Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a minimally invasive treatment modality used as an alternative to surgery in patients with benign thyroid nodules, recurrent thyroid cancers (RTCs), and primary thyroid microcarcinomas. The Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology (KSThR) initially developed recommendations for the optimal use of RFA for thyroid tumors in 2009 and revised them in 2012 and 2017. As new meaningful evidence has accumulated since 2017 and in response to a growing global interest in the use of RFA for treating malignant thyroid lesions, the task force committee members of the KSThR decided to update the guidelines on the use of RFA for the management of RTCs based on a comprehensive analysis of current literature and expert consensus.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Rosa hybrida has been demonstrated to exert biological effects on several cell types. This study investigated the efficacy of the edible ethanol extract of R.hybrida (EERH) against human colorectal carcinoma cell line (HCT116) cells.MATERIALS/METHODS: HCT116 cells were cultured with different concentrations of EERH (0, 400, 600, 800, and 1,000 µg/mL) in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium. Cell viability was measured using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide and viable cell counting assays. Cell cycle pattern was observed by flow cytometry analysis. The wound-healing migration assay, invasion assay, and zymography were used to determine the migratory and invasive level of HCT116 cells treated with EERH. The protein expression and binding ability level of HCT116 cells following EERH treatment were analyzed via immunoblotting and the electrophoretic mobility shift assay. RESULTS: EERH suppressed HCT116 cell proliferation, thus arresting the G1-phase cell cycle.It also reduced cyclin-dependent kinases and cyclins, which are associated with p27KIP1 expression. Additionally, EERH differentially regulated the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase, p38, and protein kinase B. Moreover, EERH treatment inhibited the enzymatic activity of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and MMP-2, resulting in HCT116 cell migration and invasion. The EERH-induced inhibition of MMP-9 and MMP-2 was attributed to the reduced transcriptional binding of activator protein-1, specificity protein-1, and nuclear factor-κB motifs in HCT116 cells. Kaempferol was identified as the main compound contributing to EERH's antitumor activity. CONCLUSION EERH inhibits HCT116 cell proliferation and metastatic potential. Therefore, it is potentially useful as a preventive and curative nutraceutical agent against colorectal cancer.

Endometriosis, a prevalent but debilitating condition affecting women, poses significant challenges in diagnosis and management. The current 2024 guideline, developed by the Korean Society of Endometriosis (KSE), builds upon the 2018 KSE guideline. This guideline aims to provide customized recommendations tailored to Korea’s unique clinical aspects and medical environment, and addresses key areas such as diagnosis, medical and surgical management, considerations for special populations, and its complex relationship with cancer.

Prostate cancer (PCa) typically occurs in older adults and generally has a relatively long survival period, making it challenging to demonstrate the effectiveness of treatment. In 2012, medical guidelines recommending against PCa screening using prostate-specific antigen (PSA) became widespread, as randomized controlled trials had not consistently shown survival benefits.Current concepts: In South Korea, awareness of PCa has historically been very low, and the rate of PSA test screening has consequently been lower than that in other major developed countries. Additionally, PSA screening has tended to occur within a limited framework accessible only to individuals already aware of the test. Given that PCa is a high-risk cancer predominantly affecting older men in South Korea, unconditionally following medical guidelines from the 2010s that took a negative stance toward PSA screening may exacerbate health inequalities, increase metastatic cancer incidence, and elevate cancer-specific mortality, particularly in light of Korea’s rapidly aging population. Thus, recent shifts in clinical guidelines in the early 2020s, advocating the proactive implementation of PSA-based screening tests as announced by various countries, are significant. These shifts provide additional support for policy responses aligned with Korea’s epidemiological context. Discussion and conclusion: We advocate for increased public discourse on national PCa screening policies. Such policies should be rationally designed to reduce the incidence of high-risk PCa while minimizing the potential harms associated with overdiagnosis and overtreatment.

Intravesical therapy is crucial in treating non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), aiming to prevent recurrence and progression following transurethral resection of bladder tumor. This review provides an overview of intravesical therapies, including Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), intravesical chemotherapy, and emerging treatment modalities.Current Concepts: BCG therapy remains the gold standard for high-risk NMIBC, significantly reducing recurrence and progression rates. However, managing BCG-unresponsive disease remains challenging and necessitates alternative treatment approaches. Intravesical chemotherapy, such as mitomycin C and gemcitabine, is frequently employed for intermediate-to-high-risk NMIBC and as a second-line therapy after BCG failure. Recent advancements have introduced novel intravesical approaches aiming to overcome BCG resistance and enhance treatment efficacy. Innovative methods, including viral gene therapy and nogapendekin alfa-inbakicept, are being studied for their potential to improve tumor eradication while minimizing toxicity. These strategies aim to increase immune activation, increase drug penetration, and reduce recurrence rates in NMIBC.Discussion and Conclusion: Despite advances, optimizing intravesical treatment selection remains challenging. While BCG therapy is effective, resistance and side effects limit its utility, necessitating alternative therapies. Intravesical chemotherapy is beneficial but suboptimal for high-risk NMIBC. Emerging therapies offer promising solutions for BCG-unresponsive NMIBC. Future research should focus on biomarker-driven treatment and combination strategies to enhance clinical outcomes. As new treatments emerge, intravesical therapy will continue to play a pivotal role in managing NMIBC.

Lecanemab and donanemab have received full U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval, and subsequently, lecanemab has been approved by the Korean FDA and it has recently entered commercial use in Korea. This has increased interest in anti-amyloid immunotherapy for Alzheimer’s disease. Anti-amyloid immunotherapy has shown potential to modify the progression of the disease by specifically binding to amyloid β, a key pathological product in Alzheimer’s disease, and eliminating accumulated amyloid plaques in the brain. However, this treatment can be accompanied by a side-effect, amyloid-related imaging abnormalities (ARIA), which requires periodic monitoring by MRI. It is crucial to detect ARIA and accurately assess the severity by radiology. The role of the radiologist is important in this context, requiring proficiency in basic knowledge of ARIA, and in diagnosing/evaluating ARIA. This review aims to comprehensively cover aspects of ARIA, including its definition, pathophysiology, incidence, risk factors, assessment of severity by radiology, differential diagnosis, and management.

Obstructed hemivagina and ipsilateral renal anomaly (OHVIRA) syndrome is a rare Müllerian duct anomaly, commonly characterized by uterus didelphys, obstructed hemivagina, and ipsilateral renal agenesis. While these are the three most common genitourinary anomalies in OHVIRA syndrome, a spectrum of urogenital anomalies can be present. Knowledge of this spectrum is crucial for proper patient management and treatment planning. In this case series, we report on five patients with OHVIRA syndrome, each presenting with a urogenital anomaly other than the typical renal agenesis or uterus didelphys. We highlight the gynecological complications encountered, which clinicians and radiologists should be aware of.