A fusion protein containing a tetanus toxin peptide, a tuftsin peptide and a SARS-CoV-2S protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) was prepared to investigate the effect of intramolecular adjuvant on humoral and cellular immunity of RBD protein. The tetanus toxin peptide, tuftsin peptide and S protein RBD region were connected by a flexible polypeptide, and a recombinant vector was constructed after codon optimization. The recombinant S-TT-tuftsin protein was prepared by prokaryotic expression and purification. BALB/c mice were immunized after mixed with aluminum adjuvant, and the humoral and cellular immune effects were evaluated. The recombinant S-TT-tuftsin protein was expressed as an inclusion body, and was purified by ion exchange chromatography and renaturated by gradient dialysis. The renaturated protein was identified by Dot blotting and reacted with serum of descendants immunized with SARS-CoV-2 subunit vaccine. The results showed that the antibody level reached a plateau after 35 days of immunization, and the serum antibody ELISA titer of mice immunized with recombinant protein containing intramolecular adjuvant was up to 1:66 240, which was significantly higher than that of mice immunized with S-RBD protein (P < 0.05). At the same time, the recombinant protein containing intramolecular adjuvant stimulated mice to produce a stronger lymphocyte proliferation ability. The stimulation index was 4.71±0.15, which was significantly different from that of the S-RBD protein (1.83±0.09) (P < 0.000 1). Intramolecular adjuvant tetanus toxin peptide and tuftsin peptide significantly enhanced the humoral and cellular immune effect of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein RBD domain, which provideda theoretical basis for the development of subunit vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses.
Adjuvants, Immunologic ; Aluminum ; Animals ; Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Antibodies, Viral ; COVID-19/prevention & control* ; COVID-19 Vaccines/genetics* ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Recombinant Proteins/genetics* ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics* ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics* ; Tetanus Toxin ; Tuftsin ; Vaccines, Subunit ; Viral Vaccines

HPV vaccination is the most effective way for preventing the cervical cancer. To respond the WHO calling for cervical cancer elimination, some Chinese provincial governments are launching the Free HPV Vaccination Programs for teenagers. Basing on the current stage of domestic utilization and the global immunization strategies of HPV vaccination, this paper provides a comprehensive review of the key aspects in the process of HPV vaccination, including subjects and priority vaccination population, vaccination dose and time interval, the principal of vaccination replacement, and the vaccination suggestion on special populations, etc. The article above contents and gives the advice on the immunization strategy of HPV vaccination in China.
AIDS Vaccines ; Adolescent ; BCG Vaccine ; China ; Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine ; Female ; Humans ; Immunization Programs ; Influenza Vaccines ; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine ; Papillomavirus Infections/prevention & control* ; Papillomavirus Vaccines ; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines ; SAIDS Vaccines ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms ; Vaccination

Objective: To analyze the dropout of adsorbed diphtheria, tetanus and acellular pertussis combined vaccine (DTaP) routine immunization in China in 2019. Methods: DTaP vaccination data in all counties in China were collected through National Immunization Program Information Management System in 2019. Cumulative dropout rate and vaccination rate of DTaP in different provinces were calculated. According to the P₂₅, P₅₀ and P₇₅ values of DTaP dropout rate for all counties by province, counties in each province were divided into four groups (Q₁-Q₄). The DTaP average dropout rate of four groups and absolute difference (difference in DTaP average dropout rate between Q₄ and Q₁) were calculated. Spearman rank correlation was used to analyze the relationship between absolute difference and provincial DTaP dropout rate, DTaP₁ and DTaP₃ vaccination rate. Results: DTaP₁ vaccination rate ranged from 92.98% to 99.94% by province, with a median of 99.55%. Provincial DTaP dropout rate ranged from 0.36% to 28.66%, with a median of 3.54%. The provincial DTaP dropout rate was more than 10% in Gansu and Guizhou, about 28.66% and 17.19%. Absolute difference ranged from 4.02% to 39.22%, with a median of 10.16%. Provinces with the largest absolute difference were Gansu, Qinghai, Liaoning and Guizhou, about 39.22%, 34.48%, 23.31% and 21.33%, respectively. Correlation analysis indicated that the absolute difference was positively correlated with provincial DTaP dropout rate, with a correlation coefficient of 0.492 (P=0.004). It was negatively correlated with DTaP₁ and DTaP₃ vaccination rate. Correlation coefficients were -0.542 (P=0.001) and -0.562 (P=0.001), respectively. Conclusions: There are significant county-level differences in DTap dropout rate in most provinces, with relatively high difference in western provinces.
Humans ; Infant ; Whooping Cough/prevention & control* ; Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine ; Diphtheria-Tetanus-acellular Pertussis Vaccines ; Vaccination ; China ; Immunization, Secondary ; Immunization Schedule ; Antibodies, Bacterial

Objective: To establish a sustainable updated literature data warehouse for global vaccine safety assessment, and provide data support for evidence-based vaccine safety assessment. Methods: Semi-automated construction and updating of a literature data warehouse were achieved through the continuous integration of standard operating steps of evidence-based reviews with artificial intelligence technologies. Following the standard procedure of a systematic literature review, the literatures about vaccine safety assessment published before November 29, 2020 were retrieved from 9 databases including OVID, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrails.org in English and Wanfang, CNKI, VIP, and SinoMed in Chinese. Literatures were screened for two rounds in a semi-automatic manner (by artificial intelligence literature processing system and manual work) according to the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Furthermore, the literatures were classified according to the types of vaccines and adverse events. The updating strategy was established, and the literature data warehouse was updated regularly. Experts were organized to select specific vaccine safety topics and carry out special demonstration studies. Results: More than 0.41 million articles were retrieved. According to the inclusion/exclusion criteria, 23 304 articles were included after two rounds of screening. At present, we have selected and completed three prior topics as demonstration studies, including the systematic review of "DPT (diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus) vaccine and encephalopathy/encephalitis", and the classified management of literatures about allergic purpura and brachial plexus neuritis. Conclusions: The sustainable updated literature data warehouse of vaccine safety can provide high-quality research data for vaccine safety research, including evidence support for immunization related policy-making and adjustment and vaccine safety-related methodological research or clinical tool development; and further demonstration studies can provide references for building a new methodological framework system for timely and efficient completion of the evidence-based assessment of vaccine safety.
Artificial Intelligence ; Data Warehousing ; Humans ; Tetanus ; Tetanus Toxoid ; Whooping Cough/prevention & control*

Some countries with high coverage of diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis combined vaccines have experienced pertussis epidemics and/or local outbreaks since 1980s. This phenomenon is called "pertussis resurgence". In recent years, pertussis epidemics in several provinces of China have resurged dramatically, arousing great concern from all parties. By referring the working model of the Global Pertussis Initiative, the Chinese Preventive Medicine Association has organized and launched the China Pertussis Initiative. A group of experts in this field has analyzed data of current pertussis in China and identified problems posed by the disease. This expert consensus was completed based on the discussions of the latest national and international research progeress, epidemiological trends and immunization strategies of pertussis, with special aims to provide guidance for the surveillance, prevention and control of pertussis in China.
China/epidemiology* ; Consensus ; Humans ; Immunization, Secondary ; Tetanus ; Vaccination ; Whooping Cough/prevention & control*

This phase II clinical trial was conducted to compare the immunogenicity and safety of a newly developed tetanus-reduced diphtheria (Td) vaccine (GC1107-T5.0 and GC1107-T7.5) and control vaccine. This study was also performed to select the proper dose of tetanus toxoid in the new Td vaccines. Healthy adolescents aged between 11 and 12 yr participated in this study. A total of 130 subjects (44 GC1107-T5.0, 42 GC1107-T7.5 and 44 control vaccine) completed a single dose of vaccination. Blood samples were collected from the subjects before and 4 weeks after the vaccination. In this study, all subjects (100%) in both GC1107-T5.0 and GC1107-T7.5 groups showed seroprotective antibody levels (> or = 0.1 U/mL) against diphtheria or tetanus toxoids. After the vaccination, the geometric mean titer (GMT) against diphtheria was significantly higher in Group GC1107-T5.0 (6.53) and GC1107-T7.5 (6.11) than in the control group (3.96). The GMT against tetanus was 18.6 in Group GC1107-T5.0, 19.94 in GC1107-T7.5 and 19.01 in the control group after the vaccination. In this study, the rates of local adverse reactions were 67.3% and 59.1% in GC1107-T5.0 and GC1107-7.5, respectively. No significant differences in the number of adverse reactions, prevalence and degree of severity of the solicited and unsolicited adverse reactions were observed among the three groups. Thus, both newly developed Td vaccines appear to be safe and show good immunogenicity. GC1107-T5.0, which contains relatively small amounts of tetanus toxoid, has been selected for a phase III clinical trial.
Antibodies, Bacterial/blood ; Arthralgia/etiology ; Child ; Diphtheria/*prevention & control ; Diphtheria-Tetanus Vaccine/adverse effects/*immunology ; Double-Blind Method ; Female ; Headache/etiology ; Humans ; Male ; Pain/etiology ; Tetanus/*prevention & control ; Treatment Outcome ; Vaccination

OBJECTIVESTo establish a method for screening neonatal tetanus (NT) in high risk areas in China using multi-sources data.

METHODSWe adopted six NT-related indicators from National Notifiable Disease Report System (NNDRS) and National Maternal and Child Health Annual Report System, to calculate weighted high-risk score at prefecture level in 2010 and 2011. And we selected the top 30 high risk cities, and compared the scores with the actual NT incidence ranking and WHO scoring.

RESULTSThe highest areas distributed in the Southwest of China with poor and minority population, and the Southeast part with high density of migrants. In the leading 30 prefectures with high score between the methods of weighted high-risk scoring and reported NT incidence ranking, there were 8 different. In comparison of the results of the methods of weighed high-risk scoring and WHO scoring, 276 prefectures in 340 distributed were divided into the same ranking groups, with Kappa coefficient 0.56 (P < 0.01). The Chi-Square association coefficient was 0.74 (P < 0.01), which showed a high correlation. But there were 10 different prefectures in the leading 36 prefectures between the two methods.

CONCLUSIONThe weighted scoring method included several possible factors influencing NT incidence and took their weights into consideration. Thereby, compared with WHO scoring method, this method could be more appropriate for the reality in China.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Vaccinations are generally recommended in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, several studies showed low rates of vaccinations in IBD patients. Furthermore, vaccination rate among IBD patients in Korea has never been investigated. We investigated the vaccination rate among IBD patients in Korea and evaluated some factors that might affect the vaccination rate. METHODS: From November 2011 to February 2012, a total of 192 patients with IBD who visited Samsung Medical Center (Seoul, Korea) answered the IRB-approved questionnaire. The questionnaire included their sex, age, residence, past medical history, type of IBD, duration of illness, medications, history of vaccination about measles-mumps-rubella (MMR), varicella, tetanus-diphtheria (Td), influenza, hepatitis A and B, pneumococcus and human papilloma virus (HPV). RESULTS: One hundred twenty one (63.0%) male and 71 (37.0%) female answered the questionnaire. The mean age of the enrolled patients was 39.7 (18-76) years. Eighty four patients (43.8%) had ulcerative colitis and 108 patients (56.3%) had Crohn's disease (CD). The percentage of the patients who had got vaccination was 42.2% for MMR, 34.9% for varicella, 15.6% for Td, 37.5% for influenza, 15.6% for hepatitis A, 52.6% for hepatitis B, 6.3% for pneumococcus and 11.3% for HPV respectively. Not knowing the necessity or the existence were the common reasons for non-vaccination. Age less than 40 years, CD patients and duration of illness less than 10 years were associated with a higher vaccination rate (p=0.002, 0.015 and 0.020, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Immunization rates for recommended vaccinations were very low in patients with IBD. Efforts to improve vaccination rate are needed.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Chickenpox/prevention & control ; Colitis, Ulcerative/pathology ; Crohn Disease/pathology ; Diphtheria/prevention & control ; Female ; Hepatitis A/prevention & control ; Hepatitis B/prevention & control ; Humans ; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*immunology/pathology ; Male ; Measles/prevention & control ; Middle Aged ; Mumps/prevention & control ; Papillomavirus Infections/prevention & control ; Pneumococcal Infections/prevention & control ; Questionnaires ; Republic of Korea ; Rubella/prevention & control ; Tetanus/prevention & control ; *Vaccination ; Young Adult

Antibody titers to vaccine-preventable diseases such as tetanus, polio, measles, mumps, and rubella decline within 1-10 years after allogeneic or autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT) if the recipient is not vaccinated. Vaccine-preventable diseases such as pneumococcal diseases, Haemophilus influenzae type b infections, influenza, measles, and varicella can pose an increased risk for SCT recipients. Therefore, after SCT, the recipients should be routinely revaccinated. Vaccination recommendations have previously been developed and published by the European Group of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and the Centers for Disease Control, by the Infectious Diseases Society of America, and by the American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation in 2009. Different epidemiologies and strategies have existed in Korea. In 2012, the Korean Society of Infectious Diseases published "Vaccination for Adult" describing the guidelines for vaccination, one of the chapters assigned for vaccination of SCT recipients. The present article reviews the current available vaccination strategies for SCT recipients, their family members, and healthcare workers, with the focus on recent Korean perspectives.
Americas ; Bone Marrow ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Chickenpox ; Communicable Diseases ; Delivery of Health Care ; Graft vs Host Disease ; Haemophilus influenzae type b ; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells ; Humans ; Influenza, Human ; Korea ; Measles ; Mumps ; Poliomyelitis ; Rubella ; Stem Cell Transplantation ; Tetanus ; Transplants ; Vaccination

The goal of this study was to determine how much the formation of tetanus antibody is influenced after a single injection of tetanus vaccine (Td) and the simultaneous injection of tetanus vaccine with tetanus immunoglobulin (TIG). All of the healthy adult volunteers were divided into two groups: group 1 (Td only) and group 2 (Td plus TIG). Two hundred thirty seven volunteers were enrolled. When the baseline antibody titer, gender and age were adjusted, the geometric mean titers (GMTs) of the tetanus antibody (group 1 vs group 2) was 0.8438 IU/mL vs 0.5684 IU/mL at 4 weeks (P = 0.002), 0.4074 IU/mL vs 0.3217 IU/mL at 6 months (P = 0.072) and 0.3398 IU/mL vs 0.2761 IU/mL at 12 months (P = 0.140) after injection, respectively. The formation of tetanus antibody after tetanus vaccination is not influenced by TIG at the late period and in adults below the age of 50 yr, but there are significant differences between the two groups at the early period of 4 weeks after vaccination and for the patients over 60 yr.
Adult ; Age Factors ; Antibodies, Bacterial/blood ; Female ; Humans ; Immunoglobulins/*administration & dosage ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Sex Factors ; Tetanus/immunology/*prevention & control ; Tetanus Toxoid/*administration & dosage/immunology ; Time Factors