BACKGROUND: Given the general unavailability, common adverse effects, and complicated administration of tetracycline, the clinical application of classic bismuth quadruple therapy (BQT) is greatly limited. Whether minocycline can replace tetracycline for Helicobacter pylori ( H . pylori ) eradication is unknown. We aimed to compare the eradication rate, safety, and compliance between minocycline- and tetracycline-containing BQT as first-line regimens. METHODS: This randomized controlled trial was conducted on 434 naïve patients with H . pylori infection. The participants were randomly assigned to 14-day minocycline-containing BQT group (bismuth potassium citrate 110 mg q.i.d., esomeprazole 20 mg b.i.d., metronidazole 400 mg q.i.d., and minocycline 100 mg b.i.d.) and tetracycline-containing BQT group (bismuth potassium citrate/esomeprazole/metronidazole with doses same as above and tetracycline 500 mg q.i.d.). Safety and compliance were assessed within 3 days after eradication. Urea breath test was performed at 4-8 weeks after eradication to evaluate outcome. We used a noninferiority test to compare the eradication rates of the two groups. The intergroup differences were evaluated using Pearson chi-squared or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables and Student's t -test for continuous variables. RESULTS: As for the eradication rates of minocycline- and tetracycline-containing BQT, the results of both intention-to-treat (ITT) and per-protocol (PP) analyses showed that the difference rate of lower limit of 95% confidence interval (CI) was >-10.0% (ITT analysis: 181/217 [83.4%] vs . 180/217 [82.9%], with a rate difference of 0.5% [-6.9% to 7.9%]; PP analysis: 177/193 [91.7%] vs . 176/191 [92.1%], with a rate difference of -0.4% [-5.6% to 6.4%]). Except for dizziness more common (35/215 [16.3%] vs . 13/214 [6.1%], P = 0.001) in minocycline-containing therapy groups, the incidences of adverse events (75/215 [34.9%] vs . 88/214 [41.1%]) and compliance (195/215 [90.7%] vs . 192/214 [89.7%]) were similar between the two groups. CONCLUSION: The eradication efficacy of minocycline-containing BQT was noninferior to tetracycline-containing BQT as first-line regimen for H . pylori eradication with similar safety and compliance. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, ChiCTR 1900023646.
Humans ; Bismuth/therapeutic use* ; Metronidazole/therapeutic use* ; Esomeprazole/pharmacology* ; Minocycline/pharmacology* ; Helicobacter pylori ; Potassium Citrate/therapeutic use* ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Tetracycline/adverse effects* ; Helicobacter Infections/drug therapy* ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Amoxicillin

Objective: To understand the antimicrobial resistance and genome characteristics of Campylobacter isolates recovered from retailed poultry meat samples in 20 provinces in China in 2020. Methods: In 2020, 265 Campylobacter strains including 244 Campylobacter jejuni and 21 Campylobacter coli collected from retailed poultry meat samples in China were tested for antimicrobial resistance to 9 antimicrobial compounds by using the agar dilution method. Forty-two selected isolates were sent for whole genome sequencing and 38 high-quality genomes were analyzed for their antimicrobial resistance genes, virulence genes, sequence types and genetic diversity. Results: The resistance rates of Campylobacter isolates from poultry meats to tetracycline, nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin were the highest (84%-100%), with 53.2% of the isolates showing multidrug resistance in this study. The resistance rates of C. coli to erythromycin, azithromycin, telithromycin, gentamicin and clindamycin were significantly higher than those of C. jejuni (P<0.05). The resistance genes conferring resistance to β-lactams (100%, 38/38), quinolones (94.7%, 36/38), tetracycline (81.6%, 31/38) and aminoglycosides (50%, 19/38) were the most frequently detected among 38 Campylobacter genomes. C. jejuni carried more virulence genes than C. coli. In total, 19 and 17 sequence types (ST) were obtained from 20 sequenced C. jejuni and 18 C. coli isolates, respectively, including 5 novel STs. The isolates showed a high genetic diversity based on their sequence types. Conclusion: The phenomenon of antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter from poultry meat sources in China is relatively serious, and resistance and virulence genes are widely distributed in Campylobacter. There is genetic diversity in Campylobacter.
Humans ; Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology* ; Campylobacter/genetics* ; Poultry ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics* ; Genomics ; China ; Tetracycline

Objective: To understand the antimicrobial resistance and genome characteristics of Campylobacter isolates recovered from retailed poultry meat samples in 20 provinces in China in 2020. Methods: In 2020, 265 Campylobacter strains including 244 Campylobacter jejuni and 21 Campylobacter coli collected from retailed poultry meat samples in China were tested for antimicrobial resistance to 9 antimicrobial compounds by using the agar dilution method. Forty-two selected isolates were sent for whole genome sequencing and 38 high-quality genomes were analyzed for their antimicrobial resistance genes, virulence genes, sequence types and genetic diversity. Results: The resistance rates of Campylobacter isolates from poultry meats to tetracycline, nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin were the highest (84%-100%), with 53.2% of the isolates showing multidrug resistance in this study. The resistance rates of C. coli to erythromycin, azithromycin, telithromycin, gentamicin and clindamycin were significantly higher than those of C. jejuni (P<0.05). The resistance genes conferring resistance to β-lactams (100%, 38/38), quinolones (94.7%, 36/38), tetracycline (81.6%, 31/38) and aminoglycosides (50%, 19/38) were the most frequently detected among 38 Campylobacter genomes. C. jejuni carried more virulence genes than C. coli. In total, 19 and 17 sequence types (ST) were obtained from 20 sequenced C. jejuni and 18 C. coli isolates, respectively, including 5 novel STs. The isolates showed a high genetic diversity based on their sequence types. Conclusion: The phenomenon of antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter from poultry meat sources in China is relatively serious, and resistance and virulence genes are widely distributed in Campylobacter. There is genetic diversity in Campylobacter.
Humans ; Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology* ; Campylobacter/genetics* ; Poultry ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics* ; Genomics ; China ; Tetracycline

Tetracycline (TC) natural products possess a variety of remarkable bioactivities and diverse structures. They are an important and fertile source for developing novel drugs. As one of the most successful drug families, TC antibiotics have been in clinical use for over seven decades, and continue to make an important contribution to human health nowadays. To date, studies on TC natural products and their biosynthesis have revealed numerous novel biochemical mechanisms and regulatory elements, which facilitates the rational metabolic engineering studies for generating novel bioactive TC analogs and inspires the development of new synthetic biology tools. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview on the discovery, biosynthesis, and engineering of the existing TC natural products. These analyses will be of great value for the discovery, design and development of novel TC drugs in the future.
Humans ; Biological Products/metabolism* ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Metabolic Engineering ; Synthetic Biology ; Tetracycline

tetracycline (TET) and zinc resistance. These findings suggested that co-selection pressure associated with MDR phenotype, especially TET resistance, and zinc resistance may have played a significant role in the emergence and persistence of CC398 LA-MRSA in pig farms in Korea.]]>
Abattoirs ; Agriculture ; Animals ; Drug Resistance, Multiple ; Farmers ; Korea ; Livestock ; Methicillin Resistance ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ; Multilocus Sequence Typing ; Phenotype ; Prevalence ; Red Meat ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Swine ; Tetracycline ; Zinc

Two manganese peroxidases (MnPs), MnP1 and MnP2, and a laccase, Lac1, were purified from Trametes polyzona KU-RNW027. Both MnPs showed high stability in organic solvents which triggered their activities. Metal ions activated both MnPs at certain concentrations. The two MnPs and Lac1, played important roles in dye degradation and pharmaceutical products deactivation in a redox mediator-free system. They completely degraded Remazol brilliant blue (25 mg/L) in 10–30 min and showed high degradation activities to Remazol navy blue and Remazol brilliant yellow, while Lac1 could remove 75% of Remazol red. These three purified enzymes effectively deactivated tetracycline, doxycycline, amoxicillin, and ciprofloxacin. Optimal reaction conditions were 50 °C and pH 4.5. The two MnPs were activated by organic solvents and metal ions, indicating the efficacy of using T. polyzona KU-RNW027 for bioremediation of aromatic compounds in environments polluted with organic solvents and metal ions with no need for redox mediator supplements.
Amoxicillin ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Ciprofloxacin ; Doxycycline ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Ions ; Laccase ; Manganese ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Peroxidases ; Pharmaceutical Preparations ; Solvents ; Tetracycline ; Trametes

BACKGROUND: Campylobacter jejuni is an important food-borne pathogen that causes human gastroenteritis. This study was conducted to investigate the incidence of isolation, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, and C. jejuni genotype from diarrhea patients in Busan, Korea. METHODS: A total of 97 C. jejuni were isolated from diarrhea patients during five food-borne outbreaks from 2014 to September 2017. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were carried out by the broth microdilution method for ciprofloxacin (CIP), nalidixic acid (NAL), tetracycline (TET), chloramphenicol, azithromycin (AZI), erythromycin (ERY), streptomycin (STR), gentamicin, and telithromycin. To investigate C. jejuni genotypes, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profile analysis was performed. RESULTS: The isolation rate of C. jejuni was 2.0% for the last 4 years and increased annually. Antimicrobial resistance rates of C. jejuni were shown to be in the order of NAL (90.9%), CIP (89.4%), TET (13.6%), AZI (3.0%), ERY (3.0%), and STR (1.5%). The proportion of multidrug-resistance was 18.2%, and they commonly contained quinolones (CIP-NAL). Analysis of PFGE patterns of SmaI-restricted DNA of C. jejuni isolates showed 17 clusters; cluster 11 was the major genotype pattern. CONCLUSION: This study will provide useful data for the proper use of antimicrobials and the management of resistant C. jejuni. Also it will help to provide data for the epidemiological investigation of foodborne diseases caused by C. jejuni, which is expected to increase in the future.
Azithromycin ; Busan ; Campylobacter jejuni ; Campylobacter ; Chloramphenicol ; Ciprofloxacin ; Diarrhea ; Disease Outbreaks ; DNA ; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field ; Erythromycin ; Foodborne Diseases ; Gastroenteritis ; Genotype ; Gentamicins ; Humans ; Incidence ; Korea ; Methods ; Nalidixic Acid ; Quinolones ; Streptomycin ; Tetracycline

BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial resistant continues to pose a threat to public health. Therefore, rapid and accurate antimicrobial susceptibility testing is very important. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the performance of the MicroScan system (Beckman Coulter, USA) with newly developed Korean Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Panels (KSCM panels) for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) against clinical isolates in South Korea. METHODS: Three KSCM panels were designed in this study. For the performance evaluation, a total of 1,325 clinical isolates including 1,027 of Gram-negative bacilli and 298 Gram-positive cocci collected from eight general hospitals in South Korea were used. The results by KSCM panels were compared with those by conventional methods. RESULTS: By KSCM-1 panel for Gram-positive cocci, the rates of categorical agreement (CA) were >90% in all the antimicrobials tested in this study. The rates of major error (ME) were also <3%, and only three very major error (VME) were identified; each of ampicillin, tetracycline, and quinupristin-dalfopristin in enterococcal isolates. By KSCM-2 panel for Enterobacteriaceae, the rates of CA were also above 90%, and those of ME and VME were less than 3% and 1.5%, respectively. KSCM-3 panels for glucose- non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli, also showed good agreement rates, i.e., CA rates >90%, ME rates <3%, and VME rates <1.5%. CONCLUSION: The newly developed three KSCM panels for MicroScan system (Beckman Coulter) showed excellent performance in AST against a large number of clinical isolates, and they are applicable to clinical microbiology laboratories.
Ampicillin ; Enterobacteriaceae ; Gram-Positive Cocci ; Hospitals, General ; Hospitals, Teaching ; Korea ; Public Health ; Tetracycline

Antibiotic resistance is the most important factor leading to the failure of eradication regimens. This review focuses on the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori primary and secondary resistance to clarithromycin, metronidazole, amoxicillin, levofloxacin, tetracycline, and multidrug in Vietnam. We searched the PubMed, EMBASE, Vietnamese National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Vietnamese Biomedical databases from January 2000 to December 2016. The search terms included the following: H. pylori infection, antibiotic (including clarithromycin, metronidazole, amoxicillin, levofloxacin, tetracycline, and multidrug) resistance in Vietnam. The data were summarized in an extraction table and analyzed manually. Finally, Excel 2007 software was used to create charts. Ten studies (three studies in English and seven in Vietnamese) were included in this review. A total of 308, 412, 523, 408, 399, and 268 H. pylori strains were included in this review to evaluate the prevalence of H. pylori primary resistance to amoxicillin, clarithromycin, metronidazole, levofloxacin, tetracycline, and multidrug resistance, respectively. Overall, the primary resistance rates of amoxicillin, clarithromycin, metronidazole, levofloxacin, tetracycline, and multidrug resistance were 15.0%, 34.1%, 69.4%, 27.9%, 17.9% and 48.8%, respectively. Secondary resistance rates of amoxicillin, clarithromycin, metronidazole, levofloxacin, tetracycline, and multidrug resistance were 9.5%, 74.9%, 61.5%, 45.7%, 23.5% and 62.3%, respectively. In Vietnam, primary and secondary resistance to H. pylori is increasing over time and affects the effectiveness of H. pylori eradication.
Amoxicillin ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Bismuth ; Clarithromycin ; Drug Resistance, Microbial ; Drug Resistance, Multiple ; Helicobacter pylori ; Helicobacter ; Humans ; Levofloxacin ; Metronidazole ; Prevalence ; Tetracycline ; Vietnam

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Cronobacter sakazakii, an emergent pathogen is considered as a major concern to infants and neonates fed on reconstituted powdered infant milk formula. In conjunction with many other factors, biofilm forming capacity adds to its pathogenic potential. In view of the facts that infants are at highest risk to C. sakazakii infections, and emerging antibiotic resistance among pathogens, it is imperative to evaluate probiotic cultures for their efficacy against C. sakazakii. Therefore, pure probiotic strains were isolated from commercial probiotic products and tested for their antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activities against C. sakazakii. METHODS: A total of 6 probiotic strains were tested for their antibiotic susceptibility followed by antimicrobial activity using cell-free supernatant (CFS) against C. sakazakii. The inhibitory activity of CFS against biofilm formation by C. sakazakii was determined using standard crystal violet assay and microscopic observations. RESULTS: All the probiotic strains were sensitive to ampicillin, tetracycline, vancomycin and carbenicillin whereas most of the strains were resistant to erythromycin and novobiocin. Four of the 6 probiotic derived CFS possessed antimicrobial activity against C. sakazakii at a level of 40 μL. A higher biofilm inhibitory activity (>80%) was observed at initial stages of biofilm formation with weaker activity during longer incubation upto 48 hours (50%–60%). CONCLUSIONS: The study indicated the efficacy of isolated commercial probiotics strains as potential inhibitor of biofilm formation by C. sakazakii and could be further explored for novel bioactive molecules to limit the emerging infections of C. sakazakii.
Ampicillin ; Biofilms ; Carbenicillin ; Cronobacter sakazakii ; Cronobacter ; Drug Resistance, Microbial ; Erythromycin ; Gentian Violet ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Milk ; Novobiocin ; Probiotics ; Tetracycline ; Vancomycin