions of catalpol and rehmannioside D were 0.184% and 0.335%, respectively, and the character score was 6.5. The processing conditions are reaso-nable, stable, and feasible. It can provide a basis for the restoration of the ancient rice-steamed processing technology and references for the development of rice-steamed Rehmanniae Radix products in the future.
Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology* ; Oryza ; Plant Extracts ; Rehmannia ; Technology

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the current status of antibiotic use for very and extremely low birth weight (VLBW/ELBW) infants in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) of Hunan Province. METHODS: The use of antibiotics was investigated in multiple level 3 NICUs of Hunan Province for VLBW and ELBW infants born between January, 2017 and December, 2017. RESULTS: The clinical data of 1 442 VLBW/ELBW infants were collected from 24 NICUs in 2017. The median antibiotic use duration was 17 days (range: 0-86 days), accounting for 53.0% of the total length of hospital stay. The highest duration of antibiotic use was up to 91.4% of the total length of hospital stay, with the lowest at 14.6%. In 16 out of 24 NICUs, the antibiotic use duration was accounted for more than 50.0% of the hospitalization days. There were 113 cases with positive bacterial culture grown in blood or cerebrospinal fluid, making the positive rate of overall bacterial culture as 7.84%. The positive rate of bacterial culture in different NICUs was significantly different from 0% to 14.9%. The common isolated bacterial pathogens Klebsiella pneumoniae was 29 cases (25.7%); Escherichia coli 12 cases (10.6%); Staphylococcus aureus 3 cases (2.7%). The most commonly used antibiotics were third-generation of cephalosporins, accounting for 41.00% of the total antibiotics, followed by penicillins, accounting for 32.10%, and followed by carbapenems, accounting for 13.15%. The proportion of antibiotic use time was negatively correlated with birth weight Z-score and the change in weight Z-score between birth and hospital discharge (r=-0.095, -0.151 respectively, P<0.01), positively correlated with death/withdrawal of care (r=0.196, P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Antibiotics used for VLBW/ELBW infants in NICUs of Hunan Province are obviously prolonged in many NICUs. The proportion of routine use of third-generation of cephalosporins and carbapenems antibiotics is high among the NICUs.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Birth Weight ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Extremely Low Birth Weight ; Infant, Newborn ; Intensive Care Units, Neonatal ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Objective To study the effect of chlorhexidine gluconate rubbing bathing on preventing multidrug-resistant organism(MDRO)infection in patients in intensive care unit(ICU).Methods 108 critically ill patients in a tertiary first-class hospital between January and December 2016 were randomly divided into trial group and control group.Trial group adopted wet towel containing 2％ chlorhexidine gluconate for bathing, control group adopted water for bathing.Bacteriostasis rate, incidence of healthcare-associated infection(HAI), occurrence of MDRO infection, and adverse reaction between two groups of patients after rubbing bathing were compared.Results There was no significant difference in the bacteriostasis rate within 2 hours between two groups(P＞0.05), bacteriostasis rates of trial group after 4, 8, and 24 hours of bathing were significantly higher than control group(P＜0.001).Incidences of HAI in trial group and control group were 44.44％(24/54)and 66.67％(36/54)respectively(P＜0.05); incidences of MDRO infection in trial group and control group were 20.37％(11/54)and 40.74％(22/54)respectively(P＜0.05).The main infection sites in trial group and control group were both lower respiratory tract, accounting for 87.50％and72.22％respectively;8 cases(33.33％)in trial group and11(30.55％)in control group had ventilator-associated pneumonia(VAP).11 strains of MDROs in trial group and 22in control group were isolated, both were mainly carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB).There was no adverse reaction after the bathing in both groups.Conclusion Application of chlorhexidine gluconate bathing can effectively reduce the incidence of HAI and MDRO infection in ICU patients.

Objective To investigate the effect of fluid shear stress (FSS) on the expression of B lymphoma Mo-MLV insertion region 1 (Bmi-1) in bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and possible signal transduction mechanism. Methods BMSCs were isolated from SD rats and FSS at different magnitude (0.5, 1.5, 3.0 Pa) and under different time phase (1, 2, 6, 24 h) were loaded by parallel-plate flow chamber system. The expression of Bmi-1 was measured by real-time RT-PCR at mRNA level and the levels of phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) and extracellular signalregulated kinase 1/2 (p-ERK1/2) were detected by Western blotting. The signaling inhibitors, wortmannin (PI3K specific inhabitor) and PD98059 (ERK1/2 specific inhabitor), were used to investigate possible mechanical signal transduction pathway. Results Bmi-1mRNA expression increased when BMSCs were exposed to 1.5 Pa FSS for 1 h and reached the peak at 24 h. All FSS with different magnitude could increase Bmi-1 expression, especial at high FSS (3.0 Pa). Meanwhile, FSS resulted in a significant activation of p-Akt and p-ERK1/2 in BMSCs. After treated with wortmannin, the expression of Bmi-1 was inhibited prominently, however, PD98059, the expression of Bmi-1 did not change. Conclusions FSS can activate the expression of Bmi-1, the amount of Bmi-1 expression was closely related to the stimulating time and the magnitude of FSS, and Akt signal molecule plays an important role during the process. These findings provide significant references for studying the mechanical biological mechanisms of stem cell differentiation.

Objective To investigate the effect of fluid shear stress (FSS) on the expression of B lymphoma MoMLV insertion region 1 (Bmi-1) in bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and possible signal transduction mechanism.Methods BMSCs were isolated from SD rats and FSS at different magnitude (0.5,1.5,3.0 Pa)and under different time phase (1,2,6,24 h) were loaded by parallel-plate flow chamber system.The expression of Bmi-1 was measured by real-time RT-PCR at mRNA level and the levels of phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt)and extracellular signalregulated kinase 1/2 (p-ERK1/2) were detected by Western blotting.The signaling inhibitors,wortmannin (PI3K specific inhabitor) and PD98059 (ERK1/2 specific inhabitor),were used to investigate possible mechanical signal transduction pathway.Results Bmi-1mRNA expression increased when BMSCs were exposed to 1.5 Pa FSS for 1 h and reached the peak at 24 h.All FSS with different magnitude could increase Bmi-1 expression,especial at high FSS (3.0 Pa).Meanwhile,FSS resulted in a significant activation of p-Akt and p-ERK1/2 in BMSCs.After treated with wortmannin,the expression of Bmi-1 was inhibited prominently,however,PD98059,the expression of Bmi-1 did not change.Conclusions FSS can activate the expression of Bmi-1,the amount of Bmi-1 expression was closely related to the stimulating time and the magnitude of FSS,and Akt signal molecule plays an important role during the process.These findings provide significant references for studying the mechanical biological mechanisms of stem cell differentiation.

Since March 2013,China had experienced five seasonal epidemics related to Avian influenza A (H7N9).An unprecedented outbreak of H7N9 epidemic started from September 2016,with 730 cases reported till June 30th 2017,in mainland China that caused profound influences on both social development and health of the people.As an emerging infectious disease,information on pathogenic characteristics,transmission patterns and other epidemiological features of H7N9 virus somehow remained unclear.Data from previous studies suggested that the live poultry market (LPM) seemed to have served as main places where H7N9 virus got originated,mutated,spread and thus infected the human beings.Hence,closure of LPMs was suggested a major measure to control and prevent H7N9 epidemics in China.However,the effectiveness of different ways of LPM closures on H7N9 epidemics had been controversial.This study systemically summarized the effects of different ways of LPM closures on H7N epidemics from previous studies,aiming to provide references for developing a better program on H7N9 control and prevention in the country.

BACKGROUNDCD200 and its receptor CD200R are both type-1 membrane glycoproteins, which are members of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF). Besides the inhibitory effect on macrophages, CD200/CD200R also play an important role in regulating the regulatory T cells, allergicreaction, autoimmune diseases, allograft, neurological diseases and other autoimmune-related diseases, etc.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the role of CD200 and its receptor in the graft versus host disease (GVHD).

METHODSExperimental samples were divided into aGVHD group, non-aGVHD group, cGVHD group and non-cGVHD group, the healthy persons were used as normal controls. Firstly, the expression levels of CD200 and CD200R on CD19+ cell, CD3+ cell and dendritic cell (CD19- CD14- CD1c+) surfaces in each group were detected by using flow cytometry, so as to determine whether there were expression differences among each groups. Then, the mRNA levels of each groups were tested by using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction for finding the differences of mRNA expression level among each group. Finally, the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of the patients and healthy controls were co-cultured with anti-CD200R1 antibody for 48 hours, and the interleukin-10 level in the co-culture system was tested by using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for verifying the function of CD200/CD200R.

RESULTSThe CD200 expression level on CD19+ cell surface in the aGVHD group and non-aGVHD group was both lower than that in healthy control group; that in the non-aGVHD group was higher than that in the aGVHD group. The CD200 expression level on CD19+ CD200+ cells in the non-cGVHD group were higher than that in the cGVHD group and healthy control group. There were no significant differences of CD200 and CD200R expression levels on CD3 cells and dendritic cells among all groups. The CD200 mRNA expression levels in the aGVHD group and cGVHD group were both lower than the healthy control group. The CD200 mRNA expression level was lower in the aGVHD group than in the non-aGVHD group, and was lower in the cGVHD group than in the non-cGVHD group. There was no significant difference of the CD200R mRNA expression level among all groups. After the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of the patients and healthy controls were co-cultured with anti-CD200R1 antibody for 48 hours, the interleukin-10 concentration decreased with the increasing of anti-CD200R1 antibody concentrations in the co-culture system.

CONCLUSIONThe CD200/CD200R may play a role in the pathogenesis of GVHD after allo-HSCT.

Antigens, CD ; metabolism ; Coculture Techniques ; Dendritic Cells ; metabolism ; Flow Cytometry ; Graft vs Host Disease ; metabolism ; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation ; Humans ; Interleukin-10 ; metabolism ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear ; Membrane Glycoproteins ; metabolism ; RNA, Messenger ; metabolism ; Receptors, Cell Surface ; metabolism ; Transplantation, Homologous

OBJECTIVETo investigate the risk factors for the development of congenital anal atresia in neonates.

METHODSA total of 70 neonates who were admitted to 17 hospitals in Foshan, China from January 2011 to December 2014 were enrolled as case group, and another 70 neonates who were hospitalized during the same period and had no anal atresia or other severe deformities were enrolled as control group. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the risk factors for the development of congenital anal atresia.

RESULTSThe univariate analysis revealed that the age of mothers, presence of oral administration of folic acid, infection during early pregnancy, and polyhydramnios, and sex of neonates showed significant differences between the case and control groups (P<0.05). The multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that infection during early pregnancy (OR=18.776) and male neonates (OR=9.304) were risk factors for congenital anal atresia, and oral administration of folic acid during early pregnancy was the protective factor (OR=0.086).

CONCLUSIONSInfection during early pregnancy is the risk factor for congenital anal atresia, and male neonates are more likely to develop congenital anal atresia than female neonates. Supplementation of folic acid during early pregnancy can reduce the risk of congenital anal atresia.

Anus, Imperforate ; etiology ; Female ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Pregnancy ; Risk Factors

OBJECTIVETo observe the therapeutic effect and relevant mechanism of shuxuening Injection (SI) in treating patients with active ulcerative colitis (UC).

METHODSTotally 91 patients with active UC were randomly assigned to 2 groups, 44 in the control group and 47 in the treatment group. Patients in the control group received routine treatment, while patients in the treatment group additionally received intravenous injection of SI (15 mL), twice daily for 14 days in total. Colonoscopy was performed before and after treatment. The therapeutic effect was assessed by Mayo scoring system and the grading of activities evaluated by Baron endoscope. Serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were detected by ELISA. The activity of SOD was detected by xanthine oxidase method. The content of MDA was detected by thiobarbituricacid (TBA). Besides, 20 healthy subjects were recruited as the healthy control group.

RESULTSTotally 82 patients completed the study (40 in the control group and 42 in the treatment group). There was no statistical difference in serum levels of IL-6, TNF-α, SOD, MDA, the Mayo score and endoscope grading between the two groups before treatment (P >0. 05). Compared with the healthy control group, serum levels of IL-6, TNF-α, MDA significantly increased (P <0.01), and the serum SOD level decreased (P < 0. 05) in the treatment grup and the control group before treatment. Compared with before treatment in the same group, serum levels of IL-6, TNF-α, MDA, the Mayo score and endoscope grading all decreased in the treatment group and the control group after treatment (P <0. 01, P <0. 05). Compared with the control group after treatment, serum levels of IL-6, TNF-α, MDA, the Mayo score and endoscope grading all decreased (P <0.01, P <0.05), the serum SOD level increased (P <0.05) in the treatment group after treatment. The serum SOD level was obviously negative correlated with serum levels of IL-6, TNF-a, Mayo score, and endoscope score (r = -0. 621, -0.638, -0. 509, -0.787, P <0.01). The serum MDA level was obviously positive correlated with serum levels of IL-6, TNF-α, Mayo score, and endoscope score (r =0.711, 0. 882, 0. 525, 0. 639, P <0.01).

CONCLUSIONSI could improve inflammatory injury and clinical symptoms of patients with active UC, and its mechanism might be associated with antioxidant and scavenging oxygen free radicals.

Colitis, Ulcerative ; blood ; drug therapy ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Inflammation ; drug therapy ; Interleukin-6 ; blood ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; blood

Adult ; China ; Humans ; Male ; Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroup C ; drug effects ; genetics ; isolation & purification