The standard sample of natural products is an essential standard reference to determine the quality of the product in the quality control of natural products. To develop a certified reference material(CRM) of swertioside according to the Work Guideline for Reference Materials(3): Reference Material-General Principles and Statistical Method for Certification(GB/T 15000.3-2008), swertioside was purified from whole plant of Swertia mussotii by extraction, isolation and Prep-HPLC to obtain certified reference material of swertioside. The structure of swertioside was identified by IR, UV, high-resolution MS, NMR. Thin layer chromatography, optical rotation, elemental analysis and melting point was carried out for the identification. The purity of the prepared sample was tested from different chromatographic elution conditions, thin layer chromatography and HPLC-MS. Swertioside was divided into 140 bottles, with 10 mg per bottle after homogeneity test, stability test and quantitative analysis. This CRM is 7-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-xylopyranosyl]; the homogeneity of the 95% confidence interval was good; the certified purity value was 98.66%, with a relative expanded uncertainty of 0.38%; the storage period was 36 months at 0-8 ℃. Therefore, the CRM of sakuranetin reached the technical requirements of CRM, and was accepted by SAC. Swertioside is successfully developed and can be used for determining content, evaluating test methods, detecting relevant products and controlling quality.
Certification ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Mass Spectrometry ; Phytochemicals/standards* ; Reference Standards ; Swertia/chemistry*

Fifteen known compounds were isolated from Swertia delavayi by silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 and Rp-18 column chromatographies. Based on extensive spectroscopic analysis (MS, 1H, 13C-NMR), their structures were identified aserythrocentaurin (1), erythrocentaurindimethylacetal (2), sweroside (3), swertiamarin (4), gentiopicroside (5), swertiakoside A (6), 2'-O-acetylswertiamarin (7), 4'-O-[(Z) -coumaroyl] swertiamarin (8), 1,5,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxyxanthone (9), 8-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-1-hydroxy-2,3, 5-trimethoxyxanthone (10), 8-O-[β-D-xyl- opyranosyl-(1 --> 6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-7,8-dihydroxy-3-methoxyxanthone (11), isovitexin (12), β-sitosterol (13), daucosterol (14), and oleanolic acid (15). Among them, ten ones (14, 7-11, 13) were obtained from S. delavayi for the first time. The isolates were evaluated for their anti-HBV activities in HepG 2. 2. 15 cell line in vitro. The results showed that compound 1, 2, 6, 7, 9 and 12 exhibited significant inhibitory activity on HBV DNA replication with IC50 values from 0.05 to 1.46 mmol x L(-1).
Antiviral Agents ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Hepatitis B virus ; drug effects ; genetics ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Molecular Structure ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization ; Swertia ; chemistry

This present work is to study the chemical constituents of Swertia angustifolia. The whole plants of air-dried Swertia angustifolia was extracted with 90% EtOH. The water extract was suspended in H2O and extracted with petroleum ether, EtOAc and nBuOH, successively. The compounds were isolated and purified by column chromatography from the EtOAc fraction, and identified based on spectral analyses (MS, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR). Fourteen compounds were isolated and characterized as 1, 8-dihydroxy-3, 7-dimethoxyxanthone (1), 1, 8-dihydroxy-3, 5, 7-trimethoxyxanthone (2), 7-hydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxyxanthone-1-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), 8-0-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-6) -β-D-glucopyranosyl] -1, 7-dihydroxy-3-methoxyxanthone (4), (+) -syringaresinol (5), ferulic acid (6), trans-coniferyl aldehyde (7), sinapaldehyde (8), trans-coniferyl alcohol (9), 3, 4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (10), 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (11), isophthalic acid (12), 2-furoic acid (13), and 2-methyl-4(3H)-quinazolinone(14). Compounds 2-14 were obtained from this plant for the first time.
Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Mass Spectrometry ; Molecular Structure ; Swertia ; chemistry

This study is to investigate the chemical constituents of Swertia kouitchensis. The whole plants of air-dried Swertia kouitchensis was extracted with 90% EtOH. The water extract was suspended in H2O and extracted with petroleum ether, EtOAc and n-BuOH, successively. The compounds were isolated and purified by column chromatography from the EtOAc fraction, and their structures were identified based on spectral analyses (MS, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR). Twenty-eight compounds were obtained, and characterized as erythrocentaurin (1), erythrocentaurin dimethylacetal (2), swertiamarin (3), vogeloside (4), 2'-O- actylswertiamarin (5), swertianoside D (6), gentiocrucines A-B (7-8), gentiocrucine (9), 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8-trimethoxyxanthone (10), 1-hydroxy-3, 5, 6-trimethoxyxanthone (11), 3-epitaraxerol (12), erythrodiol 3-O-palmitate (13), (+) -syringaresinol (14), caffeic acid (15), trans-coniferyl aldehyde (16), trans-coniferyl alcohol (17), 3, 4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (18), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid (19), 3, 4-dihydroxybenzoic aldehyde (20), 2, 3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (21), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (22), 3-acetoxybenzoic acid (23), 3-hydroxybenzoic acid (24), 3-hydroxybenzoic alcohol (25), nicotinic acid (26), 2-furoic acid (27), and uracil (28). Compounds 1-4, 6-28 were obtained from S. kouitchensis for the first time.
Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Mass Spectrometry ; Molecular Structure ; Swertia ; chemistry

Chemical constituents of Swertia patens. The whole plant of air-dried Swertia patens was extracted with 90% EtOH. The water extract was suspended in H₂O and extracted with petroleum ether, EtOAc and n-BuOH, successively. The compounds were isola- ted and purified by column chromatography from the EtOAc fraction, and identified based on spectral analyses (MS, ¹H-NMR, ¹³C- NMR). Eighteen compounds were isolated and elucidated as 3, 4-dihydro-1H,6H,8H-naptho [1,2-c:4,5-c', d'dipyrano-1, 8-dione (1), angelone (2), gentiogenal (3), erythricin (4), erythrocentaurin (5), gentianine (6), swertiakoside B (7), swertiamarin (8), 2'-O-actylswertiamarin (9), amarogentin (10), 1, 3, 5-trihydroxyxanthone (11), 1, 3-dihydroxy-5-methoxyxanthone (12), 1-hydroxy- 2, 3, 5-trimethoxyxanthone (13), gentiocrucine (14), 3-hydroxyphenylketone (15), n-hexacosyl ester 4-hydroxy-trans-cinnamate (16), n-hexacosyl ester 4-hydroxy-cis-cinnamate (17), and cholest-4-en-3-one (18). Compounds 1-7, 9-18 were obtained from S. patens for the first time.
Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Molecular Structure ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization ; Swertia ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo develop an HPLC method for simultaneous determination of swertiamarin, gentiopicroside, sweroside, mangiferin, erythrocentaurin, and to detect these five constituents in eight Qingyedans derived from Swertia mileensis, S. cincta, S. patens, S. punicea, S. delavayi, S. nervosa, S. macrosperma and S. yunnanensis.

METHODThe separation was carried out on a Thermo BDS Hypersil C18 (4. 6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm) column eluted with mobile phase of water containing 0. 1% phosphoric acid and methanol (B) in gradient program (0-10 min, 18%-20% B; 10-30 min, 20%-35% B; 30-35 min, 35%-60% B). The column temperature was 32 degrees C , and the detection wavelength was set at 250, 260, 225 nm. The flow rate was 0. 7 mL . min-1 from 0 to 30 min, and be increased to 1. 0 mL . min-1 in 35 min.

RESULTThe five compounds were well separated. The linear response ranges of swertiamarin, gentiopicroside, sweroside, mangiferin, erythrocentaurin were 0. 072-13. 39, 0. 1204. 518, 0. 060-5. 050, 0. 025-1. 518, and 0. 031-0. 210 microg, respectively. The mean recoveries of five compounds were 97.03% -102. 7% (RSD 1. 8% -6.2% ). There are swertiamarin, gentiopicroside and sweroside in most samples, and mangiferin in half samples. But erythrocentaurin was only detected in a few samples. The contents of five compounds were different in different samples. The contents of swertiamarin in S. mileensis, S. patens, S. yunnanensis and S. delavayi are up to 34. 47-118.05 mg . g-1, the contents of gentiopicroside are up to 25. 91 mg . g-1 in S. cincta. In S. puncea all contents of swertiamarin, gentiopicroside, sweroside and mangiferin are higher, especially the content of sweroside. There are Xiao-Qingyedans and Da-Qingyedans called in markets, and they can be identified by the contents of swertiamarin, gentiopicroside and sweroside. S. punicea can be identified by the content of sweroside, and the ratio gentiopicroside/total content can be used for identification of S. cincta from other seven Qingyedan species.

CONCLUSIONThe method was certified to be accurate and reliable and can be used for identification and quality evaluation of traditional Chinese medicine Qingyedan derived from Swertia species.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Iridoid Glucosides ; analysis ; Pyrones ; analysis ; Swertia ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo establish a method for determination of 10 ingredients such as gentiopicroside, sweroside, and mangiferin in India swertia, and settle the index components and their limits.

METHODBy Welch materials AQ-C18 column, determination was conducted by the gradient elution with methanol and 0.4% formic acid as mobile phase, with column temperature 30 degrees C, flow rate at 1.0 mL x min(-1), and 254 nm as the detection wavelength.

RESULTThe linear relatives of 10 ingredients were good. The method showed the high precision and good reproducibility, and recovery rates were between 97% and 103%. The ingredients of market com-modities varied greatly.

CONCLUSIONThis method is simple, sensitive, reproducible, and applicable to the determination of the main ingredients in India Swertia. Sweroside and mango glycosides were suggested as the index components for determination in Jia Di (Swertia chirayita), and their content limits are not less than 0.1%, 0.3%, respectively.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; standards ; Iridoid Glucosides ; analysis ; standards ; Medicine, Tibetan Traditional ; Quality Control ; Swertia ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo study the chemical constituents of Swertia hispidicalyx.

METHODThe EtOAc part of S. hispidicalyx was chromatographied by various column chromatography methods, and the isolates were identified based on spectroscopic analyses (MS, 1H-and 13C-NMR).

RESULTEleven compounds were isolated from S. hispidicalyx and characterized as 1,3,5,8-tetrahydroxyxanthone (1), 1,5,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxyxanthone (2), gentiolactone (3), swertiamarin (4), 3,4-dihydro-1H,6H,8H-naphtho [1, 2-c:4, 5-c', d'] dipyrano-1,8-dione (5), (+)-syringaresinol (6), trans-coniferyl aldehyde (7), maslinic acid (8), oleanolic acid (9), daucosterol (10), and -sitosterol (11).

CONCLUSIONCompounds 1-11 were obtained from S. hispidicalyx for the first time.

Antiviral Agents ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Hepatitis B virus ; drug effects ; Swertia ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo study the chemical constituents of Swertia macrosperma.

METHODThe air-dried whole plants of Swertia macrosperma were extracted with boiling water. The extract was concentrated to a small amount of volume and extracted with petroleum ether, EtOAc and n-BuOH, successively. The compounds were isolated and purified by column chromatography from the EtOAc fraction, and identified based on spectral analyses (MS, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR).

RESULTThirteen compounds were isolated from S. macrosperma, and were characterized as norbellidifolin (1), 1-hydroxy-3,7, 8-trimethoxy-xanthone (2), norswertianolin (3), swertianolin (4), 1,3,7,8-tetrahydroxyxanthone-8-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (5), swertiamatin (6), decentapicrin (7), coniferl aldehyde (8), sinapaldehyde (9), balanophonin (10), together with beta-sitosterol, daucosterol, and oleanolic acid .

CONCLUSIONCompounds 2, 4-10 were obtained from Swertia macrosperma for the first time.

Plant Extracts ; analysis ; isolation & purification ; Swertia ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo explore the species and distribution of medicinal plants Swertia in Yunnan province, and provide scientific basis for sustainable utilization.

METHODField investigation was carried out, specimens were collected, and literature and data were consulted.

RESULTThere were 35 species and 2 varieties (including 1 newly recorded species), most of them were used as medicinal plants, and an identification index was established.

CONCLUSIONThe results provide reliable foundation for comprehensive utilization and in-depth study of Swertia in Yunnan province.

China ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Plants, Medicinal ; anatomy & histology ; chemistry ; classification ; growth & development ; Swertia ; anatomy & histology ; chemistry ; classification ; growth & development