Bazedoxifene, used as bazedoxifene acetate, is a selective estrogen receptor modulator that selectively affects the uterus, breast tissue, bone metabolism, and lipid metabolism by antagonizing or enhancing estrogens in the estrogen receptor in the tissue. This study was conducted as an open, randomized, two-period, two-treatment, crossover design to compare the pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics and tolerability of two bazedoxifene tablets when administered to 50 healthy Korean male volunteers. Enrolled subjects were randomly allocated to 2 sequences of a single oral administration of a test drug and a reference drug, or vice versa with a 14-day washout period between the two doses. Serial blood samples were collected over 96 h for PK analysis. Plasma concentration of bazedoxifene was assayed using liquid chromatography-tandem spectrometry mass. Forty-five participants completed the study with no clinically relevant safety issues. The peak concentrations (Cmax, mean ± strandard deviation) of reference drug and test drug were 3.191 ± 1.080 and 3.231 ± 1.346 ng/mL, respectively, and the areas under the plasma concentration‐time curve from 0 to the last measurable concentration (AUClast) were 44.697 ± 21.168 ng∙h/mL and 45.902 ± 23.130 ng∙h/mL, respectively. The geometric mean ratios of test drug to reference drug and their 90% confidence intervals for Cmax and AUClast were 0.9913 (0.8828–1.1132) and 1.0106 (0.9345–1.0929), respectively. The incidence of adverse events between the two formulations was similar. The present study showed that PK and tolerability of two bazedoxifene tablet formulations were comparable when administered to healthy Korean male volunteers.

Rituximab is a monoclonal antibody used for the treatment of B-cell malignancies, including diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Infusion-related hypersensitivity reactions to rituximab is well known, and delayed hypersensitivity reactions to rituximab are also reported. Desensitization is commonly used to prevent immediate hypersensitivity reactions, but recently there have been cases of successful desensitization therapy for delayed hypersensitivity reactions. A 66-year-old patient who underwent rituximab treatment for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma showed repeated rituximab-induced delayed hypersensitivity reactions with whole body rashes. Intravenous rapid desensitization was performed by using a 1-bottle, 11-step protocol for 6 cycles and thereafter hypersensitivity reaction did not recur. We herein reported a case of delayed hypersensitivity reaction caused by rituximab, which was successfully desensitized using our 11-step protocol.
Aged ; B-Lymphocytes ; Desensitization, Immunologic ; Exanthema ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Hypersensitivity, Delayed ; Hypersensitivity, Immediate ; Lymphoma, B-Cell ; Rituximab

The purpose of this study is to propose learning objectives in social dental hygiene by analyzing and reviewing learning objectives in oral health administration area of the existing public oral health. This study is a cross-sectional study. The subjects of the study selected with convenience extraction were 15 members of the social dental hygiene subcommittee of the Korean Society of Dental Hygiene Science. Data collection was conducted by self-filling questionnaire. The research tool is from 48 items of A division in the book of learning objectives in the dental hygienist national examination, and this study classified each of them into ‘dental hygiene job relevance’, ‘dental hygiene competency relevance’, ‘timeliness’, and ‘value discrimination of educational goal setting’ to comprise 192 items. Also, to collect expert opinions, this study conducted Delphi survey on 7 academic experts. Statistical analysis was performed using the IBM SPSS Statistics ver. 23.0 program (IBM Co., Armonk, NY, USA). Recoding was performed according to the degree of relevance of each learning objective and frequency analysis was performed. This study removed 18 items from the whole learning objectives in the dental hygienist national examination in the oral health administration area of public oral health. Fifteen revisions were made and 15 existing learning objectives were maintained. Forty-five learning objectives were proposed as new social dental hygiene learning objectives. The topics of learning objectives are divided into social security and medical assistance, oral health care system, oral health administration, and oral health policy. As a result of this study, it was necessary to construct the learning objectives of social dental hygiene in response to changing situation at the time. The contents of education should be revised in order of revision of learning objectives, development of competency, development of learning materials, and national examination.
Cross-Sectional Studies ; Data Collection ; Dental Hygienists ; Discrimination (Psychology) ; Education ; Expert Testimony ; Humans ; Hygiene ; Learning* ; Medical Assistance ; Oral Health* ; Oral Hygiene* ; Social Security

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR) professional periodontal care program model for patients with hypertension and diabetes. METHODS: This descriptive case study included 151 participants of the professional periodontal care program. The CBPR-based professional periodontal care program consists of 5-steps: ‘Issue identification and prioritization’ (Step 1), ‘Strategy development’ (Step 2), ‘Entry into community’ (Step 3), ‘Implementation’ (Step 4), and ‘Transition’ (Step 5). Quantitative data were analyzed using frequency analysis, and descriptive data with PASW 23.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The results of the Focus group interview (FGI) were classified as ‘general opinions regarding the program planning and operation receptiveness’, ‘sustainability’, ‘potential spread of the program’, and ‘improvement of program’. The interviews were qualitative research involving seven people. RESULTS: 1. Participants increased their interest in health and oral health by managing their hypertension, diabetes, and periodontal disease using community resources. Through this, healthy practices and improved awareness helped to prevent complications and manage periodontal diseases. 2. Community organizations actively cooperated, resulting in positive changes in oral health practices (increased registration of patients in education centers for hypertension and diabetes, and increased number of patients visiting the local dental clinic). In the future, it was positive to participate in the program continuously. CONCLUSIONS: The most important step is ‘Entry into community’, which has led to active participation and cooperation of community organizations and participants. Therefore, community organizations and strategy development should be discussed, and the role of community leaders should be emphasized to build cooperative relationships. In addition, participation in and collaboration with health-based projects should be achieved through a search of various community organizations.
Chronic Disease ; Community-Based Participatory Research ; Consumer Participation ; Cooperative Behavior ; Education ; Focus Groups ; Humans ; Hypertension* ; Oral Health ; Periodontal Diseases ; Qualitative Research

Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) has been used to protect neurological functions in cardiac arrest patient. Although Osborn wave is not pathognomonic of hypothermia, it is a well-known electrocardiogram finding of hypothermic patients. The cellular and ionic mechanisms of the Osborn wave have been suggested, and its relationship to tachyarrhythmias, such as ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation, is being explored. This case highlights the arrhythmogenic potential of Osborn wave and individual difference in response of TH.
Electrocardiography ; Heart Arrest ; Humans ; Hypothermia* ; Individuality ; Tachycardia ; Tachycardia, Ventricular ; Ventricular Fibrillation*

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this 7-year study was to examine regional differences in scaling experience rate. METHODS: This study used data on scaling experience rate from the Community Health Survey (CHS) obtained between 2008 and 2014. The standardized frequency of scaling experience rate was analyzed using the SPSS 20.0 program, and shown as a Box Plot. Using the Map Wizard for Excel 10.0, the scaling experience rate in each region was illustrated using Geographic Information System (GIS). RESULTS: The scaling experience rate in 2008 was 18.6% and in 2014, was 34.9%. From 2008 to 2014, the annual rate of scaling experience increased approximately 1.8 times. The scaling experience appeared to form clustering on GIS, and there were differences in scaling experience rate between cities, towns, and districts. Although the scaling experience rate increased, the gap between regions seems consistent. CONCLUSIONS: The Scaling Experience rate increased annually, but regional differences did not decrease. Therefore, oral health care professionals in each community should strive to improve the scaling experience rate.
Geographic Information Systems ; Health Surveys ; Oral Health

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to know whether ultrasonography is proper diagnostic tool for decision of treatment method or not, as compared the efficacy of US in allowing identifying fracture patterns of nasal bone with that of CT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty patients with nasal trauma were investigated prospectively by CT and US. According to CT and ultrasonographic findings, each case of nasal bone injury were rated as grade 1 (nasal injury but not fracture), grade 2 (simple fracture without displacement), grade 3 (unilateral simple fracture with displacement), grade 4 (bilateral simple fractures with displacement), and grade 5 (bilateral comminuted fractures with depression). Assessment for ultrasonographic method were defined as overestimations or underestimation according to whether the nasal fracture had been assigned a higher or lower grade at the review of the findings of CT. The correlation between the results of CT and ultrasonography were measured. RESULTS: In ultrasonographic estimation of grade of 50 cases of nasal bone injuries, there were correctly graded in 42 cases, overestimated in 5 cases, underestimated in 3 cases. In allowing accurate grading of nasal bone injury, images of nasal ultrasonography correlated closely with those of CT (r = 0.796). CONCLUSION: Nasal ultrasonography is a reliable method that allows appropriate grading of nasal bone injury and would be a useful first line imaging method in providing the detail necessary for proper management of patients with mild simple nasal bone injury.
Fractures, Comminuted ; Humans ; Nasal Bone ; Prospective Studies

BACKGROUND: Adolescence is an important period with respect to health promotion, because development of health behavior at this stage is the foundation of health in adalts. Among the social factors, family factor which affects the primary social function can be the most fundamental. We investigated the effects of father's health behavior on the health behavior of their children during adolescence. METHODS: From June to August 1999, 300 adolescent students from middle schools and high schools of areas including four cities (Seoul, Incheon, Anyang, Gunpo) and their fathers were questioned about general characteristics and health behavior such as smoking, alcohol drinking, exercise, duration of sleep, body weight, height and eating habits for breakfast ('Alameda 7'). The relationship between father's health behavior and their adolescents' health behavior was analyzed by chi-squared test. RESULTS: Among 300 adolescents and their fathers, 211 pairs responded appropriately to the questionnaires. Adolescent's smoking was not associated with father's smoking. In drinking there was no significant association between father and adolescent, but in drinking amount, father's high drinking amount was significantly associated in all students, especially in females and high school students. Regular diet, exercise, sleep did not show significant association between father and adolescent. The proportion of obesity in adolescents whose fathers were obese was significantly greater compared to those whose fathers were not. CONCLUSION: High drinking amount and obesity had a statistical significance of association between fathers and adolescents. When we consider adolescents' health behavior, their fathers' health behavior must be considered.
Adolescent ; Alcohol Drinking ; Body Weight ; Breakfast ; Child ; Diet ; Drinking ; Eating ; Fathers ; Female ; Gyeonggi-do ; Health Behavior* ; Health Promotion ; Humans ; Incheon ; Obesity ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Surveys and Questionnaires

BACKGROUND: Adolescence is an important period with respect to health promotion, because development of health behavior at this stage is the foundation of health in adalts. Among the social factors, family factor which affects the primary social function can be the most fundamental. We investigated the effects of father's health behavior on the health behavior of their children during adolescence. METHODS: From June to August 1999, 300 adolescent students from middle schools and high schools of areas including four cities (Seoul, Incheon, Anyang, Gunpo) and their fathers were questioned about general characteristics and health behavior such as smoking, alcohol drinking, exercise, duration of sleep, body weight, height and eating habits for breakfast ('Alameda 7'). The relationship between father's health behavior and their adolescents' health behavior was analyzed by chi-squared test. RESULTS: Among 300 adolescents and their fathers, 211 pairs responded appropriately to the questionnaires. Adolescent's smoking was not associated with father's smoking. In drinking there was no significant association between father and adolescent, but in drinking amount, father's high drinking amount was significantly associated in all students, especially in females and high school students. Regular diet, exercise, sleep did not show significant association between father and adolescent. The proportion of obesity in adolescents whose fathers were obese was significantly greater compared to those whose fathers were not. CONCLUSION: High drinking amount and obesity had a statistical significance of association between fathers and adolescents. When we consider adolescents' health behavior, their fathers' health behavior must be considered.
Adolescent ; Alcohol Drinking ; Body Weight ; Breakfast ; Child ; Diet ; Drinking ; Eating ; Fathers ; Female ; Gyeonggi-do ; Health Behavior* ; Health Promotion ; Humans ; Incheon ; Obesity ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Gastrointestinal involvement has been reported to occur in about 10 to 20% of patients with malignant lymphoma. The most common gastrointestinal site for the lymphoma is the stomach, followed by the small intestine, the ileocecal region and the colon. The esophagus is the least commonly involved gastrointestinal organ, accounting for less than 1% of patients with malignant lymphoma. We describe a case of primary esophageal and small bowel lymphoma presenting with bilateral main bronchial obstruction. The patient was treated with radiation therapy, small bowel segmental resection and combination chemotherapy. We report a case with a review of the relevant literature.
Colon ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Esophagus ; Humans ; Intestine, Small ; Lymphoma* ; Stomach