Sleep fulfills the vital physiological needs of the human body. However, 45 percent of the world’s population suffers from sleep problems.
In this article, Sugmel 3 tan /prescription/ widely used in traditional medicine for insomnia was selected and biologically active compounds and pharmacological activities of the plants included in the prescription were reviewed. Essential oils from fruits of Amomum kravanh Pierre ex Gagnep and Cuminum cyminum L. are considered to relax the body and mind to improve a night of sleep. Pharmacological and clinical studies of piperine isolated from Piper longum L. fruits demonstrated that the compound possessed anti-depression-like activity and cognitive enhancing effect.

Background: Serum natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) is a critical biomarker for diagnosing left ventricular dysfunction. Heart failure is the leading cause of mortality in chronic kidney disease (CKD), emphasizing the need for its early detection and prognosis. Objective: This study aimed to determine the serum NT-proBNP levels in participants with CKD and establish a cut-off value for predicting heart failure. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from April 1 to July 1,2024. This study received approval from the Ethics Committee of the Institute of Medical Sciences (Approval No.24/01). A total of 117 CKD patients hospitalized in the Nephrology and Endocrinology Department of the third state hospital were enrolled based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were collected using questionnaires, laboratory and heart ultrasound test results. Serum NT-proBNP levels were measured using a rapid immunofluorescence quantitative analyzer. Data were analyzed with SPSS 26.0. Results: The mean age of the 117 participants was 57.9 ± 14.7 years, with 51.3% being male. The mean serum NT-proBNP level was 7686 ± 12149 pg/mL. Statistically significant differences were observed in serum creatinine, sodium, calcium, CKD stage, and arterial hypertension between genders (p<0.05). NT-proBNP levels in hemodialysis patients differed significantly between heart failure and non-heart failure groups (p<0.05). Significant differences were also found in hemoglobin, serum albumin, NT-proBNP levels, and CKD stages (p<0.05). NT-proBNP correlated significantly with risk factors such as hemodialysis, diabetes, and decreased systolic blood pressure (p<0.0001). A weak inverse relationship was noted between systolic blood pressure and NT-proBNP (R² = 0.16). The NT-proBNP cut-off value for predicting heart failure was 3027 pg/mL, with an AUC of 61.7% (sensitivity: 74.5%, specificity: 55%). Conclusion Serum NT-proBNP levels are elevated in CKD patients regardless of heart failure. The established cut-off value for NT-proBNP in CKD patients to detect heart failure was 3027 pg/mL, with moderate diagnostic utility (AUC = 61.7%).

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health issue characterized by a gradual loss of kidney function over time. As the disease progresses, it leads to an increased risk of cardiovascular complications, which are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in CKD patients. B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and its inactive fragment, N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), are biomarkers widely used in the diagnosis and management of heart failure. Their role in CKD, however, is complex due to the overlapping pathophysiological mechanisms between cardiac and renal dysfunctions. This literature review aims to explore the diagnostic and prognostic value of BNP and NT-proBNP in patients with CKD, highlighting their clinical relevance, the impact of renal function on their levels, and potential therapeutic implications. The review focuses on studies published in the last decade, examining the clinical applications, outcomes, and challenges associated with using BNP and NT-proBNP as biomarkers in CKD patients.

Aconitum navicular (Brϋhl) Stapf, a Himalayan endemic, is an endangered medicinal herb of the alpine region. A search was made under the Latin Name Aconitum navicular (Brϋhl) Stapf. to summarize the use of phytochemical and biological information on the use of ethnomedicine available for the species. The keyword “Aconitum navicular (brϋhl) Stapf.” was collected and compiled from the rankings of PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar and other scientific websites. Phytochemical analysis done so far has led to the isolation of 14 alkaloids, 3 flavonoid glycosides, and 4 phenolglycosides. Most commonly, aqueous extract of this plant has been used against various kinds of fever, bitter tonic and intoxicating liquors. In addition, Aconitum species contain the most diterpenoid alkaloids, and this compound is bioactive and somewhat toxic. Many studies have shown that diterpenoid alkaloids exhibit cytotoxic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory biological activities. We hope this information will be useful in future research and development of this valuable medicinal plant.

Background: The American Heart Association estimates that more than 1 million people die each year from acute coronary heart disease and half a million from acute coronary syndrome, and that $ 115 billion a year is spent on diagnosing and treating coronary heart disease [Word Health Organization, 2013]. Goal: In this study we aimed to using coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) to diagnose unstable plaques in coronary artery disease. Material and methods: From 2018 to 2021, we performed a coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) scan with a Philips Ingenuity 64-slice computed tomography (64 MD-CT) device and examined 47 patients diagnosed with unstable coronary artery disease at the Reference centre on Diagnostic Imaging named after R.Purev State Laureate, People’s physician and Honorary professor of the State Third Central Hospital.
Common statistical measurements such as means and standard errors were calculated. Probability of results were checked using Student’s test. Result: In studying signs of coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) to diagnose unstable plaques in coronary artery disease that coronary artery diameters more widening to compared healthy artery 16(34.0%±6.9), low density sites clarify in plaque (lower than +30HU)- 14(29.8%±6.7), small calcification detect in plaque 36 (74.5%±6.4), ring liked additional density (lower than +130 HU) sees in edge of plaque (Halo sign)-9(19.2%±5.8), plaque edge roughness, erosion liked changes- 18 (38.3%±7.1), rupture of intima (dissection)- 8(17.0%±5.5). Conclusion We detect that computed tomography angiography (CCTA)’s specific signs of unstable plaque of coronary artery disease are coronary artery diameters widening, low density sites clarify in plaque (lower than +30HU), small calcification detect in plaque, ring liked additional density (lower than +130 HU) sees in edge of plaque (Halo sign), plaque edge roughness, erosion liked changes and rupture of intima.

Background: Lower extremity arterial diseases are chronic stenosis of the artery and occlusive arterial diseases, which are commonly caused by atherosclerosis. Prevalence of lower extremity arterial diseases has positive proportional relationship with age of the patients. Furthermore, prevalence of lower extremity arterial disease is 16% among the males over the age of 60, whereas prevalence among same aged woman is 13%. Among the age group of 38 to 59 age, 60 to 69 age and 70-82 age group, prevalence of lower extremity arterial disease was 5.6%, 15.9%, and 33.8%, respectively. Goal: Identifying lower extremity arterial occlusive disease and chronic stenosis of arteries by CTA-TASC classification of aorta-iliac and femoral popliteal lesions. Obiective:
1. To identify age and sex of the patients with lower extremity arterial occlusive disease and chronic stenosis of arteries.
2. To identify lower extremity arterial occlusive disease and chronic stenosis of arteries by CTA-TASC classification of aorta-iliac and femoral popliteal lesions. Material and methods: Study sample consisted of 237 patients, who were diagnosed with lower extremity arterial occlusive disease and chronic stenosis of arteries from 2019 to 2020 at reference centre on Diagnostic Imaging na after R.Purev State Laureate, People’s physician and Honorary professor of the State Third Central Hospital. Computed angiogram images of lower extremity arteries were examined. Contrast agent “Ultravist” was pumped by automatic syringe. Lower extremity arterial occlusive disease and chronic stenosis of arteries are categorized by CTA-TASC classification of аorta-iliac and femoral popliteal lesions. The youngest participant was 20 years old and the oldest participant was 76 years old. Common statistical measurements such as means and standard errors were calculated. Probability of results were checked using Student’s test. Results: We have found following results: 185(78.1%±3.0) cases out of 237 diagnosed patients with lower extremity arterial occlusive disease and chronic stenosis of arteries are males and 52(21.9%±3.0) cases are female. Distribution of lower extremity arterial occlusive disease and chronic stenosis of arteries by the age group of patients are: up to 20 years of age is 3 (1.3%±0.7), 21 to 40 years of age is 14(5.9%±1.5), 41 to 60 years of age is 86(36.3%±3.1) and over the age of 61 is 134(56.5%±3.2). It is statistically highly significant that experiencing lower extremity arterial occlusive disease and chronic stenosis of arteries among the age group of over 61(P<0.001).
The result of lower extremity arterial occlusive disease and chronic stenosis of arteries by the CTA-TASC classification of aorta-iliac and femoral popliteal lesions are: CTA-TASS аorta-iliac lesions A-16(6.8%±1.8), B-8(3.4%±1.2), C-12(5.1%±1.4), D-41(17.3%±2.5), CTA-TASS femoral popliteal A-41(17.29%±2.5), B-53(22.36%±3.6), C-47(19.83%±2.6), D-96(40.5%±3.2), respectively. Conclusions
1. Lower extremity arterial occlusive disease and chronic stenosis of arteries occurs 46.5% over the age of 60 and 78.1% of the patients are males.
2. Following two categories have identified more than the rest, 17.3% CTA-TASC classification of аorta-iliac lesions, type D and 23.3% CTA-TASC classification of femoral popliteal lesions, type D.

Introduction: Cancer continues to be one of the world’s major health issues, with Mongolia continues to lead Asia in esophageal (100’000: 17.1) and gastric cancer incidence (100’000: 41.0). In the previous decade, 8,137 new cases of gastric cancer were reported in Mongolia. According to TNM staging, eight out of every ten people are diagnosed late, recognizing the need to improve people’s knowledge, attitudes, and practices. Methods: The survey was carried out using a questionnaire. A total of 320 participants between 17- 80 ages from the aimags of Uvs, Khovd, and Zavkhan were chosen at random for the survey, and data was collected through social media. SPSS (v28.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) software was used for statistical analysis. Results: The survey included 110, 106, and 104 participants from the aimags of Uvs, Zavkhan, and Khovd. A total of 320 participants, with 20.9% (67) and 79.1% (253) being male and female respectively. The average age was 35.56±9.15 years. The participants’ mean knowledges, attitudes and practices scores were 7.54±2.7, 9.6±2.2, and 3.82±1.1 respectively in the first survey. Following the advocacy campaign, the mean knowledge, attitude, and practice scores increased to 9.3±2.7, 10.1±2.2, and 4.00±1.2, respectively. Conclusion The attitudes and practices of the participants were related to their level of knowledge. It is critical to increase health education and advocacy efforts in order to develop the appropriate attitudes and behaviors to reduce cancer-related deaths.

Most of the infected patients completely recovered after covid-19 infection. However, a substantial proportion of patients who have been infected with SARS-CoV-2 continue to have symptoms long past the time that they recovered from the initial phases of covid-19 disease. At NICE guideline,
1. Acute covid-19: signs and symptoms of covid-19 for up to 4 weeks,
2. Ongoing symptomatic covid-19: signs and symptoms of covid-19 from 4 to 12 weeks,
3. Post-covid-19 syndrome: signs and symptoms that develop during or after an infection consistent with covid-19, continue for more than 12 weeks and are not explained by an alternative diagnosis.
In addition to the clinical case definitions, ‘long covid’ is commonly used to describe signs and symptoms that continue or develop after acute covid-19. As the pandemic of covid-19 continues, numerous additional symptoms, such as fever, dry cough, shortness of breath, fatigue, myalgias, vomiting or diarrhea, headache and weakness. Other critical and severe complications of covid-19 can include impaired function of the heart, brain, lung, liver, kidney, and coagulation system. Early reports have now emerged on post-acute infectious consequences of covid-19, with studies from the United States, Europe and China reporting outcomes for those who survived hospitalization for acute covid-19. An observational cohort study from 38 hospitals in Michigan, United States evaluated the outcomes of 1,250 patients discharged alive at 60 day. Of 488 patients who completed the telephone survey in this study, 32.6% of patients reported persistent symptoms. Dyspnea while walking up the stairs 22.9% was most commonly reported, while other symptoms included cough 15.4% and persistent loss of taste/smell 13.1%. Post-hospital discharge care of COVID-19 survivors has been recognized as a major research priority by professional organizations.

Introduction: Studies demonstrated that the apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A-I (Apo B/apo A-I) ratio predicts cardiovascular risk better than any of the cholesterol indexes. Apo B and Apo A-1 are assumed to be superiormarkers for lipoprotein abnormalities [1,2]. The concentrations of Apo B and Apo A-1 are associated with cardiovascular disease more strongly than the corresponding lipoprotein cholesterol fractions, the discriminant value of these apoproteins in absolute terms appears to be less important than of their ratio (the Apo B/Apo A-1 ratio) [3, 5-7]. The Apo B/Apo A-1 ratio reflects the balance of atherogenic and antiatherogenic lipoproteins in plasma [4]. Multiple clinical and epidemiological studies have confirmed that the Apo B/Apo A-1 ratio is a superior marker for cardiovascular disease compared with lipids and lipoproteins or their ratios [8, 9]. Goal: We determined the variation limits of the Apo B/Apo A-1 ratio in healthy participants with normolipidemia and the relationship of this ratio with other lipid parameters. Material and Methods: A total of 146 normolipidemic healthy participants aged 25–60 years were included in the study. Anthropometric measurements (height and weight) and other personal information were obtained during the clinical examination and the interview. Participants were included in the study using the following criteria:
1. body mass index < 30 kg/m2;

2. TC < 5.2mmol/L;
3. triglycerides (TG) ≤1.7 mmol/L;
4. HDL-C ≥1.03 mmol/L ( woman), ≥ 1.29 mmol/L (male) .
The plasma levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), apo A-I, Apo B and Apo B/Apo A-1 were determined after a 12 h fasting period. The non-HDL-C was calculated as the difference between the TC and HDL-C. Most research data emphasized that the values for the Apo B/Apo A-1 ratio that define a high cardiovascular risk were proposed to be 0.9 for men and 0.8 for women. Statistical Analysis. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 21.0 (USA). Differences between the groups were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test and the chi-squared test. Correlations between the indices were assessed using the Spearman’s rank correlation. A value of < 0.05 was accepted as statistically significant. Results: The relationship of ratio of apolipoprotein (Apo) B/Apo A-1 with other indicators of lipid metabolism in healthy people with normal lipidemia was analyzed. The Apo B/Apo A-1 ratio in the studied normolipidemic subjects was 0.69 ± 0.17. The percentage of subjects with the Apo B/Apo A-1 ratio exceeding 0.9 (the accepted risk value of cardiovascular disease) was 36.3 %.The subjects with Apo B/Apo A-1>0.9 were characterized by higher HDL-C levels and atherogenic Aпo B, Apo B/Apo A-1 but lower values Apo A-1. Conclusion The subjects with normolipidemia the unfavorable Apo B/Apo A-I ratio> 0.9 had more atherogenic lipid profile.

Introduction: Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) is a major cause of morbidity and a leading contributor to mortality in both developed and developing countries. With rapid socioeconomic development, CVD has reached epidemic proportions in developing countries in recent decades. Dyslipidemia, elevated level of plasma cholesterol, together with arterial hipertension, is the main modifiable risk factor atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) development. Surveys to monitor and measure dyslipidemia burden in a Mongolian population has not been conducted in recent years and the available data on the prevalence, types, and associated factors of dyslipidemia in the general population is relatively insufficient and outdated. Monitoring of lipid profile at populational level is an important instrument of prevention medicine, applied for CVD populational risk assessment. Goal: Evaluate comparisons of adult blood lipid levels in age, gender and location. Material and Methods: In this study, 500 people aged 25-65 were classified into age groups (47.1% for males and 52.9% for females). Blood plasma in total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density (HDL-C) and low density (LDL-C) lipoprotein-cholesterol, apolipoprotein - ApoA1, Apo B and ratio of ApoB / ApoA1 were estimated. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 22.0 Results: Mean age of the participants was 48.8±14.2 years old. Mean values for male TC-4.85±0.92 mmol/l, TG-1.58±1.19 mmol/l, LDL-C-3.24±0.98 mmol/l, HLD-C-1.62±0.21, for women- 4.47±0.96 mmol/l, 1.22±0.47 mmol/l, 2.95±1.01 mmol/l, 1.77±0.23 mmol/l respectively. The mean blood TC,TG levels tended to increase with age group in male compared to women. The prevalence of an increased blood LDL-C levels or risks for an increased blood LDL-C was statistically significantly high in male. Conclusion The prevalence of lipid was shown as high, that demands respective prevention and management.