Ulcerative colitis（UC） is a chronic non-specific inflammatory bowel disease characterized by inflammation and ulceration of the colonic mucosa and submucosa， and its complex pathogenesis involves immune abnormality， oxidative stress and other factors. The nuclear transcription factor E₂-related factor 2（Nrf2）， encoded by the Nfe212 gene， plays a central role in antioxidant responses. It not only activates various antioxidant response elements such as heme oxygenase-1（HO-1） and quinone oxidoreductase 1（NQO1）， but also enhances the activity of glutathione-S-transferase（GST） and superoxide dismutase 1（SOD1）， effectively eliminating reactive oxygen species（ROS） accumulated in the body， and mitigating oxidative stress-induced damage to intestinal mucosa. In addition， Nrf2 can reduce the release of inflammatory factors and infiltration of immune cells by regulating immune response， cell apoptosis and autophagy pathways， thereby alleviating intestinal inflammation and promoting the repair and regeneration of damaged mucosa. Based on this， this paper reviews the research progress of Chinese materia medica in the prevention and treatment of UC by modulating the Nrf2 signaling pathway. It deeply explores the physiological role of Nrf2， the molecular mechanism of activation， the protective effect in the pathological process of UC， and how active ingredients in Chinese materia medica regulate the Nrf2 signaling pathway through multiple pathways to exert their potential mechanisms. These studies have revealed in depth that Chinese materia medica can effectively combat oxidative stress by regulating the Nrf2 signaling pathway. It can also play a role in anti-inflammatory， promoting autophagy， inhibiting apoptosis， protecting the intestinal mucosal barrier， and promoting intestinal mucosal repair， providing new ideas and methods for the multi-faceted treatment of UC.

Objective To comprehensively analyze the reported preparation methods for animal models of perimenopausal syndrome (PS), to compare the advantages and disadvantages of various preparation elements and detection indexes, so as to provide useful references for the optimization of the relevant animal models as well as the standardization of their application in the efficacy evaluation of new drugs.MethodsIn this paper, literature research methods were applied using "perimenopausal syndrome" as the subject term. The publication period of the literature was limited to January 2016 to February 2023. Relevant literature on the preparation of PS animal models was retrieved from databases such as China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang database, and PubMed. After screening the experimental literature that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, detailed information on experimental animal strains, modeling methods, duration of drug administration, positive drugs, detection indexes and other relevant information were collected. After the above information was standardized, the PS animal model database was established using Excel 2010 software. The model preparation elements and evaluation indexes were summarized systematically, and the statistical results were processed and analyzed using Excel 2010 software.Results A total of 247 articles were screened. SD rats (164 times, 65.86%) and Wistar rats (35 times, 14.06%) were often used to prepare PS animal models. Bilateral ovariectomy (139 times, 53.87%) and natural aging (43 times, 16.80%) were chosen as modeling methods. The ages of rats used for modeling ranged from 7 weeks to 18 months, with 3-month-old rats (22 times, 21.78%) being the most common. The detection indexes were comprehensively evaluated from multiple perspectives, including serum biochemistry, vaginal exfoliated cell smear, histomorphology, general observation, behavioral observation, and organ tissue protein immunoblotting. Western medical evaluation indexes were commonly used to test the successful preparation of models, with vaginal exfoliated cell smears being the most frequently used method (125 times, 85.04%). A model was considered successfully prepared when estrous cycle disorder or irregularity was observed. Some literature also determined modeling success by detecting a significant decrease in serum estradiol levels (5 times, 3.04%). Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndrome evaluation often used a combination of Chinese and Western medical evaluation indexes for comprehensive evaluation, with researchers determining the TCM syndrome through vaginal exfoliated cell smears supplemented by general observation (3 times, 2.04%).Conclusion There are many methods for preparing PS animal models, but there are still significant differences in the selection of animal species, age, criteria for successful modeling, and TCM syndrome evaluation in the related literature.

Objective To investigate the key elements for model establishment and determine the evaluation indicators of animal models for pelvic inflammatory disease(PID),providing a reference for improving modelling methods and optimizing the application of PID animal models.Methods The search query"Pelvic Inflammatory Disease"AND"Animal Model"OR"Rat"OR"Mouse"OR"Guinea Pig"OR"Rabbit"OR"Dog"OR"Pig"was used to retrieve relevant literature on PID animal models published from 2013 to 2023 in China Knowledge Network Infrastructure(CNKI),Wanfang,and PubMed databases.The studies were analyzed and categorized based on experimental animal types,modelling methods,modelling cycles,detection indicators,positive control drugs,and administration duration.A database was established for statistical analysis.Results A total of 214 research articles on PID animal models meeting the inclusion criteria were identified.The most commonly used model animals are Sprague Dawley(SD)rats,followed by Wistar rats.The most frequently employed modelling method is a combination of mechanical injury and bacterial infection,followed by the phenol mucilage method.The most common modelling cycles for acute pelvic inflammatory disease(APID)and chronic pelvic inflammatory disease(CPID)/sequelae of pelvic inflammatory disease(SPID)are 8 to 14 days,while for PID models without specific staging,the cycles are 7 days.High-frequency detection methods and indicators include histopathological observation using hematoxylin-eosin staining,enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)for serum-related indicators,morphological changes of tissues observed with the naked eye,and immunohistochemical detection of related protein expression in uterine tissues,and pathological scoring.The most frequently used positive control drugs are Fuke Qianjin Tablets,followed by Jingangteng Capsules.The most common administration duration for APID is 7 days,and for CPID/SPID models,it ranges from 15 to 21 days.Conclusion Currently,SD rats and Wistar rats are commonly used as experimental animals for PID models.The dual modelling method of mechanical injury combined with mixed bacterial infection aligns closely with clinical pathogenesis and can be used to establish a PID model that simulates postoperative uterine cavity infection.Depending on the research objectives,different positive drugs and detection indicators should be selected for comprehensive evaluation.Most existing PID animal model studies are based on western medical diagnosis,with fewer studies focusing on Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)syndromes.There is a need to integrate TCM theories of etiology and pathogenesis to construct PID animal models that are more in line with TCM clinical symptoms.

ObjectiveTo analysis the modeling characteristics of diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) animal models, and provide the reference for the standardization of DOR animal models.MethodsThe research articles on DOR animal models were retrieved. Microsoft Excel 2010 software was used to summarize the experimental animal species, modeling methods, modeling cycles, high-frequency detection indexes and types of positive drugs documented in the literature, and the data results were evaluated and analyzed by NoteExpress software.ResultsA total of 93 research articles on DOR that met the criteria were enrolled. And it was found that, SD rat was the most frequently used animal type (68 times, 73.12%), followed by C57BL/6 mouse (13 times, 13.98%), while the tripterygium wilfordii treatment was the most frequently used modeling method (38 times, 40.86%), followed by the cyclophosphamide treatment (28 times, 30.11%) for DOR animal models. The high frequency detection indicators were vaginal exfoliation cytology detection (93 times, 23.97%) and HE staining to observe histopathological changes (72 times, 18.56%). Among these 64 research articles containing positive control drugs, the most frequently used western drug was estrogen (50 times,62.50%) and Chinese Traditional medicine was Kuntai capsules (2 times, 2.50%).ConclusionsSD rats are mostly used to induce modeling in animal experiments on DOR through tripterygium wilfordii and cyclophosphamide, which can effectively improve the experimental efficiency. It is recommended to integrate the results of ovarian histopathology and serum biochemical indexes for model assessment.

Background: Visceral hypersensitivity is considered as a key pathophysiological mechanism involved in functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs). Visceral nociception and hyperalgesia is existed extensively following exposure to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), however, its molecular mechanism in intestinal tract is unclear. Aims: To explore the potential role of N-Myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2) in intestinal tract for mediating visceral hypersensitivity following exposure to PTSD. Methods: PTSD model was established by single prolonged stress (SPS). SD rats were divided into normal control group, CTX group, PTSD group and PTSD+CTX group. Mice were divided into normal control group, PTSD group, NDRG2

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the current status of occupational exposure to power frequency electromagnetic field in converter stations. METHODS: Eight converter stations with voltage levels of ±500 kV and ±800 kV within normal operation were selected as the research subjects using the typical sampling method. Power frequency electric field and power frequency magnetic field strengths were measured and calculated according to the GBZ/T 189.3-2018 Measurement of Physical Agents in Workplace--Part 3: Electric Field and Magnetic Field between 1 Hz and 100 kHz. The GBZ 2.2-2007 Occupational Exposure Limits for Hazardous Factors in the Workplace--Part 2: Physical Factors were used to evaluate whether the power frequency electric field strength exceeds the regulatory limit(the occupational exposure limit of power frequency electric field in 8 hours workplace is 5.000 kV/m). Meanwhile, the test results were evaluated according to the short-term occupational exposure limit of 50 Hz electric field and magnetic field recommended by the International Committee on Nonionizing Radiation Protection in 2010 that are 10.000 kV/m and 1 000.00 μT. RESULTS: The power frequency electric field and magnetic field strengths of 582 working environment detection points were measured. The median and 0-100 th percentile of power frequency electric field and power frequency magnetic field strength were 4.342(0.001-12.003) kV/m and 5.51(0.10-186.90) μT, respectively.The exceeding standard rate of power frequency electric field strength in converter station workplaces was 37.8%(220/582), which concentrated in 500 kV alternating current filter area and 500 kV alternating current field area. Among them, 5 detection points had power frequency electric field strength exceeding 10.000 kV/m. The magnetic flux density of all the detection points did not exceed 1 000.00 μT. The power frequency electric field strength in ultra-high voltage region was higher than that in high voltage region(P<0.01). There was no significant difference in power frequency magnetic field strength(P>0.05). There was no significant difference in power frequency electric field and magnetic field between rectifier stations and inverter stations(P>0.05). The 8 hours time weighted average(TWA) value of power frequency electric field strength of 8 converter station operators was 1.044-2.335 kV/m, which did not exceed the occupational exposure limit. CONCLUSION: The converter station operators might be exposed to excessive power frequency electric fields for a short time, but the 8 hours TWA value of the power frequency electric field meets the requirements of standards, and the power frequency magnetic field exposure strength also meets the requirements of the relevant standards.

Background Peters anomaly is a rare eye disease.Understanding the clinical features of Peters anomaly is helpful for us to correctly manage this disease.Objective This study was to investigate the clinical characteristics and treatment methods of Peters anomaly and provide available basis for the diagnosis and individualized treatment of Peters abnormal.Methods A descriptive study was performed.The clinical data from 8 eyes of 4 patients with Peters anomaly who were diagnosed and treated in Beijing Children's Hospital from January 1,2014 to March 30,2016 were retrospectively analyzed.The clinical manifestations of the anterior ocular segment were examined by handheld slit-lamp microscope,and corneal curvature,corneal thickness,axial length and intraocular pressure were measured.The therapy and outcomes of the patients were evaluated.Results Peters anomaly was classified into type Ⅰ,type Ⅱ and Peters plus syndrome based on the findings and literature'criteria.Regarding to the clinical findings,the adhesion of peripheral angle with cornea,shallow or disappeared anterior chamber were found in all the eyes,and these manifestations were type Ⅰ Peters anomaly and occurred in 2 eyes of 2 patients.The opacity and adhesion of the central lens capsula to corneal endothelium was seen in 6 eyes which belonged to type Ⅱ Peters anomaly.The mean corneal thickness was (680± 127) μm in 4 measured eyes,which was thicker than normal eyes;the mean corneal curvature was (37.40±1.79)D in 4 measured eyes;the mean axial length was (21.06±0.19)mm and the mean diameter of cornea was (9.4 ± 0.5) mm in 4 measured eyes.Iridocoloboma was found in 4 eyes and congenital aniridia was in 4 eyes.In addition,esotropia appeared in 1 patient,and nystagmus occurred in 3 patients.The 3 patients of type Ⅱ in this study were found to have the disorders associated with systemic neurogenic developmental abnormalities and diagnosed as Peters plus syndrome.Trabeculectomy with anterior vitrectomy was performed in 2 eyes with the intraocular pressure ＞30 mmHg(1 mmHg =0.133k Pa) and the introcular pressure reduced to below 21 mmHg after operation.Penetrating corneal transplantation was carried out on 1 eye with central opacity.However,rejection of graft occurred at 1 month and became complete cloudy at 3 months after surgery.Cataract extraction surgery was performed on 4 eyes with lens opacity and intraocular lens were implanted in 2 eyes or iridectomy was carried out in another 2 eyes,and the visual quality was evidently improved after operation.Conclusions The clinical characteristics of Peters anomaly include leukoma,shallow anterior chamber,peripheral iris adhesion with cornea and lens opacity due to adhesion of lens anterior capsule to corneal endothelium.Personalized operative regimen should be determined based on the clinical findings of the eyes with Peters anomaly.

Objective To explore the effects of bilirubin on myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)and interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase-4(IRAK-4).Methods Seven-day-old Sprague Daw-ley rats (clean grade),male or female,weighing 12.0 to 15.0 g,were randomly assigned to 6 groups.There were normal saline group(Ⅰ),lipopolysaccharide(LPS)control group (LPS,Ⅱ),15 mg /kg bilirubin con-trol (free-LPS)group (Ⅲ),15 mg /kg group (Ⅳa),30 mg /kg group (Ⅳb)and 50 mg /kg group (Ⅳc), and then subsequently divided into 2 h,5 h and 24 h subgroups in each groups.Some of the 200 newborn rats died amid the experiment.Finally a total of 144 were involved in the analysis of results,and 8 rats in each subgroups.Newborn Sprague Dawley rats were administered at various doses of bilirubin (15 mg /kg, 30 mg /kg and 50 mg /kg respectively)intravenously;1 h after injection,the rats were administered LPS intrap-eritoneally at a dose of 1 mg /kg;MyD88 and IRAK-4 were detected by immunohistochemistry at 2 h,5 h and 24 h after the injection of bilirubin.Results (1 )LPS could stimulate the expression of MyD88 and IRAK-4 in spleen cells (qMyD88 2 h =49.89,qMyD88 5 h =139.54,qIRAK-4 2 h =7.93,qIRAK-4 5 h =24.30,qIRAK-4 24 h =6.97 ,P <0.01 ).(2)Low concentration of bilirubin could promote the expression of MyD88 and inhibit the ex-pression of IRAK-4 (qMyD88 2 h =0.76,qMyD88 5 h =5.05,qIRAK-4 2 h =6.43,qIRAK-4 5 h =22.37,qIRAK-4 24 h =1.50, P <0.01 ).(3)LPS stimulation MyD88 affected by low concentration of bilirubin was not obvious (q2 h =1.48,q5 h =1.45,q24 h =0.10,P >0.05).Effects of medium and high concentration of bilirubin on LPS stim-ulation MyD88 were inhibitory(qⅣb 2 h =42.87,qⅣc 2 h =51.38,qⅣb 5 h =103.61 ,qⅣc 5 h =1 15.44,qⅣb 24 h =1.18,qⅣc 24 h =1 1.66,P <0.01 ).(4)Effects of low,medium and high concentration of bilirubin on LPS stimulation IRAK-4 were inhibitory(qⅣa 2 h =9.52,qⅣb 2 h =14.39,qⅣc 2 h =25.55,qⅣa 5 h =38.83,qⅣb 5 h =54.62,qⅣc 5 h =60.51 ,qⅣa 24 h =2.41 ,qⅣb 24 h =1.47,qⅣc 24 h =7.61 ,P <0.01 ).(5)The inhibition of biliru-bin to MyD88 and IRAK-4 was observed at 2 h,strengthened at 5 h,disappeared at 24 h in low-mid concen-trations of bilirubin(P <0.01 )while still visible at 24 h in high concentration of bilirubin.(6)There was neg-atively correlation between the expression level of MyD88,IRAK-4 and bilirubin concentration(rsMyD88 2 h =-0.86, rsMyD88 5 h =-0.92,rsMyD88 24 h =-0.53,rsIRAK-4 2 h =-0.82,rsIRAK-4 5 h =-0.86,rsIRAK-4 24 h =-0.57,P <0.01).(7) Under the effect of bilirubin and LPS,there were positively correlation between the expression levels of MyD88 and IRAK-4 of spleen cells(r2 h =0.77,r5 h =0.9,r24 h =0.67,P <0.01).Conclusion Bilirubin could inhibit the expression of MyD88 and IRAK-4.As the concentration of bilirubin increasing,its inhibition is more obvious and prolonged.The mechanism that bilirubin affects immune function of newborn rat may be related to regulation of expression of MyD88 and IRAK-4 at toll-like receptor 4 signal pathway.

Objective To explore the effects of bilirubin on myeloid differentiation factor phospho-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p-p38MAPK) and apoptosis in splenocytes of neonatal rats.Methods Seven-day-old Sprague Dawley rats (clean grade),male or female,weighting 12.0-15.0 g,were randomly assigned to 6 groups.There were blank control group (Ⅰ),lipopolysaccharide (LPS) control group (Ⅱ),15 mg/kg bilirubin control (free-LPS) group (Ⅲ),15 mg/kg group (Ⅳa),30 mg/kg group (Ⅳb) and 50 mg/kg group (Ⅳc),and then subsequently divided into 2 h,5 h and 24 h subgroups in each groups.Some of the 200 newborn rats died amid the experiment,tinally,a total of 144 cases were involved in the analysis of results,and 8 rats in each subgroups.Newborn Sprague Dawley rats were administered at various doses of bilirubin (15 mg/kg,30 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg,respectively) intravenously; 1 h after injection,the rats were administered LPS intraperitoneally at a dose of 1 mg/kg;p-p38MAPK were detected by immunohistochemistry;Apoptosis in splenocytes was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labeling methods at 2 h 5 h and 24 h after the injection of bilirubin.Results 1.Expression of p-p38MAPK in each group:bilirubin in low-mid concentrations of range inhibited LPS-induced p38MAPK activation (qⅣa =20.93,10.37,respectively at 2 h,and 5 h,all P ＜ 0.01 ;qⅣ b =79.97,14.79,all P ＜ 0.01).The inhibition strengthened with increasing concentration of bilirubin.The effect was observed at 2 h,strengthened at 5 h,disappeared at 24 h.Bilirubin in the high concentrations of range stimulated the expression of p-p38MAPK (qⅣc =32.55,19.23,27.72,respectively at 2 h,5 h and 24 h,all P ＜0.01),observed at 5 h,reduced at 24 h.2.Effects of bilirubin on apoptosis in splenocytes:LPS could increased the apoptosis index (AI) of splenocytes(q =54.62,P ＜ 0.01);The AI of splenocytes had no significant change in low concentrations of range of bilirubin (q =43.92,P ＞ 0.05).Low-mid concentration of bilirubin with LPS reduced the AI of splenocytes (q Ⅳ a =4.48,P ＜ 0.01 ;q Ⅳ b =2.07,P ＜ 0.05),while high concentration of bilirubin with LPS increased the AI of splenocytes (q =5.08,P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions Bilirubin in low-mid concentrations of range could inhibit the expression of LPS-induced p38MAPK,while bilirubin in high concentrations of range stimulated the expression.As the concentration of bilirubin elevated,its inhibition was prolonged.Bilirubin in high concentrations of range bilirubin could induce apoptosis in splenocytes.The immune dysfunction in neonatal hyperbilirubinemia may have something to do with the regulation of phosphorylation of p38MAPK and activation of apoptotic pathways.

Objective To investigate the feasibility of spleen-preserving splenic hilar lymph nodes dissection on the radical resection for advanced proximal gastric cancer. Methods Six patients with advanced proximal gastric cancer were performed D2 lymphadenectomy from May 2012 to May 2013 in our hospital. The operation time,bleeding quantity,the number of lymph nodes,postoperative complications were re-corded. Results The surgery was successful. The intraoperative blood loss was 50 ~250 mL,with the average of 120 mL. The number of lymph nodes was 3~9 after the operation with the average of 5. One patient supervened with lymphorrhagia and recovered after treatment. During the follow-up period from one month to one year, no local recurrence and distant metastasis occurred, nor the death. Conclusion Conducting theD2 lymphadenectomy for the patients with the advanced proximal gastric cancer can preserve the spleen while safely and throughly dissect the splenic hilar lymph nodes.