Objective: To analyze the association between different treatment timings and adverse neonatal outcomes (premature birth, death, congenital syphilis) in syphilis-infected pregnant women. Methods: The National Management Information System for Prevention of HIV, Syphilis and HBV Mother-to-Child Transmission was used to collect information on the detection and treatment of syphilis-infected pregnant women and their newborns in Guangdong Province from October 2011 to December 2021. According to the gestational weeks of syphilis-infected pregnant women receiving penicillin treatment for the first time, they were divided into four groups: treatment in the first trimester, treatment in the second trimester, treatment in the third trimester, and no treatment during pregnancy. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the association between different treatment timings and adverse neonatal outcomes in syphilis-infected pregnant women. Results: A total of 22 483 syphilis-infected pregnant women were included. The number of pregnant women who started treatment in the first trimester, second trimester, and third trimester and did not receive treatment during pregnancy were 4 549 (20.23%), 8 719 (38.78%), 2 235 (9.94%) and 6 980 (31.05%), respectively. Compared with pregnant women who started treatment in the first trimester, pregnant women who did not receive anti-syphilis treatment during pregnancy had increased risks of neonatal preterm birth (OR=1.42, 95%CI: 1.24-1.62), death (OR=4.27, 95%CI: 1.64-14.69) and congenital syphilis (OR=12.26, 95%CI: 6.35-27.45). At the same time, the risk of congenital syphilis in the newborns of pregnant women who started anti-syphilis treatment in the second trimester (OR=2.68, 95%CI: 1.34-6.16) and third trimester (OR=6.27, 95%CI: 2.99-14.80) also increased. Conclusion: Early initiation of anti-syphilis treatment during pregnancy in patients with syphilis can improve neonatal outcomes.
Pregnancy ; Female ; Infant, Newborn ; Humans ; Pregnant Women ; Syphilis/diagnosis* ; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/drug therapy* ; Syphilis, Congenital/drug therapy* ; Premature Birth ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/prevention & control*

Objective: To analyze the association between different treatment timings and adverse neonatal outcomes (premature birth, death, congenital syphilis) in syphilis-infected pregnant women. Methods: The National Management Information System for Prevention of HIV, Syphilis and HBV Mother-to-Child Transmission was used to collect information on the detection and treatment of syphilis-infected pregnant women and their newborns in Guangdong Province from October 2011 to December 2021. According to the gestational weeks of syphilis-infected pregnant women receiving penicillin treatment for the first time, they were divided into four groups: treatment in the first trimester, treatment in the second trimester, treatment in the third trimester, and no treatment during pregnancy. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the association between different treatment timings and adverse neonatal outcomes in syphilis-infected pregnant women. Results: A total of 22 483 syphilis-infected pregnant women were included. The number of pregnant women who started treatment in the first trimester, second trimester, and third trimester and did not receive treatment during pregnancy were 4 549 (20.23%), 8 719 (38.78%), 2 235 (9.94%) and 6 980 (31.05%), respectively. Compared with pregnant women who started treatment in the first trimester, pregnant women who did not receive anti-syphilis treatment during pregnancy had increased risks of neonatal preterm birth (OR=1.42, 95%CI: 1.24-1.62), death (OR=4.27, 95%CI: 1.64-14.69) and congenital syphilis (OR=12.26, 95%CI: 6.35-27.45). At the same time, the risk of congenital syphilis in the newborns of pregnant women who started anti-syphilis treatment in the second trimester (OR=2.68, 95%CI: 1.34-6.16) and third trimester (OR=6.27, 95%CI: 2.99-14.80) also increased. Conclusion: Early initiation of anti-syphilis treatment during pregnancy in patients with syphilis can improve neonatal outcomes.
Pregnancy ; Female ; Infant, Newborn ; Humans ; Pregnant Women ; Syphilis/diagnosis* ; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/drug therapy* ; Syphilis, Congenital/drug therapy* ; Premature Birth ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/prevention & control*

Joinpoint regression was used to analyze the trend of syphilis and gonorrhea incidence rate among 10-19 year old adolescents in Liaoning Province from 2006 to 2020. The syphilis and gonorrhea data in Liaoning Province were reported in the infectious disease monitoring system of China's disease prevention and control information system. From 2006 to 2020, a total of 7 721 cases of syphilis in 10-19 year old adolescents were reported in Liaoning Province, with an incidence rate about 0.90/100 000-22.13/100 000. The incidence rate of syphilis in women was higher than that in men. Adolescents infected with stage Ⅰ and stageⅡ syphilis accounted for 72.6%. There were 2 726 patients with gonorrhea, with an incidence rate about 1.29/100 000-10.74/100 000. The incidence rate of gonorrhea in men was higher than that in women. Joinpoint regression model analysis showed that the incidence of syphilis generally took 2012 as the inflection point. From 2006 to 2012, the average annual growth rate of syphilis incidence rate among adolescents was 67.30% (P<0.001). The average annual growth rate of syphilis incidence rate in adolescents from 2012 to 2020 was -0.02% (P=0.994).The overall incidence of gonorrhea incidence rate took 2015 as the inflection point. From 2006 to 2015, the average annual growth rate of juvenile gonorrhea incidence rate was 23.95% (P<0.001). The average annual growth rate of gonorrhea incidence rate in adolescents from 2015 to 2020 was 4.06% (P=0.492). Overall, from 2006 to 2020, the incidence rate of syphilis and gonorrhea among 10-19 year old adolescents in Liaoning Province increased slowly. The primary and secondary prevention strategies were significantly effective in reducing the risk of sexually transmitted diseases.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Female ; Gonorrhea/prevention & control* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Regression Analysis ; Sexually Transmitted Diseases/epidemiology* ; Syphilis/epidemiology* ; Young Adult

Objective: To investigate the changes of proportion on both consistent condom use and syphilis infection among low-fee female sex workers aged 35 and above (LFSW), in order to provide evidence for targeted intervention strategies. Methods: A total of six cities-Liuzhou city and Pingnan couty of Guigang city of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Jinghong city of Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture and Dali city of Dali Bai autonomous prefecture of Yunnan province, Zhangjiajie city and Jianghua Yao autonomous county of Yongzhou city Hunan province were involved in this study, with 60 eligible participants needed in each city, estimated through a pre-study. The first cross-sectional survey was completed from October 2012 to January 2013. Face-to-face questionnaire interview was carried out to collect information on socio-demography, work-related information and condom use situation. Blood was collected for syphilis testing. The second cross-sectional survey was carried out from June to September, 2015 under the same procedure. Results: A total of 371 and 403 eligible participants were included in the first and second survey, respectively. When comparing the two surveys, we noticed that the average age showed a slight change, from 42.4 years to 43.8 years old (t=3.537, P<0.001) and the average price for every commercial sex exchange increased from 36.8 RMB to 49.5 RMB (t=11.961, P<0.001). In the first survey, 46.9% (174/371) of the participants had more than two years of experience working as LFSW, compared to 61.3% (247/403) in the second survey (χ(2)=16.125, P<0.001). Also, 46.9% (174/371) of the participants consistently used condoms with clients in the past month in the first survey versus 64.3% (259/403) (χ(2)=23.641, P<0.001) in the second one. Rates of syphilis infection were found from 15.9% (59/371) in the first survey reduced to 7.2% (29/403) in the second survey (χ(2)=14.533, P<0.001). Conclusion: Compared with the first survey, the proportion of consistent condoms use showed an increase. Although the proportion of syphilis infection decreased in the second survey, the scope did not meet the criteria on syphilis, set by the government. Targeted intervention strategies on condom promotion and syphilis control should be implemented consistently in this population.
Adult ; China/epidemiology* ; Condoms/trends* ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Safe Sex ; Sex Work ; Sex Workers ; Sexually Transmitted Diseases/epidemiology* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Syphilis/prevention & control* ; Syphilis Serodiagnosis

OBJECTIVETo demonstrate the effectiveness of prevention of mother-to-child HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B transmission among pregnant women in Dehong prefecture, Yunnan province, China from 2011 to 2013.

METHODSData were collected mainly from the continuous HIV surveillance system and prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) reporting system of Dehong prefecture, and supplemented by annual reported data on HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B PMTCT to know the general demographic characteristics, HIV testing and counseling service, PMTCT service, and other medical services. Data were presented as absolute numbers and proportions.

RESULTSFrom 2011 to 2013, the number of pregnant women participating in HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B testing in Dehong prefecture increased and the HIV testing rates were 99.2% (18 694/18 854), 99.9% (22 047/22 060) and 99.9% (21 751/21 756), the syphilis testing rates were 56.0% (10 550/18 854), 99.6% (21 980/22 060) and 99.9% (21 751/21 756), and the hepatitis B testing rates were 60.2% (11 358/18 854), 99.6% (21 974/22 060) and 99.9% (21 751/21 756). From 2011 to 2013, the HIV positive rates were 0.87% (327/37 787),0.82% (319/38 817) and 0.85% (315/37 261), the syphilis positive rates were 0.05% (10/18 520),0.12% (43/36 817) and 0.11% (40/35 888), the hepatitis B positive rates were 2.46% (456/18 520), 2.23% (794/35 547) and 2.14% (739/34 468), respectively. The rates of HIV-positive pregnant women giving birth in hospitals were 99.2% (128/129), 100.0% (141/141) and 100.0% (141/141). From 2011 to 2013, the proportions of HIV-positive pregnant women receiving antiretroviral therapy were 99.2% (128/129), 99.3% (140/141) and 99.3% (140/141), respectively. And the treatment rate of syphilis-positive pregnant women were 71% (5/7), 89% (16/18) and 97% (32/33). The rates of hepatitis B immunoglobulin injection among new-borns of hepatitis B-positive pregnant women were 92.9% (263/283), 99.7% (612/614) and 99.4% (629/633). The estimated rates of mother-to-child transmission of HIV were 2.28%, 2.30% and 3.00%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONThere was an increasing trend of HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B testing rate and the positive rate kept at a low level. The proportions of HIV-positive pregnant women receiving HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B PMTCT services increased annually, while the proportion of HIV MTCT kept at an overall low level from 2011 to 2013, which indicated its effectiveness of HIV PMTCT work during recent years in Dehong prefecture,Yunnan province, China.

Child ; China ; Female ; HIV Infections ; Hepatitis B ; Humans ; Immunoglobulins ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical ; prevention & control ; Mass Screening ; Mothers ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious ; Syphilis

BACKGROUNDFollowing the increased human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) notification (infection) rates via sexual transmission and increased abuse of new synthetic drugs instead of heroin in China, a study on HIV infections and risk factors among synthetic drugs and heroin users in Beijing was conducted to provide a cue for further development of targets and strategies of HIV/AIDS control and prevention for different drug populations.

METHODSA total of 428 subjects including 224 heroin users and 204 new synthetic drug users was recruited from communities in Beijing by convenience sampling. A χ(2) test was used to compare HIV and syphilis infections between the two subpopulations. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate factors related to HIV, syphilis infections and abuse of synthetic drugs.

RESULTSUnbalanced distributions of demographics were detected between the two subpopulations. Compared with heroin users, most users of synthetic drugs were migrants, single and of younger age (age ≤ 30 years). Ten HIV infections and twenty-four syphilis infections were confirmed among 428 subjects. No significant difference in HIV infection was found between the two subpopulations (crude odds ratio (OR) = 0.46, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.07 - 15.80 and adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.26, 95%CI: 0.09 - 18.28) while four times as many syphilis infections were identified among users of synthetics drugs (AOR = 3.92, 95%CI: 1.06 - 14.56). HIV and syphilis infections appeared to work synergistically. The migrants who were of Han ethnicity, single and who had stayed in Beijing for more than six months were more likely to abuse synthetics drugs.

CONCLUSIONSThe new synthetic drug users and heroin users are different subpopulations. We optimistically speculate that HIV has not yet been introduced into the former in Beijing, but considering higher syphilis infections in synthetic drug users and the role of syphilis in HIV infection, synthetic drug users, as a possible and important driver of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Beijing, should be paid more attention in HIV prevention and control strategies.

Adult ; China ; epidemiology ; Drug Users ; Female ; HIV Infections ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; Heroin Dependence ; complications ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pilot Projects ; Substance-Related Disorders ; complications ; Syphilis ; epidemiology

China ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Syphilis ; epidemiology ; history ; prevention & control

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are among the first ten causes of unpleasant diseases in young adult males in developing countries and the second major cause of unpleasant diseases in young adult women. Adolescents and young adults (15-24 years old) make up only 25% of the sexually active population, but represent almost 50% of all new acquired STDs. In general, STDs are epidemics and present an enormous health and economic consequences. An adequate screening for STDs should be done on a routine basis in every part of the world. Many STDs are asymptomatic and therefore can difficult to control. The purpose of reporting of STDs is to ensure that persons who are infected will be quickly diagnosed and appropriately treated to control the spread of infection and also so that partners are notified, tested and appropriately treated. It is estimated that reported cases of STDs represent only 50%-80% of reportable STD infections in the United States, reflecting limited screening and low disease reporting. High-risk sexual behavior is a highly contributive factor of this process as it often leads to teenage pregnancies and HIV/AIDS. One possible explanation for this behavior is that people do not have enough information about the transmission of STDs or ignore the precautions required for safe sex. Approximately 60% of new HIV infections worldwide occur in young people. The frequency of high-risk behaviors among youths may also be influenced by opportunity to engage in them, particularly the amount of time that they are unsupervised by adults. However, in diagnosing and treating these patients, we can effectively prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS. Individuals infected with STDs are 5-10 times more likely than uninfected individuals to acquire or transmit HIV through sexual contact. The breaking of the genital tract lining or skin creates a portal of entry for HIV and, hence, HIV-infected individuals with other STDs are more likely to shed HIV in their genital secretions. To date, the condom is the most effective method available for males for protection against STDs. It is important to control STDs, and prevention can be the key of this process. Prevention can be achieved through education of the population, identification of symptomatic and asymptomatic people, and effective diagnosis and treatment of these patients and their partners.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Chlamydia Infections ; epidemiology ; Chlamydia trachomatis ; Female ; Gonorrhea ; epidemiology ; Herpes Simplex ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Papillomavirus Infections ; epidemiology ; Sexually Transmitted Diseases ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; Syphilis ; epidemiology

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are not rare during pregnancy; however, they are usually asymptomatic and may be unrecognized. STDs in pregnancy can cause serious complications to both pregnant women and fetuses. Screening tests are recommended, because the treatment of these diseases can be curative in most cases, or at least effective in reducing complications. In this point of view, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends screening of all pregnant women for several STDs including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, hepatitis B, and syphilis, and screening selectively in high risk women for gonorrhea and hepatitis C. To reduce vertical transmissions, highly active antiretroviral therapy and timed Cesarean delivery is recommended in HIV-infected pregnant women. Penicillin is still a drug of choice for syphilis in pregnancy. In women who have active genital herpetic lesions at the time of labor, Cesarean delivery is indicated to protect neonates from perinatal transmissions. However, in women who have genital warts with human papilloma virus infection, Cesarean delivery is not recommended to prevent neonatal laryngeal papillomatosis. In women infected with gonorrhea, Chlamydia or Trichomonas, tests for HIV infection are recommended because of high prevalence of concomitant infections.
Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Chlamydia ; Condylomata Acuminata ; Female ; Fetus ; Gonorrhea ; Hepatitis B ; Hepatitis C ; HIV ; HIV Infections ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Laryngeal Neoplasms ; Mass Screening ; Papilloma ; Penicillins ; Pregnancy ; Pregnant Women ; Prevalence ; Sexually Transmitted Diseases ; Syphilis ; Trichomonas ; Viruses

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are the most common group of identifiable infectious diseases in many countries. Adolescents and young adults (15-24 years old) comprise only 25% of the sexually active population but represent almost 50% of all newly acquired STDs. In a law for prevention of infectious diseases in Korea, STDs include syphilis, gonorrhea, chancroid, nongonococcal urethritis, clamydial infection, genital herpes, and genital wart. Bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis, candidiasis, amebiasis, scabies, phthiriasis, granuloma inguinale, AIDS, and high risk human papilloma virus are also included in the STDs. Individuals infected with STDs are 5-10 times more likely than uninfected individuals to acquire or transmit HIV through sexual contacts. Their control is important considering the high incidences of acute infections, complications, and sequelae, their socioeconomic impact, and their role in increasing transmission of the HIV. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the treatment and management of STDs on the basis of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention treatment guidelines for sexually transmitted diseases published in 2006.
Adolescent ; Amebiasis ; Candidiasis ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Chancroid ; Communicable Diseases ; Condylomata Acuminata ; Gonorrhea ; Granuloma Inguinale ; Herpes Genitalis ; HIV ; Humans ; Incidence ; Jurisprudence ; Korea ; Papilloma ; Scabies ; Sexually Transmitted Diseases ; Syphilis ; Urethritis ; Vaginosis, Bacterial ; Viruses ; Young Adult