BACKGROUND/AIMS: The Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Questionnaire (GerdQ) has been developed and validated as a tool for the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in patients with gastrointestinal symptoms. However, the GerdQ and the cutoff value for determining GERD has not been validated in Korea. METHODS: Patients with symptoms suggestive of GERD were consecutively recruited. The Korean version of GerdQ was developed through a forward-backward translation process according to the cross-cultural adaptation method. Endoscopically documented esophagitis, abnormal results on 24-hour ambulatory pH recording with symptom association monitoring, or response to proton pump inhibitor treatment were used as diagnostic references for GERD. The reproducibility and test characteristics of the Korean version of GerdQ were assessed. RESULTS: A total of 149 patients with a median age of 55 years were analyzed. The intra-class correlation coefficient of 2 subsequently measured GerdQ scores was 0.651 (95% CI, 0.518–0.748). The cutoff value of 8 was found to have the highest sensitivity (64.9%; 95% CI, 56.2–73.7) and specificity (71.4%; 95% CI, 56.5–86.4) for the diagnosis of GERD. The questionnaire had a high positive predictive value (88.1%; 95% CI, 81.2–95.0), but a low negative predictive value (38.5%; 95% CI, 26.2–50.3) for GERD. Any symptom improvement on proton pump inhibitor treatment showed a sensitivity of 93.0% (95% CI, 88.3–97.7) and a specificity of 48.6% (95% CI, 32.0–65.1) for GERD. CONCLUSION: The Korean version of GerdQ is a useful complementary tool in the diagnosis of GERD.
Diagnosis ; Esophagitis ; Gastroesophageal Reflux ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Korea ; Methods ; Proton Pumps ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Symptom Assessment

PURPOSE: Numerous indices have been proposed to analyse wound healing in oral soft tissues, but each has specific shortcomings. A new method of analysis, the Early Wound Healing Score (EHS), was evaluated in the present study. The aim was to assess more accurately early healing by primary intention of surgical incisions in periodontal soft tissues. METHODS: Twenty-one patients were treated with different surgical procedures comprising 1 or 2 vertical releasing incisions as part of a surgical access flap. Twenty-four hours after surgery, early wound healing at the vertical releasing incisions was assessed using the EHS. This score assessed clinical signs of re-epithelialization (CSR), clinical signs of haemostasis (CSH), and clinical signs of inflammation (CSI). Since complete wound epithelialization was the main outcome, the CSR score was weighted to be 60% of the total final score. Accordingly, a score of 0, 3, or 6 points was possible for the assessment of CSR, whereas scores of 0, 1, or 2 points were possible for CSH and CSI. Higher values indicated better healing. Accordingly, the score for ideal early wound healing was 10. RESULTS: Thirty vertical releasing incisions were assessed in 21 patients. At 24 hours after incision, 16 vertical releasing incisions (53.33%) received the maximum score of CSR, while 6 cases (20%) received an EHS of 10. None of the cases received 0 points. CONCLUSION: The EHS system may be a useful tool for assessing early wound healing in periodontal soft tissue by primary intention after surgery.
Gingiva ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Intention ; Methods ; Periodontal Diseases ; Re-Epithelialization ; Soft Tissue Injuries ; Symptom Assessment ; Wound Healing ; Wounds and Injuries

PURPOSE: This study was a cross-sectional study comparing differences in self-management knowledge, self-management, physiologic indexes, and symptoms experience for two methods of dialysis. METHODS: Participants were 90 patients on hemodialysis and 91 on peritoneal dialysis at A hospital. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the two groups for knowledge of self-management. A comparison of the categories in the evaluation of self-management showed that patients in the peritoneal dialysis group took better care of their dialysis access route (F=17.61, p < .001) and dialysis schedule (F=4.30, p=.040). The physiologic indexes between the two dialysis groups showed that hemoglobin levels were higher in the hemodialysis group (F=5.28, p=.023). The product of serum calcium and phosphate was higher in the peritoneal dialysis group (F=11.42, p=.001). Serum sodium level was also higher in the peritoneal dialysis group (t=5.36, p < .001) while serum albumin level (t=−3.36, p=.001) and mean arterial blood pressure (t=−2.50, p=.013) were higher in hemodialysis patients. There were no significant differences in the proportion of uncomfortable experiences between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Medical personnel should consider differences in self-management knowledge/self-management, physiologic indexes, and symptoms experience for hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis populations, and should provide adequate education accordingly and promote behavioral change to improve physiologic indexes and reduce symptoms.
Appointments and Schedules ; Arterial Pressure ; Biomarkers ; Calcium ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Dialysis* ; Education ; Humans ; Methods* ; Peritoneal Dialysis ; Renal Dialysis ; Self Care* ; Serum Albumin ; Sodium ; Symptom Assessment

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Several studies have reported the benefits of olfactory training (OT) for patients with olfactory dysfunction. However, training odorants should be customized according to the characteristics of individual patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of OT using odorants familiar to Korean patients with post-upper respiratory infection (URI) olfactory dysfunction. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: We prospectively evaluated patients with post-URI olfactory loss. We carried out OT over a period of 6 months using four odorants: pine, cinnamon, lemon, and peppermint. Olfaction was tested before and at 1, 3, and 6 months after training initiation using the following olfactory tests; Butanol threshold test (BTT), Cross-Cultural Smell Identification Test (CCSIT) and Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) scale, Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-20), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). RESULTS: Of the 88 patients who initially enrolled, 82 completed the BTT, CCSIT, VAS, NOSE, SNOT-20, and BDI. In total, 10 Korean patients were included in our analysis, nine of whom showed an improvement in olfaction after OT. All patients reported changes in olfaction and the perception of smells over the duration of OT. Some patients reported an increased sense of smell after OT, although he could not distinguish different smells. CONCLUSION: OT using odorants specifically selected for Korean patients resulted in improved olfactory function, as indicated by the BTT and CCSIT scores. The findings of the present study suggest that customization of odorants to fit the characteristics of patients, including ethnicity, environment, and race, among others, increases the effectiveness of OT.
Cinnamomum zeylanicum ; Continental Population Groups ; Depression ; Humans ; Mentha piperita ; Methods ; Nasal Obstruction ; Nose ; Odors* ; Olfaction Disorders ; Prospective Studies ; Regeneration ; Smell ; Symptom Assessment ; Visual Analog Scale

Objective: To investigate the clinical effects of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) fumigation on type ⅢA prostatitis with the symptoms of damp heat and blood stasis. METHODS: We randomly divided 72 cases of type ⅢA prostatitis with the symptoms of damp heat and blood stasis into an experimental and a control group of equal number, the former treated with TCM fumigation plus oral Levofloxacin while the latter with oral Levofloxacin only. After 4 weeks of treatment, we compared the National Institute of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIHCPSI) score, TCM symptoms score, maxinum flow rate (Qmax), and average urinary flow rate (Qave) between the two groups of patients. RESULTS: The total effectiveness rate was significantly higher in the experimental than in the control group (91.7% vs 61.1%, P< 0.01), while the NIHCPSI score in the experimental group was markedly decreased after treatment as compared with the baseline (14.5 ± 8.2 vs 26.5 ± 9.3, P< 0.05) and significantly lower than that in the control (14.5 ± 8.2 vs 20.6 ± 7.9, P< 0.05). Qmax was remarkably increased in the experimental group after treatment in comparison with the baseline (［21.2 ± 4.3］ vs ［15.8 ± 3.6］ ml/s, P< 0.05) and the control group, and so was Qave as compared with pretreatment (［16.3 ± 3.5］ vs ［10.5 ± 2.8］ ml/s, P< 0.05) and the control. However, the patients of the control group showed no statistically significant differences before and after treatment either in Qmax (［15.4 ± 3.4］ vs ［16.1 ± 2.9］ ml/s, P>0.05) or in Qave (［10.9 ± 2.4］ vs ［11.1 ± 2.9］ ml/s, P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS TCM fumigation combined with Levofloxacin is an effective therapy for type ⅢA prostatitis with the symptoms of damp heat and blood stasis, which can significantly improve the symptoms, reduce the NIHCPSI score, and increase the Qmax and Qave of the patient.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; administration & dosage ; Chronic Disease ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; Fumigation ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Levofloxacin ; administration & dosage ; Male ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Prostatitis ; drug therapy ; pathology ; Severity of Illness Index ; Symptom Assessment ; methods

Objective: To investigate the correlation between the syndrome types of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and clinical symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) with chronic prostatitis (BPH-CP). METHODS: We selected 150 cases of BPH-CP in this study and divided them into 7 TCM syndrome types. Using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses, we studied the correlation of each TCM syndrome type with the age, disease course, prostate volume, postvoid residual urine volume (PVR), prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level, maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax), and International Prostate Symptoms Score (IPSS). RESULTS: Kidney-yin deficiency was correlated positively with the prostate volume but negatively with Qmax and IPSS; kidney-yang deficiency positively with the age and prostate volume but negatively with IPSS; the damp heat syndrome positively with the PSA level but negatively with the disease course, prostate volume and Qmax; the spleen-qi deficiency syndrome positively with the prostate volume but negatively with the disease course; liver-qi stagnation positively with the disease course but negatively with the age, prostate volume and PVR; the syndrome of qi stagnation and blood stasis positively with the disease course and IPSS but negatively with PVR; the syndrome of lung-heat and qi blockage positively with the age, Qmax and IPSS but negatively with the disease course. CONCLUSIONS The TCM syndrome types of BPH-CP are closely correlated to their clinical symptoms. The analysis of the clinical objective indexes of BPH-CP can provide some reliable evidence for accurate identification of the TCM syndrome type of the disease.
Age Factors ; Chronic Disease ; Disease Progression ; Humans ; Kidney Diseases ; diagnosis ; Liver Diseases ; diagnosis ; Male ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Organ Size ; Prostate-Specific Antigen ; blood ; Prostatic Hyperplasia ; classification ; diagnosis ; Prostatitis ; classification ; diagnosis ; Qi ; Regression Analysis ; Splenic Diseases ; diagnosis ; Symptom Assessment ; classification ; methods ; Urination ; Yang Deficiency ; diagnosis ; Yin Deficiency ; diagnosis

PURPOSE: This was a methodological study to develop a valid and reliable health assessment tool for middle-aged adults in long-term care settings (HATMAL). METHODS: At the first stage of this study, initial 56-items HATMAL were derived via literature review, survey for needs assessment, and focus group interviews with experts. At the second stage, 54 items HATMAL were finalized via content validity test with 5 experts and a pilot study with 30 nurses. At the third stage, validity and reliability tests were conducted with 100 middle-aged patients in a long-term care hospital. Data were analyzed by factor analysis using SPSS 18.0 program. RESULTS: Exploratory factor analysis resulted in 3 factors; functional assessment, symptom assessment, and comfort assessment. These 3 factors explained 83.8% of total variance and construct validity was confirmed. Test-retest reliability was .67 for appetite changes, .76 for regulating for behavior problems, and 1.0 for other items. CONCLUSION: Results indicate that HATMAL is valid and reliable to assess the health for middle-aged patients in long-term care settings. This study would contribute to provide more effective personalized treatment and care for middle-aged patients in long-term care settings considering their own characteristics.
Adult* ; Appetite ; Focus Groups ; Humans ; Long-Term Care* ; Methods ; Middle Aged ; Needs Assessment ; Pilot Projects ; Reproducibility of Results ; Symptom Assessment

Psychosocial problems increase the risk for mental health problems and increase the need for health care services in children and adolescents. Primary care practice is a valuable avenue for identifying the need for more specialized mental health care. We hypothesized that Korean version of the pediatric symptom checklist (PSC) would be a useful tool for early detection of psychosocial problems in children and adolescents in Korea and we aimed to suggest cut-off scores for detecting meaningful psychosocial problems. A total of 397 children with their parents and 97 child patients with their parents were asked to complete the PSC Korean version and the child behavior checklist (CBCL). The internal reliability and test-retest reliability of the PSC as well as the cut-off score of the PSC was determined via receiver operating characteristic analysis of the CBCL score, clinical group scores and non-clinical group scores. The internal consistency of the PSC-Korean version was excellent (Cronbach's alpha = 0.95). The test-retest reliability was r = 0.73 (P < 0.001). Using clinical CBCL scores (total score, externalizing score, internalizing score, respectively > or = 60) and presence of clinical diagnosis, the recommended cut-off score of the PSC was 14. Using 494 Korean children aged 7-12 yr, the current study assessed the reliability and validity of a Korean version of the PSC and suggested a cut-off for recommending further clinical assessment. The present results suggest that the Korean version of the PSC has good internal consistency and validity using the standard of CBCL scores.
Checklist/methods/*standards ; Child ; Child Behavior Disorders/*diagnosis/*psychology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mass Screening/standards ; Pediatrics/*standards ; Population ; Psychometrics/methods/*standards ; Reproducibility of Results ; Republic of Korea ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Surveys and Questionnaires/standards ; Symptom Assessment/methods/*standards ; Translating ; United States

The present study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Korean version of the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Young Children (TSCYC) including reliability and validity. The TSCYC is an instrument to identify trauma symptoms in children from age 3 to 12 yr by their caretakers. The Korean version of the TSCYC was administered to the caretakers of a normative group of 299 children (137 boys and 162 girls) aged 3 to 12 yr and a traumatized group of 73 sexually abused children (22 boys and 51 girls) aged 3 to 12 yr and their caretakers rated the TSCYC and the Child Behavior Checklist and the Child Sexual Behavior Inventory. Among normative group, 88 performed a re-test after 4 weeks. The internal consistency, Cronbach's alpha of total scale of the TSCYC was 0.92 (normative group) and 0.96 (traumatized group). For the nine clinical scales in the TSCYC, it ranged between 0.46-0.92 and 0.77-0.96, respectively. Test-retest correlation of the TSCYC was good (Pearson r score ranging 0.52-0.96). Correlations between the TSCYC and other measures of corresponding constructs were satisfactory. Regarding discriminant validity, the mean total score of the TSCYC was significantly higher in the traumatized children than in the normative group. This study demonstrated that Korean version of the TSCYC is a reliable measure with excellent internal consistency and good stability over 4-week test-retest interval. It can be recommended for clinicians to screen for trauma symptoms after child sexual abuse in Korean young children between the ages 3 and 12.
Checklist/*methods ; Child ; Child Abuse, Sexual/*classification ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Reproducibility of Results ; Republic of Korea ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/classification/*diagnosis ; *Surveys and Questionnaires ; Symptom Assessment/*methods ; *Trauma Severity Indices

Distinction between neuropathic pain and nociceptive pain helps facilitate appropriate management of pain; however, diagnosis of neuropathic pain remains a challenge. The aim of this study was to develop a Korean version of the Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs (LANSS) pain scale and assess its reliability and validity. The translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the original LANSS pain scale into Korean was established according to the published guidelines. The Korean version of the LANSS pain scale was applied to a total of 213 patients who were expertly diagnosed with neuropathic (n = 113) or nociceptive pain (n = 100). The Korean version of the scale had good reliability (Cronbach's alpha coefficient = 0.815, Guttman split-half coefficient = 0.800). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.928 with a 95% confidence interval of 0.885-0.959 (P < 0.001), suggesting good discriminate value. With a cut-off score > or = 12, sensitivity was 72.6%, specificity was 98.0%, and the positive and negative predictive values were 98% and 76%, respectively. The Korean version of the LANSS pain scale is a useful, reliable, and valid instrument for screening neuropathic pain from nociceptive pain.
*Cross-Cultural Comparison ; Diagnosis, Differential ; *Diagnostic Techniques, Neurological ; England ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neuralgia/classification/*diagnosis ; Nociceptive Pain/*diagnosis ; Observer Variation ; Pain Measurement/*methods ; Reproducibility of Results ; Republic of Korea ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Symptom Assessment/methods ; *Translating