Benzoylureas are chemical compounds best known for their use as insecticides. Diflubenzuron is one of the more commonly used benzoylurea pesticides. Others include chlorfluazuron, flufenoxuron, hexaflumuron, and triflumuron. They act as insect growth regulators by inhibiting synthesis of chitin in the body of the insect. They have low toxicity in mammals because mammals have no chitin. Chlorfluazuron insecticides, which are mixed with solvent naphatha, are commonly used. Thus we assume that in the presented case mental change outcome of poisoning was connected with toxic effects of solvent naphtha rather than with chlorfluazuron action. Components of solvent naphtha, particularly trimethylbenzenes, exert strong irritant action on the gastric mucosa and are very well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. We report on a 67-year-old man with stuporous mentality after intentional ingestion of approximately 200 ml of liquid chlorfluazuron in a suicide attempt. He was discharged after conservative treatments including gastric irrigation, charcoal, mechanical ventilation, hydration, and antibiotics for aspiration pneumonia without complications.
Aged ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Charcoal ; Chitin ; Diflubenzuron ; Eating ; Gastric Lavage ; Gastric Mucosa ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; Humans ; Insecticides ; Insects ; Juvenile Hormones ; Mammals ; Pesticides ; Pneumonia, Aspiration ; Poisoning* ; Respiration, Artificial ; Stupor ; Suicide

To investigate kinetics of free 177Lu and 177Lu-labeled thermally cross-linked superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (TCL-SPION), suspensions were intravenously injected into the tail vein of mice at a dose of 5 microCi/mouse or 15 mg/kg body weight, respectively. Free 177Lu radioactivity levels were highest in kidney followed by liver and lung 1 day post-injection. 177Lu-labeled TCL-SPION radioactivity in liver and spleen was significantly higher compared to that of other organs throughout the experimental period (p < 0.05). Radioactivity in blood, brain, and epididymis rapidly declined until 28 days. Based on these results, TCL-SPION could be a safe carrier of therapeutics.
Animals ; Body Weight ; Brain ; Epididymis ; Iron* ; Kidney ; Kinetics ; Liver ; Lung ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred ICR* ; Nanoparticles* ; Radioactivity ; Spleen ; Suspensions ; Veins

This study was investigated the change of concentration and toxicity of thermally cross-linked superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (TCL-SPION) on tissues of Sprague-Dawley rats. TCL-SPION at the dose of 15 mg/kg body weight was intravenously injected into the tail vein of the male Sprague-Dawley rats. The fate of TCL-SPION in serum, urine and tissues was observed during 28 days. Serum iron level was maximal at 0.25 h post-injection and gradually declined thereafter. In addition, the sinusoids of liver and the red pulp area of spleen were mainly accumulated iron from 0.5 h to 28-day post-injection. In kidney, iron deposition was detected in the tubular area until 0.5 h after injection. Malondialdehyde concentration in the liver slightly increased with time and was not different with that at zero time. In the liver and spleen, TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels of TS treated with TCL-SPION were not different with those of the control during the experimental period. From the results, TCL-SPION could stay fairly long-time in certain tissues after intravenous injection without toxicity. The results indicated that TCL-SPION might be useful and safe as a contrast for the diagnosis of cancer or a carrier of therapeutic reagents to treat diseases.
Animals ; Body Weight ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Indicators and Reagents ; Injections, Intravenous ; Interleukin-6 ; Iron* ; Kidney ; Liver ; Male ; Malondialdehyde ; Nanoparticles* ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley* ; Spleen ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; Veins

Free Cy5.5 dye and Cy5.5-labeled thermally cross-linked superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (TCL-SPION) have been routinely used for in vivo optical imaging. However, there is little information about the distribution and accumulation of free Cy5.5 dye and Cy5.5-labeled TCL-SPION in the tissues of mice. Free Cy5.5 dye (0.1 mg/kg body weight) and Cy5.5-labeled TCL-SPION (15 mg/kg body weight) were intravenously injected into the tail vein of ICR mice. The biodistribution and accumulation of the TCL-SPION and Cy5.5 were observed by ex vivo optical imaging and fluorescence signal generation at various time points over 28 days. Cy5.5 dye fluorescence in various organs was rapidly eliminated from 0.5 to 24 h post-injection. Fluorescence intensity of Cy5.5 dye in the liver, lung, kidney, and stomach was fairly strong at the early time points within 1 day post-injection. Cy5.5-labeled TCL-SPION had the highest fluorescence density in the lung at 0.5 h post-injection and decreased rapidly over time. Fluorescence density in liver and spleen was maintained over 28 days. These results suggest that TCL-SPION can be useful as a carrier of therapeutic reagents to treat diseases by persisting for long periods of time in the body.
Animals ; Carbocyanines/*pharmacology ; Ferric Compounds/*pharmacology ; Fluorescent Dyes/*pharmacology ; Kinetics ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Nanoparticles/*metabolism ; Time Factors ; Tissue Distribution

The long belief that dental primary afferent (DPA) neurons are entirely composed of nociceptive neurons has been challenged by several anatomical and functional investigations. In order to characterize non-nociceptivepopulation among DPA neurons, retrograde transport fluorescent dye was placed in upper molars of rats and immunohistochemical detection of peripherin and neurofilament 200 in the labeled trigeminal ganglia was performed. As the results, majority ofDPA neurons were peripherin-expressing small-sized neurons, showing characteristic ofnociceptive C-fibers. However, 25.7% of DPA were stained with antibody against neurofilament 200, indicating significant portion of DPA neurons are related to large myelinated Abeta fibers. There were a small number of neurons thatexpressed both peripherin and neurofilament 200, suggestive of Adelta fibers. The possible transition of neurochemical properties by neuronal injury induced by retrograde labeling technique was ruled out by detection of minimal expression of neuronal injury marker, ATF-3. These results suggest that in addition to the large population of C-fiber-related nociceptive neurons, a subset of DPA neurons is myelinated large neurons, which is related to low-threshold mechanosensitive Abeta fibers. We suggest that these Abeta fiber-related neurons might play a role as mechanotransducers of fluid movement within dentinal tubules.
Animals ; Dentin ; Intermediate Filament Proteins ; Membrane Glycoproteins ; Molar ; Myelin Sheath ; Nerve Tissue Proteins ; Neurofilament Proteins ; Neurons ; Neurons, Afferent ; Nociceptors ; Rats ; Trigeminal Ganglion

Dexmedetomidine, which is a selective alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist, was recently introduced into clinical practice for its analgesic properties. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of dexmedetomidine in a vincristine-evoked neuropathic rat models. Sprague-Dawley rats were injected intraperitoneally with vincristine or saline (0.1 mg/kg/day) using a 5-day-on, 2-day-off schedule for 2 weeks. Saline and dexmedetomidine (12.5, 25, 50, and 100 microg/kg) were injected to rats developed allodynia 14 days after vincristine injection, respectively. We evaluated allodynia at before, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 240 min, and 24 hr after intraperitoneal drug (normal saline or dexmedetomidine) injection. Saline treatment did not show any differences for all the allodynia. Maximal paw withdrawal thresholds to mechanical stimuli were 3.0 +/- 0.4, 9.1 +/- 1.9, 13.0 +/- 3.6, 16.6 +/- 2.4, and 24.4 +/- 1.6 g at saline, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 microg/kg dexmedetomidine injection, respectively. Minimal withdrawal frequency to cold stimuli were 73.3 +/- 4.2, 57.1 +/- 6.8, 34.3 +/- 5.7, 20.0 +/- 6.2, and 14.3 +/- 9.5 g at saline, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 microg/kg dexmedetomidine injection, respectively. Dexmedetomidine shows a dose-dependent antiallodynic effect on mechanical and cold stimuli in vincristine-evoked neuropathic rat models (P < 0.05).
Analgesics/*therapeutic use ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal/drug effects ; Dexmedetomidine/*therapeutic use ; Disease Models, Animal ; Hyperalgesia/chemically induced/*drug therapy ; Injections, Intraperitoneal ; Male ; Pain Threshold ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Vincristine/toxicity

Dexmedetomidine, which is a selective alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist, was recently introduced into clinical practice for its analgesic properties. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of dexmedetomidine in a vincristine-evoked neuropathic rat models. Sprague-Dawley rats were injected intraperitoneally with vincristine or saline (0.1 mg/kg/day) using a 5-day-on, 2-day-off schedule for 2 weeks. Saline and dexmedetomidine (12.5, 25, 50, and 100 microg/kg) were injected to rats developed allodynia 14 days after vincristine injection, respectively. We evaluated allodynia at before, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 240 min, and 24 hr after intraperitoneal drug (normal saline or dexmedetomidine) injection. Saline treatment did not show any differences for all the allodynia. Maximal paw withdrawal thresholds to mechanical stimuli were 3.0 +/- 0.4, 9.1 +/- 1.9, 13.0 +/- 3.6, 16.6 +/- 2.4, and 24.4 +/- 1.6 g at saline, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 microg/kg dexmedetomidine injection, respectively. Minimal withdrawal frequency to cold stimuli were 73.3 +/- 4.2, 57.1 +/- 6.8, 34.3 +/- 5.7, 20.0 +/- 6.2, and 14.3 +/- 9.5 g at saline, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 microg/kg dexmedetomidine injection, respectively. Dexmedetomidine shows a dose-dependent antiallodynic effect on mechanical and cold stimuli in vincristine-evoked neuropathic rat models (P < 0.05).
Analgesics/*therapeutic use ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal/drug effects ; Dexmedetomidine/*therapeutic use ; Disease Models, Animal ; Hyperalgesia/chemically induced/*drug therapy ; Injections, Intraperitoneal ; Male ; Pain Threshold ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Vincristine/toxicity

Selenium (Se) is known to prevent several cancers while the relationship between high iron and the risk of colorectal cancer is controversial. To investigate the effects of Se in colon carcinogenesis, we subjected three different levels of Se and high-iron diet to a mouse model of colon cancer in which animals were treated with three azoxymethane (AOM) injections followed by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) administration. There were five experimental groups including vehicle group [normal-Fe (NFe, 45 ppm)+medium-Se (MSe, 0.1 ppm)], positive control group (AOM/DSS+NFe+MSe), AOM/DSS+high-Fe (HFe, 450 ppm)+low-Se (LSe, 0.02 ppm), AOM/DSS+HFe+MSe, and AOM/DSS+HFe+high-Se (HSe, 0.5 ppm). The animals were fed on the three different Se diets for 24 weeks. The incidence of colon tumor in the high-Se diet group (AOM/DSS+HFe+HSe) showed 19.4% lower than positive control group, 5.9% lower than AOM/DSS+HFe+MSe diet group, and 11.1% lower than AOM/DSS+HFe+LSe group. The tumor multiplicity was significantly higher in the low-Se diet group (AOM/DSS+HFe+LSe) compare to all other AOM/DSS treated groups. In the high-Se diet group, the activity of hepatic GPx was comparable to that of positive control group, and significantly higher than those of low-Se or medium-Se diet groups. Expression level of hepatic GPx-1 showed similar results. Hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) level (indicator of oxidative stress) in the low-Se diet group showed the highest compared to the other groups, and it was significantly higher than positive control group. In the high-Se diet group the level of MDA in the liver was significantly lower than all other AOM/DSS treated groups. High-Se diet group showed significantly lower proliferative index than low-Se and medium-Se groups. The apoptotic indices in low-Se group and medium-Se group were significantly lower than positive control group. However, apoptotic index of high-Se diet group was significantly higher than all other AOM/DSS treated groups. These findings suggest that dietary Se supplement may have protective effect against colon cancer by decreasing proliferation, increasing apoptosis of tumor cells, and reducing oxidative stress in mice with high iron diet.
Animals ; Apoptosis ; Azoxymethane ; Colon ; Colonic Neoplasms ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; Dextrans ; Diet ; Incidence ; Iron ; Liver ; Malondialdehyde ; Mice ; Oxidative Stress ; Selenium ; Sodium ; Sulfates

A promoting effect of Na2SiO3 on hair regrowth was investigated using an animal model of C57BL/6 mice. There were four experimental groups including distilled water (DW, a negative control), 5% minoxidil (MXD, a positive control), 50% Na2SiO3, and 100% Na2SiO3 solution. The animals were shaved with an electric clipper and then test solutions applied daily with a volume of 0.2 ml per to the dorsal skin of mice for 3 weeks. Body weight and food and water consumption were measured weekly. Photographs of hair regrowth were taken at experimental day 0, 4, 7, 10, 14, 17, and 21. Activities of alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase as well as expressions of growth factors were also determined in the dorsal skin of mice. The animal body weight were not significantly changed among the experimental groups. The MXD and Na2SiO3 accelerated hair regrowth compared with DW. The elongation of hair follicles were evidently observed in MXD and 50 or 100% Na2SiO3 groups. MXD significantly increased gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase at day 14, compared with DW (P<0.05). But the activities of alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase were not significantly increased in Na2SiO3 groups, compared with DW. The expression of epidermal growth factor was significantly increased in MXD and Na2SiO3 groups, compared with DW (P<0.05). The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor was not significantly changed by MXD or Na2SiO3 treatments. The expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 was clearly decreased in MXD and Na2SiO3 groups, compared with DW. These results indicate that Na2SiO3 may have a hair growth-promoting activity and it can be used for treatment of alopecia or boldness in humans.
Alkaline Phosphatase ; Alopecia ; Animals ; Body Weight ; Drinking ; Epidermal Growth Factor ; gamma-Glutamyltransferase ; Hair ; Hair Follicle ; Humans ; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Mice ; Minoxidil ; Models, Animal ; Silicates ; Skin ; Sodium ; Transforming Growth Factors ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ; Water