Airway management is a fundamental and complex process that involves a sequence of integrated tasks. Situations requiring emergency airway management may occur in the emergency department, intensive care units, and various other clinical spaces. A variety of challenges can arise during emergency airway preparation, intubation, and postintubation, which may result in significant complications for patients. Therefore, many countries are establishing step-by-step systemization and detailed guidelines and/or updating their content based on the latest research. This clinical review introduces the current trends in emergency airway management, such as emergency airway management algorithms, comparison of video and direct laryngoscopy, rapid sequence intubation, pediatric airway management, prehospital airway management, surgical airway management, and airway management education.

Airway management is a fundamental and complex process that involves a sequence of integrated tasks. Situations requiring emergency airway management may occur in the emergency department, intensive care units, and various other clinical spaces. A variety of challenges can arise during emergency airway preparation, intubation, and postintubation, which may result in significant complications for patients. Therefore, many countries are establishing step-by-step systemization and detailed guidelines and/or updating their content based on the latest research. This clinical review introduces the current trends in emergency airway management, such as emergency airway management algorithms, comparison of video and direct laryngoscopy, rapid sequence intubation, pediatric airway management, prehospital airway management, surgical airway management, and airway management education.

Airway management is a fundamental and complex process that involves a sequence of integrated tasks. Situations requiring emergency airway management may occur in the emergency department, intensive care units, and various other clinical spaces. A variety of challenges can arise during emergency airway preparation, intubation, and postintubation, which may result in significant complications for patients. Therefore, many countries are establishing step-by-step systemization and detailed guidelines and/or updating their content based on the latest research. This clinical review introduces the current trends in emergency airway management, such as emergency airway management algorithms, comparison of video and direct laryngoscopy, rapid sequence intubation, pediatric airway management, prehospital airway management, surgical airway management, and airway management education.

Background: Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (PDTC) accounts for a small portion of thyroid carcinomas but contributes to a significant proportion of thyroid carcinoma-associated deaths. The clinicopathological prognostic factors and clinical outcomes of PDTC remain unclear. We aimed to evaluate the clinical outcomes of patients with PDTC after curative treatment. Methods: A comprehensive search was performed up to September 2023. We included studies investigating treatment outcomes in patients with PDTC who underwent initial surgery. The 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were extracted. In this meta-analysis, the enrolled PDTC histological criteria included 3rd, 4th, and 5th World Health Organization (WHO) and Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) classification. A random-effects model was used for the pooled proportion analysis. Meta-regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the prognostic factors. Results: Twenty retrospective studies published between 2007 and 2023, including 1,294 patients, met all inclusion criteria. Studies that diagnosed PDTC based on various histological criteria including 3rd WHO (n=5), 4th WHO (n=12), 5th WHO (n=2), and MSKCC (n=1) were included. Overall, 5-year DFS and 5-year OS were 49.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 42.3 to 56.4) and 73.8% (95% CI, 66.5 to 79.9), with moderate heterogeneity of 58% and 55%, respectively. In meta-regression analysis, extrathyroidal extension (ETE) was a prognostic factor for OS. Conclusion The meta-analysis of DFS and OS in patients with PDTC show the moderate heterogeneity with a variety of histological criteria. ETE appears to have a significant impact on OS, regardless of histological criteria.

Background: The immunological and histopathological understanding of rosacea subtypes remain unclear. This study aimed to characterize erythematotelangiectatic rosacea (ETR), papulopustular rosacea (PPR), and granulomatous rosacea (GR) immunologically through facial punch biopsy samples. Objective: Our goal was to investigate the immunohistochemical profile of rosacea subtypes, providing insights into pathogenesis for targeted therapies. Methods: Biopsy samples from 52 rosacea patients and 25 controls were stained for antibodies retrospectively. Statistical analyses identified expression differences. Results: In the rosacea group (average age, 55.0; male-to-female ratio, 1:2.1), Langerhans cell count, p53, and vitamin D receptor expression showed no differences from controls or among subtypes. Claudin-1 and occludin expression decreased in rosacea compared to controls, with no variance among subtypes. Demodex mites were present in 40.4% of rosacea cases vs. 8.0% in controls (p=0.003), more frequently in PPR than GR, and absent in ETR. Neutrophil elastase expression mirrored the Demodex pattern. The CD4/CD8 ratio averaged 2.15 in rosacea without differences among subtypes. CD20 and CD68 expression increased in rosacea, escalating in the order of ETR, PPR, and GR, mirroring matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2). ETR exhibited insignificant CD20 and MMP-2 expression. Conclusion Our findings validate a CD4＋ T cell-driven response across all rosacea subtypes. Increased neutrophils, B cells, and macrophages, likely influenced by Demodex, were observed in PPR and GR. Demodex mites may recruit additional B cells and macrophages, potentially linked to MMP-2 expression. This comprehensive characterization offers additional insights into the immunopathogenesis of rosacea, paving the way for targeted interventions.

Background: Eosinophilic cellulitis, also known as Wells’ syndrome, is an uncommon skin disease characterized by recurrent pruritic polymorphous plaques or nodules. There is limited knowledge in the Korean literature regarding the clinical characteristics and course of eosinophilic cellulitis. Objective: To investigate the clinical and histological features of eosinophilic cellulitis in Korean patients. Methods: In this case series study, we retrospectively reviewed the electronic medical records of patients diagnosed with eosinophilic cellulitis at our institutions from 2004 to 2022. We also analyzed the literature published in dermatology and internal medicine journals in Korea. Results: A total of 17 patients were included in this study (age, 39.4±21.8 years; 12 male [70.6%]), with an average disease duration of 4.4 months. We identified six clinical variants, with the typical plaque type being the most common (33.3%), followed by the papulonodular type (22.2%). Eosinophilia was observed in 78.6% of patients, and a flame figure, which is a typical histopathological feature of eosinophilic cellulitis, was observed in 52.9% of patients. Systemic and topical steroids and antihistamines were used as first-line treatment with generally favorable results (82.4%), followed by antibiotics (35.3%), cyclosporine (23.5%), and topical calcineurin inhibitors (23.5%).The recurrence rate during the mean follow-up period of 21.8 months was 29.4%. Conclusion Eosinophilic cellulitis can present with various clinical manifestations, and flame figures do not appear in all cases; therefore, clinical and histological correlations are critical for accurate diagnosis of patients with eosinophilic cellulitis.

Purpose: Genital injury is a common pediatric injury. Given the lack of nationwide data, the authors aimed to show age group-related epidemiologic features of genital injury in Korea. Methods: We reviewed the data from 2011-2016 Emergency Department-based Injury In-depth Surveillance registry, which involves 23 emergency departments in Korea. From the dataset, we included children (< 18 years) with the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision codes related to genital injury as the final diagnosis with excluding those with other codes or combined injuries. Age groups were defined as follows; infants (< 1 year), toddlers (1-3), preschoolers (4-6), schoolers (7-12), and adolescents (13-17). The clinical features and outcomes were analyzed. Results: A total of 3,030 children were included with the median age of 6 years (interquartile range, 4-10) and the proportion of girls of 53.0%. Only 144 children (4.8%) were transported by the emergency medical service providers. The most common mechanism and place were blunt injury (1,826 [60.3%]) and home (1,535 [50.7%]), respectively. Of the codes, “Contusion of external genital organs (S30.2)” was most common (1,574 [51.9%]). As for outcomes, 2,770 children (91.4%) were discharged, 252 (8.3%) were hospitalized (intensive care units, 1 child [0.03%]), and 108 (3.6%) underwent surgery. Severe injury occurred in 111 children (3.7%) without a mortality. With increasing age in the age groups, non-accidental injury, school and sports-related injuries, hospitalization, and surgery (All Ps < 0.001). Conclusion Genital injury may occur at evening, in spring and summer, at home, and in the form of accidental or blunt injury. Most children are discharged. Contrary to these general features, older children tend to undergo more frequently non-accidental injury, school and sports-related injuries, hospitalization, and surgery. Thus, we need age-specific strategies for injury prevention.

Eccrine nevus is an extremely rare benign cutaneous hamartoma that usually occurs in childhood and adolescence. It has a wide range of clinical manifestations, and histological findings reveal a proliferation of structurally normal eccrine ducts. Herein, we present a case of eccrine nevus on the neck of an 8-year-old girl. Our literature review reveals that the head and neck region is a rare anatomical location for eccrine nevus as it has a predilection for extremities. Our review also suggests that overlying skin changes are common in eccrine nevus regardless of accompanying localized hyperhidrosis.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate public preferences regarding allocation principles for scarce medical resources in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, particularly in comparison with the recommendations of ethicists. Methods: An online survey was conducted with a nationally representative sample of 1509 adults residing in Korea, from November 2 to 5, 2020. The degree of agreement with resource allocation principles in the context of the medical resource constraints precipitated by the COVID-19 pandemic was examined. The results were then compared with ethicists’ recommendations. We also examined whether the perceived severity of COVID-19 explained differences in individual preferences, and by doing so, whether perceived severity helps explain discrepancies between public preferences and ethicists’ recommendations. Results: Overall, the public of Korea agreed strongly with the principles of “save the most lives,” “Koreans first,” and “sickest first,” but less with “random selection,” in contrast to the recommendations of ethicists. “Save the most lives” was given the highest priority by both the public and ethicists. Higher perceived severity of the pandemic was associated with a greater likelihood of agreeing with allocation principles based on utilitarianism, as well as those promoting and rewarding social usefulness, in line with the opinions of expert ethicists. Conclusions The general public of Korea preferred rationing scarce medical resources in the COVID-19 pandemic predominantly based on utilitarianism, identity and prioritarianism, rather than egalitarianism. Further research is needed to explore the reasons for discrepancies between public preferences and ethicists’ recommendations.