Background/Objectives: Pediatric parotid malignancies are rare but represent a critical subset of head and neck cancers. This study integrates nationwide incidence trends in Korea with detailed surgical outcomes from a single tertiary institution to better understand the characteristics and management of these tumors.Materials & Methods: Nationwide data from the Korea Central Cancer Registry (1999-2019) were analyzed to assess trends in pediatric parotid malignancy incidence. A retrospective review was conducted on 31 pediatric parotidectomy cases at a tertiary hospital from 2011 to 2024. Clinical data, surgical methods, pathology results, and follow-up outcomes were examined. Results: Nationwide analysis revealed an annual mean of 9.0 ± 4.0 cases of pediatric parotid malignancies, with a significant rise in incidence among patients aged 10-19 years (APC 5.4%, 95% CI 1.1-9.8, p=0.016). Institutional data showed that the median age of patients underwent parotidectomy was 15.0 years, with males comprising 67.7%. Among 31 cases, 19 (61.3%) were benign, primarily pleomorphic adenomas (68.4%), and 12 (38.7%) were malignant, predominantly mucoepidermoid carcinoma (87.5%). Superficial or partial parotidectomy was the most common surgical approach (71.0%), and no unexpected complications or recurrences were observed. Conclusion Pediatric parotid malignancies in Korea exhibit rising incidence rates, particularly among teenagers. Surgical outcomes confirm the predominance of pleomorphic adenomas and mucoepidermoid carcinomas. Pediatric parotid surgery is a procedure with minimized complications and a promising prognosis. Tailored treatment strategies adapted to the unique characteristics of pediatric patients are essential to optimize outcomes.

Background/Objectives: Pediatric parotid malignancies are rare but represent a critical subset of head and neck cancers. This study integrates nationwide incidence trends in Korea with detailed surgical outcomes from a single tertiary institution to better understand the characteristics and management of these tumors.Materials & Methods: Nationwide data from the Korea Central Cancer Registry (1999-2019) were analyzed to assess trends in pediatric parotid malignancy incidence. A retrospective review was conducted on 31 pediatric parotidectomy cases at a tertiary hospital from 2011 to 2024. Clinical data, surgical methods, pathology results, and follow-up outcomes were examined. Results: Nationwide analysis revealed an annual mean of 9.0 ± 4.0 cases of pediatric parotid malignancies, with a significant rise in incidence among patients aged 10-19 years (APC 5.4%, 95% CI 1.1-9.8, p=0.016). Institutional data showed that the median age of patients underwent parotidectomy was 15.0 years, with males comprising 67.7%. Among 31 cases, 19 (61.3%) were benign, primarily pleomorphic adenomas (68.4%), and 12 (38.7%) were malignant, predominantly mucoepidermoid carcinoma (87.5%). Superficial or partial parotidectomy was the most common surgical approach (71.0%), and no unexpected complications or recurrences were observed. Conclusion Pediatric parotid malignancies in Korea exhibit rising incidence rates, particularly among teenagers. Surgical outcomes confirm the predominance of pleomorphic adenomas and mucoepidermoid carcinomas. Pediatric parotid surgery is a procedure with minimized complications and a promising prognosis. Tailored treatment strategies adapted to the unique characteristics of pediatric patients are essential to optimize outcomes.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of ethanol extracts of Cornus alba (ECA) against benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in vitro and in vivo. Materials and Methods: The prostate stromal cells (WPMY-1) and epithelial cells (RWPE-1) were used to examine the action mechanism of ECA in BPH in vitro. ECA efficacy was evaluated in vivo using a testosterone propionate (TP)-induced BPH rat model. Results: Treatment with ECA inhibited the proliferation of prostate cells by inducing G1-phase cell cycle arrest through the regulation of positive and negative proteins. Treatment of prostate cells with ECA resulted in alterations in the mitogen-activated protein kinases and protein kinase B signaling pathways. The transcriptional binding activity of the NF-κB motif was suppressed in both ECA-treated prostate cells. In addition, treatment with ECA altered the level of BPH-associated axis markers (5α-reductase, fibroblast growth factor-2, androgen receptor, epidermal growth factor, Bcl-2, and Bax) in both cell lines. Finally, the administration of ECA attenuated the enlargement of prostatic tissues in the TP-induced BPH rat model, accompanied by histology, immunoblot, and serum dihydrotestosterone levels. Conclusions These results demonstrated that ECA exerted beneficial effects on BPH both in vitro and in vivo and might provide valuable information in the development of preventive or therapeutic agents for improving BPH.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of ethanol extracts of Cornus alba (ECA) against benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in vitro and in vivo. Materials and Methods: The prostate stromal cells (WPMY-1) and epithelial cells (RWPE-1) were used to examine the action mechanism of ECA in BPH in vitro. ECA efficacy was evaluated in vivo using a testosterone propionate (TP)-induced BPH rat model. Results: Treatment with ECA inhibited the proliferation of prostate cells by inducing G1-phase cell cycle arrest through the regulation of positive and negative proteins. Treatment of prostate cells with ECA resulted in alterations in the mitogen-activated protein kinases and protein kinase B signaling pathways. The transcriptional binding activity of the NF-κB motif was suppressed in both ECA-treated prostate cells. In addition, treatment with ECA altered the level of BPH-associated axis markers (5α-reductase, fibroblast growth factor-2, androgen receptor, epidermal growth factor, Bcl-2, and Bax) in both cell lines. Finally, the administration of ECA attenuated the enlargement of prostatic tissues in the TP-induced BPH rat model, accompanied by histology, immunoblot, and serum dihydrotestosterone levels. Conclusions These results demonstrated that ECA exerted beneficial effects on BPH both in vitro and in vivo and might provide valuable information in the development of preventive or therapeutic agents for improving BPH.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of ethanol extracts of Cornus alba (ECA) against benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in vitro and in vivo. Materials and Methods: The prostate stromal cells (WPMY-1) and epithelial cells (RWPE-1) were used to examine the action mechanism of ECA in BPH in vitro. ECA efficacy was evaluated in vivo using a testosterone propionate (TP)-induced BPH rat model. Results: Treatment with ECA inhibited the proliferation of prostate cells by inducing G1-phase cell cycle arrest through the regulation of positive and negative proteins. Treatment of prostate cells with ECA resulted in alterations in the mitogen-activated protein kinases and protein kinase B signaling pathways. The transcriptional binding activity of the NF-κB motif was suppressed in both ECA-treated prostate cells. In addition, treatment with ECA altered the level of BPH-associated axis markers (5α-reductase, fibroblast growth factor-2, androgen receptor, epidermal growth factor, Bcl-2, and Bax) in both cell lines. Finally, the administration of ECA attenuated the enlargement of prostatic tissues in the TP-induced BPH rat model, accompanied by histology, immunoblot, and serum dihydrotestosterone levels. Conclusions These results demonstrated that ECA exerted beneficial effects on BPH both in vitro and in vivo and might provide valuable information in the development of preventive or therapeutic agents for improving BPH.

Purpose: Staphylococcus aureus can attach to extracellular matrix components and plasma proteins deposited on biomaterial surfaces, ultimately forming biofilms. Therefore, managing S. aureus is recommended for preventing and treating peri-implant diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the biofilm-forming ability of S. aureus on zirconia surfaces and to assess the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in reducing these biofilms. Materials and Methods: Biofilm growth analysis showed optimal formation at 48 hours. Therefore, S. aureus ATCC 25923 was inoculated onto a sterilized zirconia disk and cultivated for 48 hours to form the biofilm. Thereafter, the biofilms were treated with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; control), chlorhexidine (CHX), tetracycline (TC),toluidine blue O (TBO), cold diode laser (laser), or PDT (TBO + laser), with each group consisting of seven disks. The bacterial loadwas quantified using colony-forming unit (CFU) counts, and biofilm viability was evaluated using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Results: Significant reductions in bacterial counts were observed in the CHX (95.3%), TC (95.0%), and PDT (93.8%) groups compared to the control (P < 0.001). CLSM revealed a greater number of dead bacteria in the CHX, TC and PDT groups compared to that in other groups. Conclusion Within its limitations, this study demonstrated that S. aureus can form biofilms on zirconia surfaces. PDT showed similar efficacy to conventional antimicrobial treatments such as CHX and TC for reducing S. aureus biofilms.zirconia

Purpose: Staphylococcus aureus can attach to extracellular matrix components and plasma proteins deposited on biomaterial surfaces, ultimately forming biofilms. Therefore, managing S. aureus is recommended for preventing and treating peri-implant diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the biofilm-forming ability of S. aureus on zirconia surfaces and to assess the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in reducing these biofilms. Materials and Methods: Biofilm growth analysis showed optimal formation at 48 hours. Therefore, S. aureus ATCC 25923 was inoculated onto a sterilized zirconia disk and cultivated for 48 hours to form the biofilm. Thereafter, the biofilms were treated with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; control), chlorhexidine (CHX), tetracycline (TC),toluidine blue O (TBO), cold diode laser (laser), or PDT (TBO + laser), with each group consisting of seven disks. The bacterial loadwas quantified using colony-forming unit (CFU) counts, and biofilm viability was evaluated using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Results: Significant reductions in bacterial counts were observed in the CHX (95.3%), TC (95.0%), and PDT (93.8%) groups compared to the control (P < 0.001). CLSM revealed a greater number of dead bacteria in the CHX, TC and PDT groups compared to that in other groups. Conclusion Within its limitations, this study demonstrated that S. aureus can form biofilms on zirconia surfaces. PDT showed similar efficacy to conventional antimicrobial treatments such as CHX and TC for reducing S. aureus biofilms.zirconia

Background/Objectives: Pediatric parotid malignancies are rare but represent a critical subset of head and neck cancers. This study integrates nationwide incidence trends in Korea with detailed surgical outcomes from a single tertiary institution to better understand the characteristics and management of these tumors.Materials & Methods: Nationwide data from the Korea Central Cancer Registry (1999-2019) were analyzed to assess trends in pediatric parotid malignancy incidence. A retrospective review was conducted on 31 pediatric parotidectomy cases at a tertiary hospital from 2011 to 2024. Clinical data, surgical methods, pathology results, and follow-up outcomes were examined. Results: Nationwide analysis revealed an annual mean of 9.0 ± 4.0 cases of pediatric parotid malignancies, with a significant rise in incidence among patients aged 10-19 years (APC 5.4%, 95% CI 1.1-9.8, p=0.016). Institutional data showed that the median age of patients underwent parotidectomy was 15.0 years, with males comprising 67.7%. Among 31 cases, 19 (61.3%) were benign, primarily pleomorphic adenomas (68.4%), and 12 (38.7%) were malignant, predominantly mucoepidermoid carcinoma (87.5%). Superficial or partial parotidectomy was the most common surgical approach (71.0%), and no unexpected complications or recurrences were observed. Conclusion Pediatric parotid malignancies in Korea exhibit rising incidence rates, particularly among teenagers. Surgical outcomes confirm the predominance of pleomorphic adenomas and mucoepidermoid carcinomas. Pediatric parotid surgery is a procedure with minimized complications and a promising prognosis. Tailored treatment strategies adapted to the unique characteristics of pediatric patients are essential to optimize outcomes.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of ethanol extracts of Cornus alba (ECA) against benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in vitro and in vivo. Materials and Methods: The prostate stromal cells (WPMY-1) and epithelial cells (RWPE-1) were used to examine the action mechanism of ECA in BPH in vitro. ECA efficacy was evaluated in vivo using a testosterone propionate (TP)-induced BPH rat model. Results: Treatment with ECA inhibited the proliferation of prostate cells by inducing G1-phase cell cycle arrest through the regulation of positive and negative proteins. Treatment of prostate cells with ECA resulted in alterations in the mitogen-activated protein kinases and protein kinase B signaling pathways. The transcriptional binding activity of the NF-κB motif was suppressed in both ECA-treated prostate cells. In addition, treatment with ECA altered the level of BPH-associated axis markers (5α-reductase, fibroblast growth factor-2, androgen receptor, epidermal growth factor, Bcl-2, and Bax) in both cell lines. Finally, the administration of ECA attenuated the enlargement of prostatic tissues in the TP-induced BPH rat model, accompanied by histology, immunoblot, and serum dihydrotestosterone levels. Conclusions These results demonstrated that ECA exerted beneficial effects on BPH both in vitro and in vivo and might provide valuable information in the development of preventive or therapeutic agents for improving BPH.

Purpose: Staphylococcus aureus can attach to extracellular matrix components and plasma proteins deposited on biomaterial surfaces, ultimately forming biofilms. Therefore, managing S. aureus is recommended for preventing and treating peri-implant diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the biofilm-forming ability of S. aureus on zirconia surfaces and to assess the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in reducing these biofilms. Materials and Methods: Biofilm growth analysis showed optimal formation at 48 hours. Therefore, S. aureus ATCC 25923 was inoculated onto a sterilized zirconia disk and cultivated for 48 hours to form the biofilm. Thereafter, the biofilms were treated with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; control), chlorhexidine (CHX), tetracycline (TC),toluidine blue O (TBO), cold diode laser (laser), or PDT (TBO + laser), with each group consisting of seven disks. The bacterial loadwas quantified using colony-forming unit (CFU) counts, and biofilm viability was evaluated using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Results: Significant reductions in bacterial counts were observed in the CHX (95.3%), TC (95.0%), and PDT (93.8%) groups compared to the control (P < 0.001). CLSM revealed a greater number of dead bacteria in the CHX, TC and PDT groups compared to that in other groups. Conclusion Within its limitations, this study demonstrated that S. aureus can form biofilms on zirconia surfaces. PDT showed similar efficacy to conventional antimicrobial treatments such as CHX and TC for reducing S. aureus biofilms.zirconia