Lactylation, a recently identified post-translational modification of proteins, is induced by lactic acid and can occur at multiple lysine residues in both histone and non-histone proteins. This modification plays a role in disease pathogenesis by affecting transcriptional regulation, mitochondrial metabolism, and immune inflammation. Significant advancements have been made in understanding the mechanisms of lactylation in various ophthalmic diseases, including retinal neovascularization, uveitis, melanoma, and myopia. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the relationship between lactic acid and lactylation, the regulatory mechanisms of lactylation, and the role of lactylation in different ocular diseases. Additionally, it addresses current research limitations and future directions, which is of great significance to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of lactylation in eye diseases and improving the diagnosis and targeted treatment of these conditions.

Humans ; Aged ; Lung Diseases ; Pneumonia/drug therapy* ; Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use* ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/drug therapy* ; Administration, Inhalation ; Community-Acquired Infections/drug therapy*

Objective:To develop the Scale of Pain-Relevant Responses from Spouse for Chronic Pain Patients and to test its reliability and validity, so as to provide a reliable tool for the scientific assessment of the pain-relevant responses from spouses for chronic pain patients.Methods:Based on the interpersonal process model of intimacy, the first draft of the scale was formed through literature analysis, semi-structured interview, Delphi expert consultation and pre-investigation. A questionnaire survey was conducted on 388 patients with chronic pain who visited the Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University from April 2022 to April 2023 using convenience sampling method to test the reliability and validity of the scale.Results:The Scale of Pain-Relevant Responses from Spouse for Chronic Pain Patients included 21 items in 4 dimensions: emotional support pain-relevant responses, behavioral support pain-relevant responses, distractive pain-relevant responses and negative pain-relevant responses. The range of I-CVI was 0.850-1.000. The results of structural validity analysis showed that four qualified common factors were extracted by exploratory factor analysis, and the cumulative variance contribution rate was 71.173%. The confirmatory factor analysis model fit indicators were within the acceptable range. The correlation validity coefficient was 0.692 ( P<0.01). The Cronbach α coefficient of the total table was 0.894, the half reliability was 0.906, and the retest reliability was 0.927. Conclusions:The Scale of Pain-Relevant Responses from Spouse for Chronic Pain Patients has good reliability and validity, and is suitable for the evaluation of pain-relevant responses from spouse of chronic pain patients.

ObjectiveTo classify subtypes among middle-aged and elderly type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients aged between 35‒74 years in Shanghai suburbs, to compare their characteristics and analyze incidence risk for cerebrovascular disease among these subtypes, so as to promote personalized and precise treatment of T2DM. MethodsA total of 7 792 patients with T2DM who completed a baseline survey from 2016 and 2019 were selected as the research subjects, based on the data from a natural population cohort and biobank in Shanghai suburbs. Patients were stratified by gender and clustered into subtypes using k-means method based on baseline parameters including the age at T2DM diagnosis, body mass index (BMI), fasting blood glucose, and triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (TG/HDL-C). Patients were followed up until March 31, 2023. Multivariate Cox regression models were used to analyze the association between subtypes and incidence risk for cerebrovascular disease, and those with cerebrovascular disease within 1 year of follow-up survey were excluded from sensitivity analysis. ResultsAmong the 7 792 patients with T2DM, 3 615 were males and 4 177 were females. Stratified by gender, 4 subgroups were identified through k-means clustering analysis, namely poor blood glucose control subgroup, severe insulin-resistant subgroup, younger onset subgroup, and older onset subgroup. The median follow-up time was 4.30 years, during which 1 960 cerebrovascular disease events were observed (844 in males, 1 116 in females). After adjusting for smoking, alcohol consumption, weekly exercise, family history of diabetes mellitus, and duration of diabetes mellitus, among male patients, the incidence risk for cerebrovascular disease was lower in the younger onset subgroup (HR=0.59, 95%CI: 0.48‒0.73, P<0.001), poor blood glucose control subgroup (HR=0.81, 95%CI: 0.65‒1.00, P=0.046), and severe insulin-resistant subgroup (HR=0.61, 95%CI: 0.50‒0.75, P<0.001), compared to the older onset subgroup. While among female patients, the incidence risk for cerebrovascular disease was also lower in the younger onset subgroup (HR=0.68, 95%CI: 0.57‒0.80, P<0.001), poor blood glucose control subgroup (HR=0.73, 95%CI: 0.60‒0.89, P=0.002), and severe insulin-resistant subgroup (HR=0.72, 95%CI: 0.61‒0.85, P<0.001), compared to the older onset subgroup. Results of the sensitivity analysis were consistent with the main findings. ConclusionAmong middle-aged and elderly T2DM patients in suburban Shanghai, both male and female patients have the highest incidence risk for cerebrovascular disease in the older onset subgroup. Subtyping of T2DM patients can help to identify the high-risk populations of cerebrovascular disease.

AIM: To explore the neuro-ophthalmological characteristics of acute macular neuroretinopathy(AMN)after SARS-CoV-2 infection.METHODS: A total of 8 patients(14 eyes), including 6 females and 2 males, who were diagnosed with AMN in the neuro-ophthalmology department of Xi'an No.1 Hospital(The First Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University)from December 27, 2022 to February 1, 2023 were included in the study. All patients had a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection before the disease, and the results of best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), non-contact indirect intraocular pressure measurement, fundus color photography, near infrared(IR), spectral-domain optical coherence tomography(SD-OCT), OCT angiography(OCTA), fundus fluorescein angiography(FFA), indocyanine green angiography(ICGA), visual field, visual evoked potential(VEP), and electroretinogram(ERG)were collected. Furthermore, the neuro-opthalmology characteristics of the included patients were analyzed and summarized.RESULTS: The included 8 patients aged from 20 to 43, with an average age of(30±6.63)years old. The patients had a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection 3 to 11(mean 5±3.51)d before the disease, and 6 out of 8 patients developed visual symptoms within 5 d of infection with SARS-CoV-2, with manifestated with decreased vision or visual scotoma. The visual acuity varied from 0.08 to 1.0, with visual field defect characterized by central, paracentral or peripheral scotoma. VEP showed prolongation latency of P100 or P2, and ERG revealed impaired function of retinal photoreceptor cell. In the early stage of the disease, the size and shape of early visual acuity, visual field, and extraretinal lesions in patients with AMN associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection may not match, and the lower the visual acuity, the later the VEP peaks.CONCLUSION: The neuro-ophthalmic features of SARS-CoV-2 infection-associated AMN require the attention of clinicians. In addition to multi-mode fundus imaging, clinicians should use a variety of methods to comprehensively evaluate visual function and prognosis of patients.

Glial-mesenchymal transition(GMT)is a biological process of transdifferentiation where endothelial cells gradually adopt the phenotypic characteristics of mesenchymal cells under the influence of various factors. GMT is closely associated with retinal fibrosis diseases. Müller cells, the predominant retinal macroglia, undergo activation and transdifferentiation in response to diverse stimuli and pathological conditions. Researches indicate that GMT plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of diseases such as diabetic retinopathy(DR), idiopathic epiretinal membrane(iERM), age-related macular degeneration(ARMD), and proliferative vitreoretinopathy(PVR). Although the exact mechanism of GMT is not well understood, it has showed great promise as potential target. Clarifying the research progress of GMT provides new ideas in the early diagnosis and treatments of retinal diseases, which is clinically and scientifically important for revealing interactive effects of cell transdifferentiation families in retinal diseases.

As a new transdermal drug delivery system, microneedles can significantly improve skin permeability, enhance drug transdermal delivery, and demonstrate unique advantages in breaking stratum corneum barrier of skin. This feature enables microneedles to demonstrate enormous potential in delivering biotechnology drugs. The traditional delivery method for biotechnology drugs is mainly injection, which brings problems such as pain and skin redness to patients, leading to poor patient compliance. In addition, the production, transportation, and storage of biotechnology drugs require strict low-temperature conditions to maintain their activity and increase cost output. Microneedles, by contrast, have many benefits, providing new avenues and solutions for biomolecular delivery. Accordingly, this review introduced the microneedle drug delivery system for delivery biotechnology drugs, and summarized the research progress of microneedle systems in biotechnology drugs.

Objective:To summarize the clinical phenotype and genetic characteristics of a case of autosomal dominant mental retardation-42 (MRD42) caused by GNB1 gene mutation. Methods:The clinical and genetic data of a case of MRD42 caused by a GNB1 gene missense mutation diagnosed in the Department of Neurology, Children′s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University in March 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. The child was followed-up, the child′s data were summarized, and related literature was reviewed. Results:The patient is a 6-month-old female infant, who was admitted to hospital because of "developmental delay for 3 months, intermittent convulsions for 1 month". The clinical manifestations included generalized tonic-clonic seizures, focal seizures, intellectual disability, delayed language and motor development. Long-term video electroencephalogram showed slightly slower background activity, bilateral occipital spike and wave discharges, multispike and wave complexes during sleep. Three focal onset seizures were captured. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging suggested that the subarachnoid space of the bilateral frontotemporal areas was slightly wide. Chromosome karyotype and copy number variation analysis showed no abnormality. The results of whole exon sequencing showed a de novo heterozygous missense mutation in the GNB1 gene [NM_002074:c.155(exon5)G>A;p.Arg52Gln], which had not been reported. The seizure was effectively controlled by function rehabilitation training and anti-epileptic drug therapy. Conclusions:MRD42 is a rare autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutation in the GNB1 gene. The clinical manifestations include infantile-onset seizures, mental retardation, speech and motor development delay, etc. The de novo heterozygous missense mutation in the GNB1 gene c.155G>A(p.Arg52Gln) is the genetic cause of the proband.

Objective To establish ecological suitability zone of Forsythia suspensa(Thunb.)Vahl in Shanxi Province;To study the quality regionalization of Forsythia suspensa(Thunb.)Vahl from different producing areas in Shanxi Province;To provide reference for reasonable planting and wild tending of Forsythia suspensa(Thunb.)Vahl.Methods Maximum entropy(MaxEnt)model and ArcGIS software were used to study the ecological suitability of Forsythia suspensa(Thunb.)Vahl in Shanxi Province;By screening the main environmental factors and combining them with the content of forsythoside and forsythoside A in Forsythia suspensa(Thunb.)Vahl of different regions,a quality zoning of Forsythia suspensa Thunb.Vahl medicinal materials in Shanxi Province based on forsythoside,forsythoside A and environmental factors was constructed.Results The ecological suitable areas of Forsythia suspensa Thunb.Vahl in Shanxi Province were mainly distributed in the southern part of Shanxi Province,mainly in Linfen,Yuncheng,Changzhi,and Jincheng.The general contents of forsythoside and forsythoside A in the Forsythia suspensa(Thunb.)Vahl medicinal material were gradually reduced from southern part to northern part of Shanxi Province.The comprehensive quality was high in southern part of Shanxi Province,mainly in Linfen,Changzhi,Yuncheng and Jincheng.Conclusion The results of this study are consistent with the actual survey.The southern part of Shanxi province is a suitable planting area for high quality Forsythia suspensa(Thunb.)Vahl,which provides a reference for the standardized planting and wild tending of Forsythia suspensa(Thunb.)Vahl.

Objective To construct a telemedicine-based home care system of palliative care for end-of-life cancer patients,and to evaluate its application effect.Methods The construction of the system was based on the literature research,interview results of the patients and their caregivers,and expert group meeting discussions.From May to August 2023,a total of 88 patients,who were about to be discharged from the palliative care ward of a cancer hospital in Hunan Province,were selected as the study subjects using a convenient sampling method,and then they were divided into an experimental group and a control group according to the order of admission.The experimental group was given home care services based on the system,while the control group was given routine discharge guidance and follow-up visits.The duration of the intervention was 8 weeks.The Chinese version of the Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale and the Chinese version of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 15 palliative were used to evaluate the symptom burden and quality of life between 2 groups before and after intervention;the Telemedicine Satisfaction Questionnaire was used to evaluate the care satisfaction of the experimental group.Results The system of patient side includes 8 main features,namely personal health record establishment,doctor-patient communication,palliative care knowledge library,medication assistance,smart reporting and monitoring,intelligent Q&A,intelligent follow-up,and intelligent forms.The healthcare professional side includes 7 main functions,namely workbench,case management,follow-up management,warning reminder,popularization push,statistical analysis and user management.A total of 67 patients completed the intervention,with 33 in the experimental group and 34 in the control group.The symptom burden of the experimental group was lower than that of the control group(P＜0.05);the quality of life in the experimental group was better than that in the control group(P＜0.05);the score of care satisfaction was(59.00±6.66),which indicated a high level of satisfaction.Conclusion The system can reduce the symptom burden and improve the quality of life of end-of-life cancer patients with good practicality