Autoimmune encephalitis (AIE) is a type of immunoreactive encephalitic disorder and is recognized as the most prevalent noninfectious encephalitis. Nevertheless, the rarity of definitive AIE diagnosis through biopsy or autopsy represents a significant hurdle to understanding and managing the disease. In this article, we present the pathological findings of AIE and review the literature based on a distinct case of AIE presenting as CD8+ T-lymphocyte predominant encephalitis. We describe the clinical progression, diagnostic imaging, laboratory data, and autopsy findings of an 80-year-old deceased male patient. The patient was diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis 6 months before death and received appropriate medications. A week before admission to the hospital, the patient manifested symptoms such as a tendency to sleep, decreased appetite, and confusion.Although the patient temporally improved with medication including correction of hyponatremia, the patient progressed rapidly and died in 6 weeks. The brain tissue revealed lymphocytic infiltration in the gray and white matter, leptomeninges, and perivascular infiltration with a predominance of CD8+ T lymphocytes, suggesting a case of AIE. There was no detectable evidence of viral infection or underlying neoplasm. The autopsy revealed that this patient also had Alzheimer’s disease, atherosclerosis, arteriolosclerosis, and aging-related tau astrogliopathy. This report emphasizes the pivotal role of pathological examination in the diagnosis of AIE, especially when serological autoantibody testing is not available or when a patient is suspected of having multiple diseases.

Purpose: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer with a poor prognosis and a lack of targeted therapy. Overexpression of FRAT1 is thought to be associated with this aggressive subtype of cancer. Here, we performed a comprehensive analysis and assessed the association between overexpression of FRAT1 and TNBC. Methods: First, using different web-based bioinformatics platforms (TIMER 2.0, UALCAN, and GEPIA 2), the expression of FRAT1 was assessed. Then, the expression of the FRAT1 protein and hormone receptors and HER2 status were assessed by immunohistochemical analysis. For samples of tumors with equivocal immunoreactivity, we performed silver in situ hybridization of the HER2 gene to determine an accurate HER2 status. Next, we used the R package and bc-GenExMiner 4.8 to analyze the relationship between FRAT1 expression and clinicopathological parameters in breast cancer patients.Finally, we determined the relationship between FRAT1 overexpression and prognosis in patients. Results: The expression of FRAT1 in breast cancer tissues is significantly higher than in normal tissue. FRAT1 expression was significantly related to worse overall survival (P < 0.05) and was correlated with these clinicopathological features:T stage, N stage, age, high histologic grade, estrogen receptor status, progesterone receptor status, Her-2 status, TNBC status, basal-like status, CK5/6 status, and Ki67 status. Conclusion FRAT1 was overexpressed in breast cancer compared to normal tissue, and it may be involved in the progression of breast cancer malignancy. This study provides suggestive evidence of the prognostic role of FRAT1 in breast cancer and the therapeutic target for TNBC.

Background: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has a relatively poor prognosis. Research has identified potential metabolic targets, including fatty acid metabolism, in TNBC. The absence of effective target therapies for TNBC led to exploration of the role of fatty acid synthetase (FASN) as a potential target for TNBC therapy. Here, we analyzed the expression of FASN, a representative lipid metabolism–related protein, and investigated the association between FASN expression and Ki-67 and the programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) biomarkers in TNBC. Methods: Immunohistochemical expression of FASN was analyzed in 166 patients with TNBC. For analytical purposes, patients with 0–1+ FASN staining were grouped as low-grade FASN and patients with 2–3+ FASN staining as high-grade FASN. Results: FASN expression was observed in 47.1% of TNBC patients. Low and high expression of FASN was identified in 75.9% and 24.1%, respectively, and no statistically significant difference was found in T category, N category, American Joint Committee on Cancer stage, or recurrence rate between the low and high-FASN expression groups. Ki-67 proliferation level was significantly different between the low and high-FASN expression groups. FASN expression was significantly related to Ki-67 as the level increased. There was no significant difference in PD-L1 positivity between the low- and high-FASN expression groups. Conclusions We identified FASN expression in 166 TNBC patients. The Ki-67 proliferation index was positively correlated with FASN level, indicating higher proliferation activity as FASN increases. However, there was no statistical association with PD-L1 SP142, the currently FDA-approved assay, or FASN expression level.

Maxillectomy is performed to remove the tumor in the palate, maxillary sinus, buccal mucosa or nasal cavity. The resection range depends on the size and the extent of the tumor and it affects speech production or cause nasal regurgitation during feeding. Obturator can occlude an opening such as an oro-nasal fistula and protect the defect area. Successful reconstrucion of the patient's oral cavity who have gone over the maxillectomy is a difficult task. The condition and number of teeth, the remaining support area, and the extent of the defect area have a great influence on manufacturing the obturator. If these factors are disadvantageous, the prognosis of the prosthesis is uncertain. The final obturator must have a sufficient retention in the patient's oral cavity and must not irritate the surrounding tissue and support area where the resection was performed.In this case, a 55 year old female went through the maxillectomy and the only 3 teeth remained. And the retention of the maxillary prosthesis seems to be poor. So that, we fabricated the closed hollow obturator which has reduced weight compared to the conventional obturator. Consequently the closed hollow obturator can give better sealing and the adaptation.
Female ; Fistula ; Humans ; Maxillary Sinus ; Maxillofacial Prosthesis ; Mouth ; Mouth Mucosa ; Nasal Cavity ; Palate ; Palate, Hard ; Prognosis ; Prostheses and Implants ; Tooth

Xeroderma pigmentosum is a rare autosomal recessive disease, related to defects in DNA repair mechanism. It presents skin lesions on sun-exposed areas, leading to various skin cancer. Skin lesions can be treated with cryotherapy, skin resurfacing, 5-FU, Imiquimod, topical T4 endonuclease V, radiotherapy and genetic therapy, but invasive skin cancer should be treated by a surgery. We report a 12-year-old female xeroderma pigmentosum patient with recurrent basal cell carcinoma successfully treated by skin grafting. In that there is no cure for this disease, prevention and patient education is most important.

Xeroderma pigmentosum is a rare autosomal recessive disease, related to defects in DNA repair mechanism. It presents skin lesions on sun-exposed areas, leading to various skin cancer. Skin lesions can be treated with cryotherapy, skin resurfacing, 5-FU, Imiquimod, topical T4 endonuclease V, radiotherapy and genetic therapy, but invasive skin cancer should be treated by a surgery. We report a 12-year-old female xeroderma pigmentosum patient with recurrent basal cell carcinoma successfully treated by skin grafting. In that there is no cure for this disease, prevention and patient education is most important.

Purpose: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents a major clinical challenge due to its aggressive and metastatic behavior and the lack of available targeted therapies. Therefore, therapeutic strategies are needed to improve TNBC patient management. Recently, atezolizumab and nab-paclitaxel chemotherapy has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the first-line treatment of patients with locally advanced and metastatic TNBC. The programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) immunohistochemical SP142 assay was also approved as a companion diagnostic device for selecting TNBC patients for atezolizumab treatment. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the analytical performance of the PD-L1 22C3/SP263 assays in comparison with the SP142 assay for ≥ 1% immune cells (ICs). Methods: Immunohistochemical expression for the PD-L1 22C3/SP263 assays, in comparison with the SP142 assay, was analyzed for the ≥ 1% ICs in 95 TNBCs. Results: At the 1% cut-off value, the proportions of positive cases were 52.6% for the SP142 assay in infiltrating ICs and 50.5% and 52.6% for the 22C3 and SP263 assays in tumor cells, respectively. The PD-L1 SP263 assay had the highest while the PD-L1 22C3 assay had the lowest total positive expression rate at all cut-off values. The concordance rate between the assays was highest at a 1% cut-off value and decreased when the cut-off value increased.The concordance rate between the SP142 and SP263 assays at 1% cut-off was high, while in comparison, the concordance rate between the SP142 and 22C3 assays at 1% cut-off was relatively lower. Conclusion This study demonstrates that although the 22C3 assay at a 1% cut-off value compared with the PD-L1 SP142 assay at the clinically relevant cut-off shows comparable but not interchangeable analytical performance, the analytical performance of the SP263 assay at a 1% cut-off value shows interchangeable performance with the PD-L1 SP142 assay at the clinically relevant cut-off.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare two novel impression methods and a conventional impression method for edentulous jaws using 3-dimensional (3D) analysis software. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five edentulous patients (four men and one woman; mean age: 62.7 years) were included. Three impression techniques were used: conventional impression method (CI; control), simple modified closed-mouth impression method with a novel tray (SI), and digital impression method using an intraoral scanner (DI). Subsequently, a gypsum model was made, scanned, and superimposed using 3D analysis software. Mean area displacement was measured using CI method to evaluate differences in the impression surfaces as compared to those values obtained using SI and DI methods. The values were confirmed at two to five areas to determine the differences. CI and SI were compared at all areas, while CI and DI were compared at the supporting areas. Kruskal-Wallis test was performed for all data. Statistical significance was considered at P value <.05. RESULTS: In the comparison of the CI and SI methods, the greatest difference was observed in the mandibular vestibule without statistical significance (P>.05); the difference was < 0.14 mm in the maxilla. The difference in the edentulous supporting areas between the CI and DI methods was not significant (P>.05). CONCLUSION: The CI, SI, and DI methods were effective in making impressions of the supporting areas in edentulous patients. The SI method showed clinically applicability.
Calcium Sulfate ; Female ; Humans ; Jaw ; Jaw, Edentulous ; Male ; Maxilla ; Methods

In a single implant restoration of maxillary anterior teeth, it is difficult to accomplish an aesthetic restoration of the implant prosthesis in the case of gingival recession and bone defect problems. To maintain aesthetic stability in the long term, it is important to place the implant in the ideal position as well as the recovery of the soft tissue and harmony with the prosthesis. Not only ideal implant position but also the harmony with surrounding soft tissues are important to fabricate aesthetic implant prosthesis for these cases. for these cases, a 47- years -old male with lowered level of osseous crest and gingival recession on maxillary anterior tooth was treated with guided bone regeneration and gingival recontouring.
Bone Regeneration ; Esthetics ; Gingiva ; Gingival Recession ; Humans ; Male ; Prostheses and Implants ; Tooth*

Multiple tooth loss and excessive occlusal wear can result in damage to occlusal disharmony, functional disorders and esthetic problems, requiring comprehensive prosthetic treatments. Changing vertical dimension harmonized with surrounding muscle tissue is important. In this case, the patient with loss of vertical dimension caused by severe tooth loss and tooth wear was treated with the analysis of vertical dimension, such as diagnostic model, radiography and various clinical exams. the patient was satisfied with favorable functions and esthetics for 1 years of follow-up.
Esthetics ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Mouth Rehabilitation* ; Mouth* ; Radiography ; Tooth Attrition ; Tooth Loss* ; Tooth Wear* ; Tooth* ; Vertical Dimension*