Purpose: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by alveolar destruction and increased inflammation, leading to respiratory symptoms. This study aimed to identify the traits for COPD progression from mild to severe stages. Additionally, we explored the correlation between coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) and COPD to uncover overlapping respiratory patterns. Materials and Methods: Bulk RNA sequencing was conducted on data from 43 healthy individuals and 39 COPD patients across one dataset (GSE239897) to distinguish COPD characteristics. Single-cell RNA analysis was then performed on samples from seven mild patients, seven moderate patients, and three severe patients from three datasets (GSE167295, GSE173896, and GSE227691) to analyze disease progression. Finally, single-nuclei RNA analysis was applied to data from seven healthy individuals and 20 COVID-19 patients from one dataset (GSE171524) to compare the two conditions. Results: Bulk RNA sequencing revealed enhanced inflammatory pathways in COPD patients, indicating increased inflammation.Single-cell RNA sequencing showed a stronger inflammatory response from mild to moderate COPD with a decrease from moderate to severe stages. COVID-19 displayed similar biological patterns to moderate COPD, suggesting that stage-specific COPD analysis could enhance COVID-19 management. Conclusion The analysis found that immune responses increased from mild to moderate stages but declined in severe cases, marked by reduced pulmonary T cell activation. The overlap between moderate COPD and COVID-19 suggests shared therapeutic strategies, warranting further investigation.

Purpose: This study evaluated hospitalized patients’ knowledge, attitudes, and adherence to hand hygiene practices and aimed to identify the factors influencing adherence during hospitalization. Methods: This cross-sectional correlational study was conducted using a structured questionnaire with 165 adult inpatients at a tertiary care hospital. Data collected between March 6 and 17, 2023, were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson correlations, multiple linear regression, and SPSS/WIN 27.0 software. Results: The mean knowledge score was 9.02/12, and the attitude mean score was 1.68 on a -3 to +3 scale. The average adherence level was 3.83/5 before hospitalization but 3.36 during hospitalization. Adherence was highest after restroom use and before meals, and lowest before and after room transfers. Hand hygiene adherence was positively correlated with knowledge (r=.42, p<.001), attitude (r=.21, p=.008), and daily hand hygiene (r=.65, p<.001). Key predictors of hand hygiene adherence included daily hand hygiene (β=.58, p<.001), knowledge (β=.15, p=.021), caregiver’s hand hygiene (β=.14, p=.024), and other patients’ hand hygiene (β=.12, p=.049), explaining 50.0% of the variance. Conclusion Improving hand hygiene adherence among inpatients requires targeted education, supportive environments, and public awareness. Emphasizing factors such as daily hand hygiene adherence, knowledge, caregiver’s hand hygiene practices, and other patients’ behaviors can effectively reduce healthcare-associated infections and improve patient safety.

Purpose: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by alveolar destruction and increased inflammation, leading to respiratory symptoms. This study aimed to identify the traits for COPD progression from mild to severe stages. Additionally, we explored the correlation between coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) and COPD to uncover overlapping respiratory patterns. Materials and Methods: Bulk RNA sequencing was conducted on data from 43 healthy individuals and 39 COPD patients across one dataset (GSE239897) to distinguish COPD characteristics. Single-cell RNA analysis was then performed on samples from seven mild patients, seven moderate patients, and three severe patients from three datasets (GSE167295, GSE173896, and GSE227691) to analyze disease progression. Finally, single-nuclei RNA analysis was applied to data from seven healthy individuals and 20 COVID-19 patients from one dataset (GSE171524) to compare the two conditions. Results: Bulk RNA sequencing revealed enhanced inflammatory pathways in COPD patients, indicating increased inflammation.Single-cell RNA sequencing showed a stronger inflammatory response from mild to moderate COPD with a decrease from moderate to severe stages. COVID-19 displayed similar biological patterns to moderate COPD, suggesting that stage-specific COPD analysis could enhance COVID-19 management. Conclusion The analysis found that immune responses increased from mild to moderate stages but declined in severe cases, marked by reduced pulmonary T cell activation. The overlap between moderate COPD and COVID-19 suggests shared therapeutic strategies, warranting further investigation.

Purpose: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by alveolar destruction and increased inflammation, leading to respiratory symptoms. This study aimed to identify the traits for COPD progression from mild to severe stages. Additionally, we explored the correlation between coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) and COPD to uncover overlapping respiratory patterns. Materials and Methods: Bulk RNA sequencing was conducted on data from 43 healthy individuals and 39 COPD patients across one dataset (GSE239897) to distinguish COPD characteristics. Single-cell RNA analysis was then performed on samples from seven mild patients, seven moderate patients, and three severe patients from three datasets (GSE167295, GSE173896, and GSE227691) to analyze disease progression. Finally, single-nuclei RNA analysis was applied to data from seven healthy individuals and 20 COVID-19 patients from one dataset (GSE171524) to compare the two conditions. Results: Bulk RNA sequencing revealed enhanced inflammatory pathways in COPD patients, indicating increased inflammation.Single-cell RNA sequencing showed a stronger inflammatory response from mild to moderate COPD with a decrease from moderate to severe stages. COVID-19 displayed similar biological patterns to moderate COPD, suggesting that stage-specific COPD analysis could enhance COVID-19 management. Conclusion The analysis found that immune responses increased from mild to moderate stages but declined in severe cases, marked by reduced pulmonary T cell activation. The overlap between moderate COPD and COVID-19 suggests shared therapeutic strategies, warranting further investigation.

Purpose: This study evaluated hospitalized patients’ knowledge, attitudes, and adherence to hand hygiene practices and aimed to identify the factors influencing adherence during hospitalization. Methods: This cross-sectional correlational study was conducted using a structured questionnaire with 165 adult inpatients at a tertiary care hospital. Data collected between March 6 and 17, 2023, were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson correlations, multiple linear regression, and SPSS/WIN 27.0 software. Results: The mean knowledge score was 9.02/12, and the attitude mean score was 1.68 on a -3 to +3 scale. The average adherence level was 3.83/5 before hospitalization but 3.36 during hospitalization. Adherence was highest after restroom use and before meals, and lowest before and after room transfers. Hand hygiene adherence was positively correlated with knowledge (r=.42, p<.001), attitude (r=.21, p=.008), and daily hand hygiene (r=.65, p<.001). Key predictors of hand hygiene adherence included daily hand hygiene (β=.58, p<.001), knowledge (β=.15, p=.021), caregiver’s hand hygiene (β=.14, p=.024), and other patients’ hand hygiene (β=.12, p=.049), explaining 50.0% of the variance. Conclusion Improving hand hygiene adherence among inpatients requires targeted education, supportive environments, and public awareness. Emphasizing factors such as daily hand hygiene adherence, knowledge, caregiver’s hand hygiene practices, and other patients’ behaviors can effectively reduce healthcare-associated infections and improve patient safety.

Purpose: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by alveolar destruction and increased inflammation, leading to respiratory symptoms. This study aimed to identify the traits for COPD progression from mild to severe stages. Additionally, we explored the correlation between coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) and COPD to uncover overlapping respiratory patterns. Materials and Methods: Bulk RNA sequencing was conducted on data from 43 healthy individuals and 39 COPD patients across one dataset (GSE239897) to distinguish COPD characteristics. Single-cell RNA analysis was then performed on samples from seven mild patients, seven moderate patients, and three severe patients from three datasets (GSE167295, GSE173896, and GSE227691) to analyze disease progression. Finally, single-nuclei RNA analysis was applied to data from seven healthy individuals and 20 COVID-19 patients from one dataset (GSE171524) to compare the two conditions. Results: Bulk RNA sequencing revealed enhanced inflammatory pathways in COPD patients, indicating increased inflammation.Single-cell RNA sequencing showed a stronger inflammatory response from mild to moderate COPD with a decrease from moderate to severe stages. COVID-19 displayed similar biological patterns to moderate COPD, suggesting that stage-specific COPD analysis could enhance COVID-19 management. Conclusion The analysis found that immune responses increased from mild to moderate stages but declined in severe cases, marked by reduced pulmonary T cell activation. The overlap between moderate COPD and COVID-19 suggests shared therapeutic strategies, warranting further investigation.

Purpose: This study evaluated hospitalized patients’ knowledge, attitudes, and adherence to hand hygiene practices and aimed to identify the factors influencing adherence during hospitalization. Methods: This cross-sectional correlational study was conducted using a structured questionnaire with 165 adult inpatients at a tertiary care hospital. Data collected between March 6 and 17, 2023, were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson correlations, multiple linear regression, and SPSS/WIN 27.0 software. Results: The mean knowledge score was 9.02/12, and the attitude mean score was 1.68 on a -3 to +3 scale. The average adherence level was 3.83/5 before hospitalization but 3.36 during hospitalization. Adherence was highest after restroom use and before meals, and lowest before and after room transfers. Hand hygiene adherence was positively correlated with knowledge (r=.42, p<.001), attitude (r=.21, p=.008), and daily hand hygiene (r=.65, p<.001). Key predictors of hand hygiene adherence included daily hand hygiene (β=.58, p<.001), knowledge (β=.15, p=.021), caregiver’s hand hygiene (β=.14, p=.024), and other patients’ hand hygiene (β=.12, p=.049), explaining 50.0% of the variance. Conclusion Improving hand hygiene adherence among inpatients requires targeted education, supportive environments, and public awareness. Emphasizing factors such as daily hand hygiene adherence, knowledge, caregiver’s hand hygiene practices, and other patients’ behaviors can effectively reduce healthcare-associated infections and improve patient safety.

Purpose: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by alveolar destruction and increased inflammation, leading to respiratory symptoms. This study aimed to identify the traits for COPD progression from mild to severe stages. Additionally, we explored the correlation between coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) and COPD to uncover overlapping respiratory patterns. Materials and Methods: Bulk RNA sequencing was conducted on data from 43 healthy individuals and 39 COPD patients across one dataset (GSE239897) to distinguish COPD characteristics. Single-cell RNA analysis was then performed on samples from seven mild patients, seven moderate patients, and three severe patients from three datasets (GSE167295, GSE173896, and GSE227691) to analyze disease progression. Finally, single-nuclei RNA analysis was applied to data from seven healthy individuals and 20 COVID-19 patients from one dataset (GSE171524) to compare the two conditions. Results: Bulk RNA sequencing revealed enhanced inflammatory pathways in COPD patients, indicating increased inflammation.Single-cell RNA sequencing showed a stronger inflammatory response from mild to moderate COPD with a decrease from moderate to severe stages. COVID-19 displayed similar biological patterns to moderate COPD, suggesting that stage-specific COPD analysis could enhance COVID-19 management. Conclusion The analysis found that immune responses increased from mild to moderate stages but declined in severe cases, marked by reduced pulmonary T cell activation. The overlap between moderate COPD and COVID-19 suggests shared therapeutic strategies, warranting further investigation.

Background: Protease-activated protein-2 (PAR2) has been reported to regulate hepatic insulin resistance condition in type 2 diabetes mice. However, the mechanism of lipid metabolism through PAR2 in obesity mice have not yet been examined. In liver, Forkhead box O1 (FoxO1) activity induces peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), leading to accumulation of lipids and hyperlipidemia. Hyperlipidemia significantly influence hepatic steatoses, but the mechanisms underlying PAR2 signaling are complex and have not yet been elucidated. Methods: To examine the modulatory action of FoxO1 and its altered interaction with PPARγ, we utilized db/db mice and PAR2-knockout (KO) mice administered with high-fat diet (HFD). Results: Here, we demonstrated that PAR2 was overexpressed and regulated downstream gene expressions in db/db but not in db+ mice. The interaction between PAR2/β-arrestin and Akt was also greater in db/db mice. The Akt inhibition increased FoxO1 activity and subsequently PPARγ gene in the livers that led to hepatic lipid accumulation. Our data showed that FoxO1 was negatively controlled by Akt signaling and consequently, the activity of a major lipogenesis-associated transcription factors such as PPARγ increased, leading to hepatic lipid accumulation through the PAR2 pathway under hyperglycemic conditions in mice. Furthermore, the association between PPARγ and FoxO1 was increased in hepatic steatosis condition in db/db mice. However, HFD-fed PAR2-KO mice showed suppressed FoxO1-induced hepatic lipid accumulation compared with HFD-fed control groups. Conclusion Collectively, our results provide evidence that the interaction of FoxO1 with PPARγ promotes hepatic steatosis in mice. This might be due to defects in PAR2/β-arrestin-mediated Akt signaling in diabetic and HFD-fed mice.