Purpose: Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) as a glycemic index may have limited value in pediatric patients with acute leukemia as they often present with anemia and/or pancytopenia. To address this issue, we evaluated the usefulness of glycated albumin (GA) as a glycemic monitoring index in pediatric patients with acute leukemia. Methods: Medical records of 25 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), 63 patients with acute leukemia, and 115 healthy children from Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, were retrospectively investigated for serum GA, HbA1c, and fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels, along with demographic data. Results: GA, HbA1c, and FBG levels did not differ between the control and acute leukemia groups. In the T2DM group, positive correlations were observed among GA, HbA1c, and FBG (P<0.01). Although GA level was not associated with the HbA1c level in the control group, GA and HbA1c levels showed a positive correlation in the acute leukemia group (P=0.045). Regression analysis revealed GA and HbA1c levels to be positively correlated in the acute leukemia and T2DM groups even after adjusting for age, sex, and body mass index z-score (P=0.007, P<0.01). Conclusion GA may be a useful complementary parameter to HbA1c for glycemic monitoring in pediatric patients with acute leukemia, similar to its use in patients with T2DM.

Purpose: Patients with juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (JSLE) are at a high risk of entering adulthood with disease-related morbidities like reduced bone mass and osteoporosis. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical characteristics of JSLE and to analyze the factors associated with low bone mineral density (BMD) in these patients. Methods: Children and adolescents diagnosed with JSLE at a single institution in Korea were included. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data as well as details about the use of glucocorticoids (GCs) and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs were collected. The lumbar spine (LS) BMD z-score was measured using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, and lateral thoracolumbar spine radiographs were collected. Results: A total of 29 patients with JSLE were included in this study. Of these patients, 7 had a BMD z-score of -2.0 or lower and were designated as the low BMD group. The differences in the clinical parameters and treatment variables between the low BMD and non-low BMD groups were compared. Higher cumulative GC dose, longer GC exposure, and higher cumulative hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) dose were all associated with low BMD; among them, the main factor was the duration of GC exposure. There was no significant correlation between BMD and clinical profile, disease activity, or bone-metabolism markers. Conclusion The duration of GC exposure, cumulative GC dose, and cumulative HCQ dose were risk factors for low BMD in patients with JSLE, with the main factor being the duration of GC exposure. Thus, patients with JSLE should be routinely monitored for low BMD and potential fracture risks, and GC-sparing treatment regimens should be considered.

Objectives: Estimating the number of deaths caused by smoking is crucial for developing and evaluating tobacco control and smoking cessation policies. This study aimed to determine smoking-attributable mortality (SAM) in Korea in 2020. Methods: Four large-scale cohorts from Korea were analyzed. A Cox proportional-hazards model was used to determine the hazard ratios (HRs) of smoking-related death. By conducting a meta-analysis of these HRs, the pooled HRs of smoking-related death for 41 diseases were estimated. Population-attributable fractions (PAFs) were calculated based on the smoking prevalence for 1995 in conjunction with the pooled HRs. Subsequently, SAM was derived using the PAF and the number of deaths recorded for each disease in 2020. Results: The pooled HR for all-cause mortality attributable to smoking was 1.73 for current men smokers (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.53 to 1.95) and 1.63 for current women smokers (95% CI, 1.37 to 1.94). Smoking accounted for 33.2% of all-cause deaths in men and 4.6% in women. Additionally, it was a factor in 71.8% of men lung cancer deaths and 11.9% of women lung cancer deaths. In 2020, smoking was responsible for 53 930 men deaths and 6283 women deaths, totaling 60 213 deaths. Conclusions Cigarette smoking was responsible for a significant number of deaths in Korea in 2020. Monitoring the impact and societal burden of smoking is essential for effective tobacco control and harm prevention policies.

The aim of this video is to present the procedural details of laparoscopic right hemicolectomy with aortocaval (infrarenal aortic bifurcation) lymphadenectomy, partial resection of the pelvic peritoneum (peritoneal carcinomatosis index, 3), and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy in a patient who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy for stage IVc colorectal cancer. The total operation time was 290 minutes, and the patient was discharged on a postoperative day 13 without any complications. No postoperative complications occurred until postoperative day 60. The pathological stage of the tumor was determined to be T3N2bM1c. The pelvic peritoneal nodule was pathologically confirmed as a metastatic lesion. Among the 12 harvested aortocaval lymph nodes, 6 were metastatic lymph nodes. The minimally invasive approach was safe and feasible in this highly selected patient with colon cancer, aortocaval lymph nodes, and peritoneal metastases.

Purpose: The da Vinci single-port (SP) system has been used in various surgical fields, including colorectal surgery.However, limited experience has been reported on its safety and feasibility. This study aims to evaluate the short-term outcomes of SP robotic surgery for the treatment of rectal cancer compared with multiport (MP) robotic surgery. Methods: Rectal cancer patients who underwent curative resection in 2020 were reviewed. A total of 43 patients underwent robotic total mesorectal excision (TME), of which 26 (13 in each group, SPTME vs. MPTME) were included in the case-matched cohort for analysis. Intraoperative and postoperative outcomes and pathological results were compared between the 2 groups. Results: Median tumor height was similar between the 2 groups (SPTME vs. MPTME : 5.9 cm [range, 2.2–9.6 cm] vs. 6.7 cm [range, 3.4–10.0 cm], P = 0.578). Preoperative chemoradiotherapy was equally performed (38.5%). The median estimated blood loss was less (20.0 mL [range, 5.0–20.0 mL] vs. 30.0 mL [range, 20.0–30.0 mL], P = 0.020) and the median hospital stay was shorter (7 days [range, 6–8 days] vs. 8 days [range, 7–9 days], P = 0.055) in the SPTME group. Postoperative complications did not differ (SPTME vs. MPTME : 7.7% vs. 23.1%, P = 0.587). One patient in the SPTME group and 3 in the MPTME group experienced anastomotic leakage. Conclusion SP robotic TME showed perioperative outcomes similar to MP robotic TME. The SP robotic system can be considered a surgical option for the treatment of rectal cancer. Further prospective randomized trials with larger cohorts are required.

Primary aldosteronism (PA) is a common, yet underdiagnosed cause of secondary hypertension. It is characterized by an overproduction of aldosterone, leading to hypertension and/or hypokalemia. Despite affecting between 5.9% and 34% of patients with hypertension, PA is frequently missed due to a lack of clinical awareness and systematic screening, which can result in significant cardiovascular complications. To address this, medical societies have developed clinical practice guidelines to improve the management of hypertension and PA. The Korean Endocrine Society, drawing on a wealth of research, has formulated new guidelines for PA. A task force has been established to prepare PA guidelines, which encompass epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up care. The Korean clinical guidelines for PA aim to deliver an evidence-based protocol for PA diagnosis, treatment, and patient monitoring. These guidelines are anticipated to ease the burden of this potentially curable condition.

Background: Topical corticosteroids (TCs) are available both as over-the-counter drugs and prescription medicines at pharmacies.Although they are generally safe drugs, inappropriate and excessive use could result in potential side effects. Thus, it is important to have appropriate knowledge regarding the use of TCs. We performed a cross-sectional survey to assess public knowledge and the potential misuse or overuse of TCs. Methods: A cross-sectional and nationwide online survey was conducted among participants who were aware of TCs. The survey items included sources of information, indications, potential side effects, and methods of application of TCs. A comparative analysis was conducted between those with (TC users) and without (TC non-users) an experience of using TCs. Results: Among 3,000 participants, 74.4% were TC users. The mass media was the most common information source of TCs, and only one-third of the surveyed people relied on pharmacists or doctors for information. Regarding indications and application methods, incorrect answer rate was high in some items, but respondents showed adequate knowledge. However, awareness of the safety of TCs was low. Overall, the TC users showed a higher knowledge of TCs than TC non-users. Conclusions Public knowledge of the use of TCs appears to be appropriate. However, we found potential misuse or overuse of some items and a lack of awareness of the side effects concerning TCs. Thus, healthcare professionals’ significant role is required.

Background: Topical steroids are the most commonly prescribed anti-inflammatory agents in dermatology, and patients often experience various adverse events of topical steroid application. Patients’ awareness of adverse effects and understanding of coping strategies for these unwanted events are pivotal elements for the safe use of topical steroids. Objective: This study aimed to assess the prescribing pattern of topical steroids and patient education for safe use by dermatologists and non-dermatology specialists in Korea. Methods: A questionnaire was sent to dermatologists, pediatricians, and other specialists through an online survey.A total of 444 answers were analyzed; then, the numbers were adjusted according to the nationwide proportion of specialists prescribing topical steroids. The total number of respondents was set to 720 after the adjustment. Results: Dermatologists prescribed topical steroids to 49% of their patients, while other specialist doctors prescribed to 6.4% of the patients. Mid-potency steroids were most commonly prescribed (52.9%), followed by low/weak potency (37.6%), in adjusted analysis. Overall, 12.5% of all respondents and 14.5% of dermatologists reported adverse events due to topical steroids within the last month. The physicians spent 2.1 minutes on average (2.0 minutes for dermatologists) for patient education on proper use of topical steroids. The majority (79.1%) of physicians informed patients of the fact that the prescription contained steroids, while some were reluctant to disclose this information because of the negative perception about steroids in the general population. Conclusion This survey provides thorough information on the current status of prescription, counseling condition, doctors’ perception of patients’ knowledge of adverse events, and proper use of topical steroids.

The study aimed to review the current postpartum care service system and suggest measures of improvement for the public reinforcement of the private-postpartum care center (PCC). We conducted a review of literature, including an internet search, and we analyzed the in-depth interviews using questionnaires answered by workers from the 6 private-PCCs operated in Goyang city. Using these data, we derived possible measures which could improve the publicity of private-PCCs. It was found that the 11 nationwide public-PCCs had serious operating deficits, and its utilization by the vulnerable was insufficient. In areas where private-PCCs are concentrated, we can propose the following policies to strengthen publicity, rather than establishing another public-PCC. First, it is important to provide support for private-PCCs to apply cost reductions for vulnerable groups, similar to the maternal and newborn medical care of public-PCCs. Second, publicity would be strengthened by reorganizing the pregnancy and childbirth education program, while also offering additional services for mothers with stillbirths and abortions. For the integrated management of postpartum care services, this should be shifted towards reinforcing the publicity of private-PCCs, rather than operating a public-PCC in relatively concentrated private-PCC areas. Through these policies, it is expected that financial and administrative waste will be reduced, and an integrated management system for postpartum care services will be established.