Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and pulmonary hypertension (PH) are potentially fatal complications in prematurely born infants. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) may be a life-saving option for managing infants with BPD and PH. We present 2 patients who were successfully weaned off mechanical ventilators (MVs) through the application of ECMO. The patients were transferred to our institution after receiving MV care for 8 and 10 months, respectively, for BPD and PH. We were able to remove the patients from MVs after a period of ECMO-mediated lung rest. Although more research is required to determine specific criteria for ECMO use in patients with BPD and PH, our clinical experiences may contribute to the early application of ECMO in MV-dependent patients.

Laundry detergent pod (LDP) exposure has been reported to be fatal in children younger than 2 years, leading to respiratory or central nervous system depression. While gastrointestinal irritation is the most common symptom, there are reported cases of severe acidosis with respiratory depression or pneumonia, resulting in mortality. To our best knowledge, there is no report on a case of LDP exposure presenting with acute respiratory distress syndrome requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. Here, we present a case of a child with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome following LDP exposure, who was successfully treated with veno-pulmonary extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and steroids.

Objectives: ：Maltreatment is one of representative risk factor for psychiatric illnesses. While several studies indicate the relationship between physical activity and maltreatment, there was lack of study using objective measurements. This study was conducted to find the biomarkers of physical activity related to maltreatment experiences in healthy adults using wearable device. Methods: ：A total of 60 healthy adults were recruited; 15 subjects reported maltreatment experiences. Physical activity and sleep data were collected using Fitbit for 2 weeks. Child maltreatment experiences were assessed by Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE). Symptoms were measured using the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7). Results: ：The child maltreatment group showed lower movement distance (p=0.025) and number of walks (p=0.010) compared to the control group. After controlling for anxiety and depressive symptoms in women, maltreatment group represented significant reduction in light activities (p=0.021) as well as movement distance (p=0.024) and number of walks (p=0.011). There was no significant difference in sleep variables between the two groups. Conclusions ：Even in healthy participants, maltreatment experiences can negatively affect daily light physical activity.

Objectives: ：An increasing number of people are affected by sleep problems every year. The current study presents findings from experiments that utilize a mobile application-based cognitive-behavioral treatment for insomnia (CBT-I). Methods: ：Our application aims to alleviate insomnia symptoms by providing real-time and direct interventions in people’s daily lives. We recruited 50 participants to test the effectiveness of the app via a six-week-long prospective experiment. Results: ：We find that insomnia symptoms are reduced significantly for both the treatment group, who used the app, and the control group, who watched educational videos [F(2,39)=60.82, p<0.001]. Sleep efficiency improved more quickly in the treatment group than in the control group. Participants who followed higher compliance to the intervention reduced their wake after sleep onset (WASO) time more substantially. Conclusion ：Our results suggest that app-based CBT-I interventions may have additional benefits for enhancing objective sleep quality, including sleep efficiency or WASO, compared to sleep hygiene education. The preliminary findings of the current research shed light on future mobile intervention apps’ design choices for insomnia.

Tobacco products are rapidly evolving. Since the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control came to effect in 2005, the parties of the treaty have been aiming to control tobacco use. Moreover, the social norm of smoking has changed. These changes have prompted the tobacco industry to evolve their products and business model. There have been several evolutions in tobacco products. Firstly, new tobacco products, such as electronic cigarettes and heated tobacco products were introduced into markets that were previously dominated by conventional cigarettes. Thus, smokers are able to select alternative tobacco products. Secondly, new devices for tobacco use, including universal serial bus, smart watch, and car key devices, have been developed and released. These devices are popular among females and youth, who wish to hide their smoking behavior. Thirdly, nicotine, which is used in tobacco products, has also evolved. Typically, ‘free-base nicotine’ has been the main form used in tobacco products, because it helps to deliver nicotine quickly to the smoker's brain. However, a new form of nicotine, ‘nicotine salt’, is used in electronic cigarettes. It can deliver a more highly concentrated dose of nicotine to the smoker’s brain. To regulate these evolving products, laws are required to prevent the easy access of new tobacco products in the Korean market and therefore, a new organization for monitoring the evolution of tobacco products is required. Additionally, we need to encourage young people and scholars to develop interest in tobacco product control, thus ensuring adequate regulation of new tobacco products.
Adolescent ; Brain ; Commerce ; Electronic Cigarettes ; Female ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; International Cooperation ; Jurisprudence ; Nicotine ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Social Norms ; Tobacco Industry ; Tobacco Products ; Tobacco Use ; Tobacco ; World Health Organization

Tobacco products are rapidly evolving. Since the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control came to effect in 2005, the parties of the treaty have been aiming to control tobacco use. Moreover, the social norm of smoking has changed. These changes have prompted the tobacco industry to evolve their products and business model. There have been several evolutions in tobacco products. Firstly, new tobacco products, such as electronic cigarettes and heated tobacco products were introduced into markets that were previously dominated by conventional cigarettes. Thus, smokers are able to select alternative tobacco products. Secondly, new devices for tobacco use, including universal serial bus, smart watch, and car key devices, have been developed and released. These devices are popular among females and youth, who wish to hide their smoking behavior. Thirdly, nicotine, which is used in tobacco products, has also evolved. Typically, ‘free-base nicotine’ has been the main form used in tobacco products, because it helps to deliver nicotine quickly to the smoker's brain. However, a new form of nicotine, ‘nicotine salt’, is used in electronic cigarettes. It can deliver a more highly concentrated dose of nicotine to the smoker’s brain. To regulate these evolving products, laws are required to prevent the easy access of new tobacco products in the Korean market and therefore, a new organization for monitoring the evolution of tobacco products is required. Additionally, we need to encourage young people and scholars to develop interest in tobacco product control, thus ensuring adequate regulation of new tobacco products.

Cardiogenic shock is an acute circulatory failure due to compromised myocardial contractility associated with congenital heart diseases and cardiomyopathies, such as myocarditis. In this article, the authors present a 3-step overview of cardiogenic shock diagnosis and management to restore tissue oxygen delivery. The first step is early recognition of nonspecific signs of the shock. The second step is medical management, monitoring, and repeated assessment. In addition to conventional parameters, biomarkers may be useful to monitor the shock. The final step is mechanical circulatory support, such as ventricular assist devices, for children with the refractory shock. We also briefly describe the shock in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children with coronavirus disease 2019.

Cardiogenic shock is an acute circulatory failure due to compromised myocardial contractility associated with congenital heart diseases and cardiomyopathies, such as myocarditis. In this article, the authors present a 3-step overview of cardiogenic shock diagnosis and management to restore tissue oxygen delivery. The first step is early recognition of nonspecific signs of the shock. The second step is medical management, monitoring, and repeated assessment. In addition to conventional parameters, biomarkers may be useful to monitor the shock. The final step is mechanical circulatory support, such as ventricular assist devices, for children with the refractory shock. We also briefly describe the shock in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children with coronavirus disease 2019.

Tobacco products are rapidly evolving. Since the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control came to effect in 2005, the parties of the treaty have been aiming to control tobacco use. Moreover, the social norm of smoking has changed. These changes have prompted the tobacco industry to evolve their products and business model. There have been several evolutions in tobacco products. Firstly, new tobacco products, such as electronic cigarettes and heated tobacco products were introduced into markets that were previously dominated by conventional cigarettes. Thus, smokers are able to select alternative tobacco products. Secondly, new devices for tobacco use, including universal serial bus, smart watch, and car key devices, have been developed and released. These devices are popular among females and youth, who wish to hide their smoking behavior. Thirdly, nicotine, which is used in tobacco products, has also evolved. Typically, ‘free-base nicotine’ has been the main form used in tobacco products, because it helps to deliver nicotine quickly to the smoker's brain. However, a new form of nicotine, ‘nicotine salt’, is used in electronic cigarettes. It can deliver a more highly concentrated dose of nicotine to the smoker’s brain. To regulate these evolving products, laws are required to prevent the easy access of new tobacco products in the Korean market and therefore, a new organization for monitoring the evolution of tobacco products is required. Additionally, we need to encourage young people and scholars to develop interest in tobacco product control, thus ensuring adequate regulation of new tobacco products.

Although the Korean government introduced a tobacco tax increase in 2015 and pictorial health warnings on tobacco packages in 2016, the smoking prevalence among Korean adult men has remained steady. More efforts and effective tobacco control policies are needed to tackle the highest smoking prevalence among the member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Plain or standardized packaging of tobacco products has been evaluated as an effective tobacco control policy after its introduction in Australia in 2012. The purpose of this study was to raise awareness of the need to introduce plain packaging of tobacco products in Korea. This study presents information on the following topics: what plain packaging of tobacco products is; the purposes of this policy; the reasons why we need to implement this policy in Korea; the scientific evidence regarding the effects of plain packaging of tobacco products; international developments in the plain packaging of tobacco products; and what we need to consider in order to prepare for the implementation of this policy in Korea. We propose that introducing plain packaging of tobacco products would be beneficial for reinforcing tobacco control policies in Korea and would simultaneously contribute to implementing articles 11 and 13 of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Further studies must be carried out to develop a plain or standardized packaging design of tobacco products in Korea and to prevent the tobacco industry from interrupting the introduction of this policy in Korea, based on other countries' experience.
Adult ; Australia ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development ; Prevalence ; Product Packaging ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Taxes ; Tobacco Industry ; Tobacco Products ; Tobacco