Long coronavirus disease (COVID) is a condition in which coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) symptoms persist for over 3 months, and currently poses a global public health challenge. Due to varying manifestations and lack of standardized definitions, diagnostic methods, and treatments, comprehensive clinical guidelines are required. This review article, summarizing research and expert consensus up to June 2023, provides recommendations for diagnosis and long-term management of long COVID symptoms. It emphasizes thorough patient evaluation, including medical history, physical examinations, and tests, and advocates vaccination and antiviral treatments to reduce risk. Guidelines for long COVID will be updated as new knowledge emerges.

Long coronavirus disease (COVID) is a condition in which coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) symptoms persist for over 3 months, and currently poses a global public health challenge. Due to varying manifestations and lack of standardized definitions, diagnostic methods, and treatments, comprehensive clinical guidelines are required. This review article, summarizing research and expert consensus up to June 2023, provides recommendations for diagnosis and long-term management of long COVID symptoms. It emphasizes thorough patient evaluation, including medical history, physical examinations, and tests, and advocates vaccination and antiviral treatments to reduce risk. Guidelines for long COVID will be updated as new knowledge emerges.

Long coronavirus disease (COVID) is a condition in which coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) symptoms persist for over 3 months, and currently poses a global public health challenge. Due to varying manifestations and lack of standardized definitions, diagnostic methods, and treatments, comprehensive clinical guidelines are required. This review article, summarizing research and expert consensus up to June 2023, provides recommendations for diagnosis and long-term management of long COVID symptoms. It emphasizes thorough patient evaluation, including medical history, physical examinations, and tests, and advocates vaccination and antiviral treatments to reduce risk. Guidelines for long COVID will be updated as new knowledge emerges.

Long coronavirus disease (COVID) is a condition in which coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) symptoms persist for over 3 months, and currently poses a global public health challenge. Due to varying manifestations and lack of standardized definitions, diagnostic methods, and treatments, comprehensive clinical guidelines are required. This review article, summarizing research and expert consensus up to June 2023, provides recommendations for diagnosis and long-term management of long COVID symptoms. It emphasizes thorough patient evaluation, including medical history, physical examinations, and tests, and advocates vaccination and antiviral treatments to reduce risk. Guidelines for long COVID will be updated as new knowledge emerges.

Background and Objectives: Sufficient training is essential before starting rhinoplasty due to the nature of the surgery, and how to effectively teach rhinoplasty is a major issue in otolaryngology education. The Korean Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstruction Surgery conducts an annual rhinoplasty hands-on course using a silicone model. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the course using a dummy nose model in rhinoplasty education.Subjects and Method The annual rhinoplasty hands-on course for beginners was conducted as a dry laboratory surgical simulation equipped with adequate surgical instruments for rhinoplasty. A commercialized silicone nose model for rhinoplasty was provided to each of the 15 trainees and instructors. A 5-point Likert scale questionnaire was given before and after the course. Results: The 15 trainees, consisted of 9 otorhinolaryngology specialists, 5 residents, and 1 private physician. Of the responses, 92.8% were positive about the similarity between the dummy and real human tissue. A step-by-step evaluation was conducted: trainees and instructors were most satisfied with osteotomy, giving it the highest score. After the course, the trainees responded that their knowledge and skills in rhinoplasty improved. Of the trainees, 86.6% answered that they were either strongly or very strongly confident about the rhinoplasty procedure. Instructors evaluated the courses as suitable for rhinoplasty education. Conclusion The rhinoplasty hands-on course using silicone model anatomically similar to human tissue allows trainees to practice major steps of rhinoplasty in a relatively safe and clean way and can be a useful tool for educating rhinoplasty beginners.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of ethanol extracts of Cornus alba (ECA) against benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in vitro and in vivo. Materials and Methods: The prostate stromal cells (WPMY-1) and epithelial cells (RWPE-1) were used to examine the action mechanism of ECA in BPH in vitro. ECA efficacy was evaluated in vivo using a testosterone propionate (TP)-induced BPH rat model. Results: Treatment with ECA inhibited the proliferation of prostate cells by inducing G1-phase cell cycle arrest through the regulation of positive and negative proteins. Treatment of prostate cells with ECA resulted in alterations in the mitogen-activated protein kinases and protein kinase B signaling pathways. The transcriptional binding activity of the NF-κB motif was suppressed in both ECA-treated prostate cells. In addition, treatment with ECA altered the level of BPH-associated axis markers (5α-reductase, fibroblast growth factor-2, androgen receptor, epidermal growth factor, Bcl-2, and Bax) in both cell lines. Finally, the administration of ECA attenuated the enlargement of prostatic tissues in the TP-induced BPH rat model, accompanied by histology, immunoblot, and serum dihydrotestosterone levels. Conclusions These results demonstrated that ECA exerted beneficial effects on BPH both in vitro and in vivo and might provide valuable information in the development of preventive or therapeutic agents for improving BPH.

Background and Objectives: Sufficient training is essential before starting rhinoplasty due to the nature of the surgery, and how to effectively teach rhinoplasty is a major issue in otolaryngology education. The Korean Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstruction Surgery conducts an annual rhinoplasty hands-on course using a silicone model. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the course using a dummy nose model in rhinoplasty education.Subjects and Method The annual rhinoplasty hands-on course for beginners was conducted as a dry laboratory surgical simulation equipped with adequate surgical instruments for rhinoplasty. A commercialized silicone nose model for rhinoplasty was provided to each of the 15 trainees and instructors. A 5-point Likert scale questionnaire was given before and after the course. Results: The 15 trainees, consisted of 9 otorhinolaryngology specialists, 5 residents, and 1 private physician. Of the responses, 92.8% were positive about the similarity between the dummy and real human tissue. A step-by-step evaluation was conducted: trainees and instructors were most satisfied with osteotomy, giving it the highest score. After the course, the trainees responded that their knowledge and skills in rhinoplasty improved. Of the trainees, 86.6% answered that they were either strongly or very strongly confident about the rhinoplasty procedure. Instructors evaluated the courses as suitable for rhinoplasty education. Conclusion The rhinoplasty hands-on course using silicone model anatomically similar to human tissue allows trainees to practice major steps of rhinoplasty in a relatively safe and clean way and can be a useful tool for educating rhinoplasty beginners.

Background: Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-secreting pituitary neuroendocrine tumor (TSH PitNET) is a rare subtype of PitNET. We investigated the comprehensive characteristics and outcomes of TSH PitNET cases from a single medical center. Also, we compared diagnostic methods to determine which showed superior sensitivity. Methods: A total of 17 patients diagnosed with TSH PitNET after surgery between 2002 and 2022 in Samsung Medical Center was retrospectively reviewed. Data on comprehensive characteristics and treatment outcomes were collected. The sensitivities of diagnostic methods were compared. Results: Seven were male (41%), and the median age at diagnosis was 42 years (range, 21 to 65); the median follow-up duration was 37.4 months. The most common (59%) initial presentation was hyperthyroidism-related symptoms. Hormonal co-secretion was present in four (23%) patients. Elevated serum alpha-subunit (α-SU) showed the greatest diagnostic sensitivity (91%), followed by blunted response at thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation (80%) and elevated sex hormone binding globulin (63%). Fourteen (82%) patients had macroadenoma, and a specimen of one patient with heavy calcification was negative for TSH. Among 15 patients who were followed up for more than 6 months, 10 (67%) achieved hormonal and structural remission within 6 months postoperatively. A case of growth hormone (GH)/TSH/prolactin (PRL) co-secreting mixed gangliocytoma-pituitary adenoma (MGPA) was discovered. Conclusion The majority of the TSH PitNET cases was macroadenoma, and 23% showed hormone co-secretion. A rare case of GH/TSH/PRL co-secreting MGPA was discovered. Serum α-SU and TRH stimulation tests showed great diagnostic sensitivity. Careful consideration is needed in diagnosing TSH PitNET. Achieving remission requires complete tumor resection. In case of nonremission, radiotherapy or medical therapy can improve the long-term remission rate.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of ethanol extracts of Cornus alba (ECA) against benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in vitro and in vivo. Materials and Methods: The prostate stromal cells (WPMY-1) and epithelial cells (RWPE-1) were used to examine the action mechanism of ECA in BPH in vitro. ECA efficacy was evaluated in vivo using a testosterone propionate (TP)-induced BPH rat model. Results: Treatment with ECA inhibited the proliferation of prostate cells by inducing G1-phase cell cycle arrest through the regulation of positive and negative proteins. Treatment of prostate cells with ECA resulted in alterations in the mitogen-activated protein kinases and protein kinase B signaling pathways. The transcriptional binding activity of the NF-κB motif was suppressed in both ECA-treated prostate cells. In addition, treatment with ECA altered the level of BPH-associated axis markers (5α-reductase, fibroblast growth factor-2, androgen receptor, epidermal growth factor, Bcl-2, and Bax) in both cell lines. Finally, the administration of ECA attenuated the enlargement of prostatic tissues in the TP-induced BPH rat model, accompanied by histology, immunoblot, and serum dihydrotestosterone levels. Conclusions These results demonstrated that ECA exerted beneficial effects on BPH both in vitro and in vivo and might provide valuable information in the development of preventive or therapeutic agents for improving BPH.

Background and Objectives: Sufficient training is essential before starting rhinoplasty due to the nature of the surgery, and how to effectively teach rhinoplasty is a major issue in otolaryngology education. The Korean Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstruction Surgery conducts an annual rhinoplasty hands-on course using a silicone model. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the course using a dummy nose model in rhinoplasty education.Subjects and Method The annual rhinoplasty hands-on course for beginners was conducted as a dry laboratory surgical simulation equipped with adequate surgical instruments for rhinoplasty. A commercialized silicone nose model for rhinoplasty was provided to each of the 15 trainees and instructors. A 5-point Likert scale questionnaire was given before and after the course. Results: The 15 trainees, consisted of 9 otorhinolaryngology specialists, 5 residents, and 1 private physician. Of the responses, 92.8% were positive about the similarity between the dummy and real human tissue. A step-by-step evaluation was conducted: trainees and instructors were most satisfied with osteotomy, giving it the highest score. After the course, the trainees responded that their knowledge and skills in rhinoplasty improved. Of the trainees, 86.6% answered that they were either strongly or very strongly confident about the rhinoplasty procedure. Instructors evaluated the courses as suitable for rhinoplasty education. Conclusion The rhinoplasty hands-on course using silicone model anatomically similar to human tissue allows trainees to practice major steps of rhinoplasty in a relatively safe and clean way and can be a useful tool for educating rhinoplasty beginners.