Objective: This study aimed to elicit expert consensus on the necessary components of a seclusion room module required to accommodate and manage psychiatric emergency patients requiring both medical and surgical interventions in infectious disease situations. Methods: A two-round Delphi survey was conducted among 38 medical professionals, architects, and spatial design experts. The survey assessed the effectiveness, feasibility, and urgency of spatial scales, spatial organization, and movement system domains related to the necessary elements of a seclusion room. Results: In the spatial scale domain, items such as “sufficient width to comply with disability standards (wheelchair accessible)” and “larger space should be provided for patients with a large range of motion or requiring special medical procedures” emerged as priorities. In the movement system domain, priorities included “anticipating situations where stable patients need to be pushed on a stretcher cart from both sides, necessitating a wider passage.” In the spatial organization domain, priorities included “installing interior elements (wall images, media panels, etc.) that aid patient stability, although a separate area for patients’ activities reflecting psychiatric characteristics is not necessary.” Conclusion Expert consensus was achieved regarding the spatial scales, spatial organization, and movement system domains related to the necessary elements of a seclusion room for psychiatric emergency patients.

Objective: This study aimed to elicit expert consensus on the necessary components of a seclusion room module required to accommodate and manage psychiatric emergency patients requiring both medical and surgical interventions in infectious disease situations. Methods: A two-round Delphi survey was conducted among 38 medical professionals, architects, and spatial design experts. The survey assessed the effectiveness, feasibility, and urgency of spatial scales, spatial organization, and movement system domains related to the necessary elements of a seclusion room. Results: In the spatial scale domain, items such as “sufficient width to comply with disability standards (wheelchair accessible)” and “larger space should be provided for patients with a large range of motion or requiring special medical procedures” emerged as priorities. In the movement system domain, priorities included “anticipating situations where stable patients need to be pushed on a stretcher cart from both sides, necessitating a wider passage.” In the spatial organization domain, priorities included “installing interior elements (wall images, media panels, etc.) that aid patient stability, although a separate area for patients’ activities reflecting psychiatric characteristics is not necessary.” Conclusion Expert consensus was achieved regarding the spatial scales, spatial organization, and movement system domains related to the necessary elements of a seclusion room for psychiatric emergency patients.

Objective: This study aimed to elicit expert consensus on the necessary components of a seclusion room module required to accommodate and manage psychiatric emergency patients requiring both medical and surgical interventions in infectious disease situations. Methods: A two-round Delphi survey was conducted among 38 medical professionals, architects, and spatial design experts. The survey assessed the effectiveness, feasibility, and urgency of spatial scales, spatial organization, and movement system domains related to the necessary elements of a seclusion room. Results: In the spatial scale domain, items such as “sufficient width to comply with disability standards (wheelchair accessible)” and “larger space should be provided for patients with a large range of motion or requiring special medical procedures” emerged as priorities. In the movement system domain, priorities included “anticipating situations where stable patients need to be pushed on a stretcher cart from both sides, necessitating a wider passage.” In the spatial organization domain, priorities included “installing interior elements (wall images, media panels, etc.) that aid patient stability, although a separate area for patients’ activities reflecting psychiatric characteristics is not necessary.” Conclusion Expert consensus was achieved regarding the spatial scales, spatial organization, and movement system domains related to the necessary elements of a seclusion room for psychiatric emergency patients.

Objective: This study aimed to elicit expert consensus on the necessary components of a seclusion room module required to accommodate and manage psychiatric emergency patients requiring both medical and surgical interventions in infectious disease situations. Methods: A two-round Delphi survey was conducted among 38 medical professionals, architects, and spatial design experts. The survey assessed the effectiveness, feasibility, and urgency of spatial scales, spatial organization, and movement system domains related to the necessary elements of a seclusion room. Results: In the spatial scale domain, items such as “sufficient width to comply with disability standards (wheelchair accessible)” and “larger space should be provided for patients with a large range of motion or requiring special medical procedures” emerged as priorities. In the movement system domain, priorities included “anticipating situations where stable patients need to be pushed on a stretcher cart from both sides, necessitating a wider passage.” In the spatial organization domain, priorities included “installing interior elements (wall images, media panels, etc.) that aid patient stability, although a separate area for patients’ activities reflecting psychiatric characteristics is not necessary.” Conclusion Expert consensus was achieved regarding the spatial scales, spatial organization, and movement system domains related to the necessary elements of a seclusion room for psychiatric emergency patients.

Objective: This study aimed to elicit expert consensus on the necessary components of a seclusion room module required to accommodate and manage psychiatric emergency patients requiring both medical and surgical interventions in infectious disease situations. Methods: A two-round Delphi survey was conducted among 38 medical professionals, architects, and spatial design experts. The survey assessed the effectiveness, feasibility, and urgency of spatial scales, spatial organization, and movement system domains related to the necessary elements of a seclusion room. Results: In the spatial scale domain, items such as “sufficient width to comply with disability standards (wheelchair accessible)” and “larger space should be provided for patients with a large range of motion or requiring special medical procedures” emerged as priorities. In the movement system domain, priorities included “anticipating situations where stable patients need to be pushed on a stretcher cart from both sides, necessitating a wider passage.” In the spatial organization domain, priorities included “installing interior elements (wall images, media panels, etc.) that aid patient stability, although a separate area for patients’ activities reflecting psychiatric characteristics is not necessary.” Conclusion Expert consensus was achieved regarding the spatial scales, spatial organization, and movement system domains related to the necessary elements of a seclusion room for psychiatric emergency patients.

Objectives: . The supine sleep position and the rapid eye movement (REM) stage are widely recognized to exacerbate the severity of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Position-dependent OSA is generally characterized by an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) that is at least twice as high in the supine position compared to other sleep positions. However, this condition can be misdiagnosed if a particular sleep stage—REM or non-REM (NREM)—predominates in a specific position. We explored the impact of the sleep stage on positional dependency in OSA. Methods: . Polysomnographic data were retrospectively analyzed from 111 patients with OSA aged 18 years or older, all of whom had an AHI exceeding five events per hour and slept in both supine and non-supine positions for at least 5% of the total sleep time. The overall ratio of non-supine AHI to supine AHI (NS/S-AHI ratio) was compared between total, REM, and NREM sleep. Additionally, a weighted NS/S-AHI ratio, reflecting the proportion of time spent in each sleep stage, was calculated and compared to the original ratio. Results: . The mean NS/S-AHI ratio was consistent between the entire sleep period and the specific sleep stages. However, the NS/S-AHI ratios for individual patients displayed poor agreement between total sleep and the specific stages. Additionally, the weighted NS/S-AHI ratio displayed poor agreement with the original NS/S-AHI ratio, primarily due to discrepancies in patients with mild to moderate OSA. Conclusion . The weighted NS/S-AHI ratio may help precisely assess positional dependency.

Purpose: We evaluated risk factors associated with reoperation following exposed hydroxyapatite orbital implant placement. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 34 patients (34 eyes) diagnosed with exposed hydroxyapatite orbital implants at our institution between 2008 and 2022; all patients had a minimum follow-up of 12 months. All patients initially received conservative management. However, if symptoms, such as pain, discharge, or progressive exposure persisted, surgery was undertaken. We analyzed several variables, including age, sex, diabetic status, preoperative diagnosis, surgical approach, implant type and size, and exposed implant surface area. Regression analysis was performed to identify variables associated with reoperation. Results: Of the 34 patients (34 eyes), 17 (50.0%) were managed conservatively, whereas 17 (50.0%) required surgical intervention. Regression analysis revealed a significant association between the size of the exposed area and the need for reoperation (p = 0.018); however, other factors did not significantly impact reoperation rates. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis identified a threshold of 4.5 mm for exposed area size, with an area under the curve of 0.934, sensitivity of 0.882, and specificity of 0.824. Patients categorized into small and large groups based on the 4.5 mm threshold revealed a statistically significant difference in reoperation rates (p < 0.001). Conclusions Our study demonstrates that the size of the exposed area is the single most significant predictor of revision surgery in patients with exposed hydroxyapatite orbital implants. Notably, an exposed area > 4.5 mm was associated with a significantly increased risk of reoperation.

Objective: We investigated the difference in sleep inertia between shift workers (SWs) and non-shift workers (NSWs) and the effects of depressive symptoms, sleepiness, insomnia, and chronotype on sleep inertia in SWs and NSWs. Methods: Altogether, 4,561 SWs (2,142 men and 2,419 women, aged 36.99±9.84 years) and 2,093 NSWs (999 men and 1,094 women, aged 37.80±9.73 years) participated in the current study. All participants completed the Sleep Inertia Questionnaire (SIQ), Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CESD), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), and Morningness–Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) through an online survey. Results: SWs reported higher SIQ scores than NSWs after controlling for CESD, ESS, ISI, or MEQ. The CESD, ESS, ISI, and MEQ predicted SIQ in both SWs and NSWs. The effects of CESD and MEQ on SIQ were stronger in SWs and NSWs, respectively. The indirect effects of CESD and MEQ on SIQ via ESS were significantly moderated by work schedules. Conclusion SWs showed higher sleep inertia than NSWs. The effect of chronotypes on sleep inertia was more prominent in NSWs than in SWs. However, the effect of depressive symptoms on sleep inertia was more prominent in SWs than in NSWs. Moreover, the effect of depressive symptoms or chronotypes on sleep inertia was mediated by sleepiness, and such indirect effects were significantly different among the participants stratified by work schedules.

Objectives: ：The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors that influencing mental health literacy. Methods: ：We obtained data on 2016 general population from the Korean Mental Health Literacy Survey (2021) conducted by Ministry of Health and Welfare. Multiple regression analysis was used to evaluate the associations between sociodemographic characteristics and the score of questionnaire items in Korean Mental Health Literacy Survey. Results: ：Among the factors, female (p<0.001), higher age (p=0.005), higher income level (p<0.001) were significantly correlated with higher score of questionnaire items. Awareness of mental health center & commu-nity addiction management center (p=0.002), awareness of mental health hotline service (p<0.001) were also significantly associated with higher response score. Conclusions ：The factors affecting mental health literacy could be considered when providing community mental health services.

Objective: The current study aimed to investigate the differences in sleep reactivity and sleep effort differs among late night shift workers (LSWs) and non-late night shift workers (non-LSWs), and non-shift workers (non-SWs). Methods: In total, 6,023 participants (1,613 non-SWs, 3,339 LSWs, and 1,071 non-LSWs) were recruited. Non-SWs was defined as those who works at fixed schedules during standard daylight. LSWs was defined as who work late night hours (10 PM–6 AM), while non-LSWs was SWs who did not work during late night. All completed the Ford Insomnia Response to Stress Test (FIRST), the Glasgow Sleep Effort Scale (GSES), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), and the short-term Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale (CES-D) through online survey. Results: LSWs and non-LSWs reported higher FIRST, GSES scores than non-SWs. In addition, LSWs reported higher FIRST, GSES scores than non-LSWs. FIRST scores were correlated with CES-D, PSQI, ISI, and ESS for LSWs, non-LSWs, and non-SWs alike. GSES scores were also correlated with CES-D, PSQI, ISI, and ESS for LSWs, non-LSWs, and non-SWs alike. Conclusion SWs showed higher sleep reactivity and sleep effort than non-SWs. LSWs had higher sleep reactivity and sleep effort than non-LSWs, and these variables are associated with insomnia, daytime sleepiness, and depressive symptoms. Our findings suggests that late night schedule, may increase sleep reactivity and sleep effort, which are associated with sleep and mood disturbances.