Objective To understand the distribution and epidemic characteristics of common pathogens of pneumonia among hospitalized children in Suzhou． Methods Nasopharyngeal secretions were collected from hospitalized children with clinical pneumonia admitted to the respiratory department of Children＇s Hospital Affiliated to Suzhou University from April 2011 to March 2018 to detect common viral and bacterial pathogens of children＇s pneumonia． Ｒesults The total positive rate of pathogens was 75. 6% in the 4 765 clinical pneumonia cases. The positive rate of bacterial pathogens was 57. 4%. Streptococcus pneumoniae ( SP) was the highest，followed by Haemophilus influenzae ( H. i) ; The positive rate of viral pathogens was 44. 1%. Ｒespiratory syncytial virus ( ＲSV) was the highest，followed by Bocavirus ( BoV) . The mixed infection rate of bacteria and virus was 25. 9%，and the most common types were ＲSV and SP，BoV and Streptococcus viride ( SV) ． Conclusions SP，H．i，ＲSV and BoV are the main pathogens of clinical pneumonia in children． There are statistical differences in different age groups and seasons of hospitalized children＇s pneumonia in Suzhou． The mixed infection rate of bacteria and virus is high．

Objective To estimate the outpatient rate of influenza-related influenza-like illness (ILI) for children younger than 5 years in Suzhou municipal districts. Methods From October 2011 to March 2017, we conducted a prospective surveillance program on ILI for children under 5 years in outpatient settings of Soochow University Affiliated Children’s Hospital (SCH). The throat swabs were collected and tested for influenza viruses by RT-PCR. Based on the healthcare utilization surveys and population data, the number of visits and the outpatient rate of influenza-related ILI for children younger than 5 years in Suzhou municipal districts were estimated. Results During 2011-2017, in total, there were 45 930 estimated influenza-related ILI cases younger than 5 years in Suzhou municipal districts, which consisted of 7 490 influenza A/H1N1 cases, 17 843 influenza A/H3N2 cases and 20 597 influenza B cases. The estimated outpatient rate of influenza-related ILI was 6.4% in 2011-2017, which was highest in 2011-2012, 20.5%, and the lowest in 2012-2013, 2.4%. Conclusion The number of visits and the outpatient rate of influenza-related ILI in children younger than 5 years was high in Suzhou municipal districts.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical and imaging characteristics of the neurological damage caused by nitrous oxide (N₂O). METHODS: In the study, 10 patients in the Department of Neurology of China-Japan Friendship Hospital from October 2015 to February 2018 were retrospectively analyzed for the demographic data, the history of inhaled N₂O, clinical features, blood examination, electrophysiological examination, spinal magnetic resonance imaging and therapeutic efficacy profiles. RESULTS: The male-to-female ratio was 4:6 and it presented with an age-of-onset 17-26 years [the average age: (20.80±3.12) years]. The time from inhaled N₂O to onset was 1 month to 1 year [the average time: (6.95±4.19) months]. Paralysis in all the patients and numbness in 9 patients were the main clinical features, while positive Lhermitte's sign in 3 patients, urinary and defecation disturbance in 4 patients were also found. Blood examination indicated anemia in 2 patients, giant cell anemia in 1 case and small cell hypochromic anemia in 1 case. 3 cases had been treated with vitamin B12 in an external hospital, and the other 7 cases had abnormal increase in homocysteine levels. Electrophysiological examinations showed sensory and motor nerve involvement in 9 patients, and motor nerve involvement in 1 patient. The severity of lower extremity lesion was significantly heavier than that of upper extremity. Spinal magnetic resonance imagings showed that long segmental lesions were present in the cervical spinal cord of all the patients, 3 cases with long segmental lesions of the thoracic cord and 2 cases with spinal cord swelling. In 6 cases, the horizontal axis had an "inverted V-type" T2 high signal, 1 case was classified as "crescent", and 3 cases were "eight-shaped". The symptoms in these 10 cases were alleviated in varying degrees after stopping the inhalation of nitrous oxide, actively supplementing high doses of vitamin B12 and doing early rehabilitation exercises. CONCLUSION Myelopathy with nitrous oxide presents as paralysis and numbness in limb extremities. In imaging, cervical spinal cord damage is common, accompanied by thoracic spinal cord damage. The horizontal axis is more common in the "inverted V-type". Treatment with high doses of vitamin B12 is effective.
Adolescent ; China ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Nitrous Oxide ; Retrospective Studies ; Spinal Cord Diseases ; Young Adult

Realgar nanoparticles (NPs) are increasingly used as therapeutic agents for their enhanced anti-proliferation effect and cytotoxicity on cancer cells. However, the alteration of particle size may enhance biological reactivity as well as toxicity. A LC/MS and GC/MS based metabolomics approach was employed to explore the mechanism of realgar NPs-induced hepatotoxicity and identify potential biomarkers. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were administrated intragastrically with realgar or realgar NPs at a dose of 1.0 g·kg·d for 28 days and toxic effects of realgar NPs on liver tissues were examined by biochemical indicator analysis and histopathologic examination. Increased levels of serum enzymes and high hepatic steatosis were discovered in the realgar NPs treated group. Multivariate data analysis revealed that rats with realgar NPs-induced hepatotoxicity could be distinctively differentiated from the animals in the control and realgar treated groups. In addition, 21 and 32 endogenous metabolites were apparently changed in the serum and live extracts, respectively. Realgar NPs might induce free fatty acid and triglyceride accumulation, resulting in hepatotoxicity. In conclusion, the present study represents the first comprehensive LC/MS- and GC/MS-based metabolomics analysis of realgar NPs-induced hepatotoxicity, which may help further research of nanotoxicity.
Animals ; Biomarkers ; blood ; chemistry ; Chromatography, Liquid ; methods ; Fatty Acids ; metabolism ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; methods ; Liver ; chemistry ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Male ; Mass Spectrometry ; methods ; Metabolomics ; methods ; Nanoparticles ; toxicity ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Triglycerides ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of suppressing apoptosis signal regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) on glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin expressions at the injury site and on hindlimb mobility in rats after spinal cord injury (SCI).

METHODSThe rat models of SCI were established by extradural compression of the spinal cord using an aneurysm clip. The injured rats were treated with normal saline (model group), ASK1 specific inhibitor thioredoxin (Trx group), or ASK1 monoclonal antibody (Anti-ASK1 group), and the rats receiving a sham operation underwent laminectomy without SCI. The expression of GFAP and vimentin were detected by Western blotting and immunofluorescence assay at 1, 7, 14 and 28 days after SCI. The motion function of the hindlimbs of the injured rats was assessed with Basso Beattie Bresnahan (BBB) scores, and somatosensory-evoked potentials (SEP) and motor-evoked potentials (MEP) were determined to examine the electrophysiological changes.

RESULTSAt 1 day after SCI, the expressions of GFAP and vimentin showed no significant differences among the groups; at 7, 14 and 28 days after SCI, GFAP and vimentin expressions significantly increased in Trx and Anti-ASK1 groups compared with those in the model group (P<0.01). The BBB scores showed no significant differences among the groups at 1, 7 and 14 days after SCI, while at 28 days, the BBB scores in Trx and Anti-ASK1 groups were significantly higher than those in the model group (P<0.01). At 28 days after SCI, the latent period of SEP and MEP decreased and the amplitude increased significantly in Trx and Anti-ASK1 groups compared with that in the model group (P<0.01).

CONCLUSIONBlocking ASK1 can inhibit the expression of GFAP and vimentin in glial scars and improve the outcomes of hindlimb mobility in rats after SCI.

Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Evoked Potentials, Motor ; Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory ; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein ; metabolism ; Hindlimb ; physiopathology ; MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 5 ; genetics ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Spinal Cord Injuries ; metabolism ; Vimentin ; metabolism

Objective To investigate the prevalence of osteoarthritis in inhabitants aged 40 years old and above from urban and rural areas in Heilongjiang province. Methods Through multistage stratified cluster random sampling methods, residents aged 40 years and above were selected. All subjects were given a standardized questionnaire and were conducted a radiographic examination on hands, knees, neck spine and lumbar spine after informed consent. All statistics were performed by SPSS13.0. Results A total of 1196 residents were surveyed, which including 573 males and 623 female subjects. The prevalence of osteoarthritis in cervical spine, lumbar spine, knee and hand for men were 26.00%, 31.20%, 11.87%, 15.53%, respectively and that were 34.80%, 30.20%, 20.06%, 27.93% for women respectively. The prevalence of osteoarthritis increased with aging both in men and women. Prevalence in 60-70 age group achieved the peak. The prevalence rates became relatively low among those over the 70 years old than expected. The most common sites of osteoarthritis were knees and hands (16.10%), followed by cervical and lumbar spine (12.40%).Conclusion The prevalence of osteoarthritis was generally high in middle and old-aged people in Heilongjiang province.

OBJECTIVETo determine feasibility and effectiveness of the intervention on HIV/AIDS among MSM based on venues and peer network.

METHODSThe intervention trial was conducted in Mianyang and Yibin in Sichuan province, where the cultural and social environment were similar. These two cities have no HIV/AIDS intervention conducted yet before this study. The intervention was conducted in Mianyang, while Yibin was regarded as control, in which education materials related HIV/AIDS and VCT service were available. Intervention in Mianyang included MSM venue intervention distributing the education materials, condom and promoting HIV-test and STIs clinic referral by 40 MSM as Popular Opinion Leaders who received the knowledge and intervention skill training.Meanwhile, Popular Opinion Leader intervention was implemented in MSM peer network to advocate safe sex. After 6-month intervention the survey was conducted to assess the effectiveness of intervention.

RESULTSThe scores of knowledge related HIV/STDs and self-efficacy of condom use was 1.293 (95%CI: 0.657 - 1.292, P < 0.05) and 1.556 (95%CI: 0.656 - 2.456, P < 0.05) higher in post-intervention than in pre-intervention which was (12.42 +/- 0.232) and (10.25 +/- 0.327) respectively in Mianyang, while no significant changing in Yibin during the time. Score of knowledge related HIV/STDs increase 0.577 (95%CI: -0.173 - 1.327, P > 0.05) in post-intervention compared with (10.40 +/- 0.412) in pre-intervention and score of self-efficacy of condom use decreased 0.362 from 9.86 +/- 0.547 in pre-intervention (95%CI: -1.458 - 0.534, P > 0.05). In the six months prior to survey, the rate of unprotected sexual intercourse with male casual sexual partners in last 3 times decreased to 11.0% (22/200) (OR(adjusted) = 0.472, 95%CI: 0.265 - 0.841, P < 0.05) from 19.5% (39/200) baseline in Manyang, while in Yibin that increased to 19.0% (38/200) from 17.5% (35/200) in baseline (OR(adjusted) = 1.153, 95%CI: 0.660 - 2.014, P > 0.05). The rate of HIV-test increased significantly from 9.0% (18/200) to 22.0% (44/200) (OR = 2.852, 95%CI: 1.583 - 5.138, P < 0.05) in intervention city and Accordingly in the control, that was 24.5% (29/200) in baseline and 24.0% (28/200) in post-intervention (OR = 0.960, 95%CI: 0.548 - 1.682, P > 0.05). No difference was found in number of male sexual partner pre- and post-intervention both in intervention and control city.

CONCLUSIONThe intervention based on MSM venues and peer network among MSM is feasible and can increase knowledge related HIV/STDs and self-efficacy and as well as condom use and HIV testing.

Adolescent ; Adult ; China ; HIV Infections ; prevention & control ; Homosexuality, Male ; psychology ; Humans ; Male ; Risk-Taking ; Sexual Behavior ; Young Adult