OBJECTIVETo observe the effect of Tangke Decoction (TD) on the expression of TGF-beta1/Smad4 of rats with early diabetes and to explore the effect and mechanism of TD against the renal injury induced by diabetes.

METHODSSD rats were randomly divided into the normal control group (n = 12), the model group (n = 10), the Chinese herbs prevented group (n =10), the Chinese herbs treated group (n = 10), and the Western medicine control group (n = 10). TD (18 mg/kg) was given by gastrogavage to rats in the Chinese herbs prevented group immediately after successful modeling for 12 weeks, once daily. At the 4th week of successful modeling, rats in the rest 4 groups were administered by gastrogavage. Equal volume of normal saline was given to rats in the model group and the normal control group. Benazepril suspension (1 mg/kg) was administered by gastrogavage to rats in the Western medicine control group for 8 weeks, once daily. TD (18 mg/kg) was given by gastrogavage to rats in the Chinese herbs treated group for 8 weeks, once daily. The body weight, kidney weight, index of kidney weight, fasting blood sugar, 24 h urinary albumin excretion rate were examined after experiment. The pathological changes of the renal tissue were observed by HE staining, Masson staining, and electron microscope. The expression of renal transforming growth factor-beta1, (TGF-beta1) and Smad4 were detected using immunohistochemical assay.

RESULTSCompared with the normal control group, the body weight of rats decreased significantly; the kidney weight, index of kidney weight, blood sugar, 24 h urinary protein excretion, the urinary albumin excretion rate,TGF-beta1 and Smad4 expression increased significantly in the model group (all P < 0.01). Compared with the model group, the aforesaid indices were improved in each treatment group with statistical difference (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Compared with the Western medicine control group, the kidney weight, index of kidney weight, blood sugar, 24 h urinary protein excretion, and the urinary albumin excretion rate were obviously improved in the Chinese herbs prevented group (P < 0.01). The renal pathological changes were most obvious in the model group significantly, but they were improved in all treatment groups.

CONCLUSIONTD could obviously improve the symptoms of diabetes and down-regulate the expression of renal TGF-beta1 and Smad4 of early diabetic nephropathy rats, which suggested that TD had certain preventive effect on early diabetic nephropathy.

Animals ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Kidney ; metabolism ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Smad4 Protein ; metabolism ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1 ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of the plasma containing Qianlongtong Capsule (QLT)-containing plasma on the expression of the Smad4 gene in prostate stromal cells in vitro and provide some experimental evidence for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) with Chinese medicinal compound.

METHODSFifteen cases of BPH were equally randomized to three groups to be treated with QLT at a high dose (6 capsules once), a medium dose (3 capsules once), and a low dose (1.5 capsules once), tid, for 7 days consecutively. QLT-containing plasma was collected from the patients. Prostate stromal cells were identified by immunofluorescence when they became monolayered and cultured in the QLT-containing plasma for 24 hours, followed by detection of the expression of the Smad4 gene by real-time quantitative PCR and that of the Smad4 protein by Western blot.

RESULTSAfter treatment with the QLT-containing plasma, the expression of the Smad4 gene in the stromal cells was significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner as compared with the blank control and no-QLT groups (P < 0.01). The expression of the Smad4 protein was also markedly elevated after treatment. The differences were statistically significant between the blank control and medium-dose groups (P < 0.01), low-dose and medium-dose groups (P < 0.05), and high-dose and the other groups (P < 0.01), but not between the blank control and low-dose groups (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONQLT-containing plasma could inhibit the proliferation and improve the apoptotic index of prostate stromal cells in vitro, which was related to the elevation of the mRNA and protein expressions of Smad4.

Apoptosis ; Cells, Cultured ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Male ; Prostate ; drug effects ; metabolism ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; Smad4 Protein ; genetics ; metabolism ; Stromal Cells ; drug effects ; metabolism

DEDD is a member of the death-effector domain protein family. DEDD inhibits the Smad3 mediated transcriptional activity and participates in the regulation of apoptosis. In this study, how the death-effector domain of DEDD participates in the regulation of Smad3 activity and apoptosis has been further investigated. Immunoblotting, immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation had been used to detect the effects of the full length DEDD and its two truncated mutants, N-DEDD and C-DEDD on Smad3 subcellular distribution, phosphorylation, and interaction between Smad4. The effects of the full length DEDD and its two truncated mutants on cell apoptosis and proliferation had also been explored by flow cytometry and MTT assay. It showed that DEDD and N-DEDD inhibit TGF-beta1 induced Smad3 nuclear translocation and the formation of Smad3-Samd4 complex. DEDD and its two mutants can induce cell apoptosis and inhibit cell proliferation. These results suggested that DEDD inhibits the activity of Smad3 through its death-effector domain. Both the two truncated mutants of DEDD participate in the regulation of apoptosis and cell proliferation.
Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; DNA-Binding Proteins ; pharmacology ; Death Domain Receptor Signaling Adaptor Proteins ; pharmacology ; HEK293 Cells ; Hep G2 Cells ; Humans ; Phosphorylation ; drug effects ; Protein Binding ; Smad3 Protein ; metabolism ; Smad4 Protein ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo explore the effect of Bushen Tiaojing Recipe (BTR) on the expressions of drosophila mothers against decapentaplegic protein (Smadl), Smad5, Smad8, and Smad4 on human mural granulosa cells.

METHODSSixty-six patients undergoing in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) were randomly assigned to two groups in the ratio of 1:2, the treatment group and the control group. Twenty-three patients in the treatment group were treated with BTR and GnRHa/FSH/hCG, while forty-three patients in the control group were treated with GnRHa/FSH/hCG. The mRNA expressions of Smad1, Smad5, Smad8, and Smad4 on mural granulosa cells of the mature follicle were detected by real-time PCR on the ovum retrieval day. The expressions of Smad1, Smad5, Smad8, and Smad4 at the protein level were observed using cell immunofluorescence method.

RESULTSThe mRNA and protein expressions of Smadl in the granulosa cells were significantly higher in the treatment group than in the control group (P <0.05). There was no statistical difference in the mRNA and protein expressions of Smad5, Smad8, and Smad4 between the two groups.

CONCLUSIONThe mechanisms of BTR for improving the pregnancy rate and the ovarian functions might be correlated with up-regulating mRNA and protein expressions of Smadl of human mural granulosa cells.

Adult ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Female ; Granulosa Cells ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Humans ; Ovarian Follicle ; cytology ; Signal Transduction ; Smad1 Protein ; metabolism ; Smad4 Protein ; metabolism ; Smad5 Protein ; metabolism ; Smad8 Protein ; metabolism

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether miR-125b regulates the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) by modulating Smad4, a predicted target in silicon. METHODS: Smad4 3'-UTR-luciferase vector was constructed and dual-luciferase reporter gene assay was employed to examine the effect of miR-125b on luciferase activity. MSCs were isolated and cultured from human bone marrow, and then transfected with miR-125b mimics followed by induction of osteogenic differentiation. qRT-PCR and Western blot were used to detect the expressions of Smad4 mRNA and protein. MSCs were induced into the osteoblasts after transfecting with Smad4 siRNA, and the effect of Smad4 downregulation on osteogenic differentiation was observed by AKP activity and RUNX2 mRNA levels. RESULTS: miR-216b bound Smad4 3'-UTR and inhibited the luciferase activity (P<0.05). Smad4 mRNA and protein expressions were significantly down-regulated in the MSCs induced into osteogenic differentiation when miR-125b was overexpressed. Downregulation of Smad4 suppressed the AKP activity and RUNX2 mRNA expression, indicating that Smad4 siRNA simulated at least in part the function of miR-125b as the regulator of MSCs osteogenic differentiation. CONCLUSION miR-125b can suppress MSCs osteogenic differentiation by directly targeting Smad4.
Bone Marrow Cells ; cytology ; Cell Differentiation ; physiology ; Cells, Cultured ; Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit ; genetics ; metabolism ; Down-Regulation ; Female ; Humans ; Mesenchymal Stem Cells ; cytology ; MicroRNAs ; physiology ; Osteoblasts ; cytology ; Osteogenesis ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; metabolism ; RNA, Small Interfering ; genetics ; Smad4 Protein ; genetics ; metabolism ; Transfection ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo study the mechanism of Huogu I formula (I) in treating osteonecrosis of femoral head.

METHODSForty-eight healthy female Leghorn chickens were randomly divided into control group, model group and Huogu I group, and each group consisted of 16 chickens. At the meantime of model establishment, chickens of the Huogu I group were administrated with decoction, while the model and control group with distilled water by gavage. At the 8th and 16th week after medication, blood samples were obtained for blood lipid detection while both sides of femoral head were harvested for the rest of examinations. Specifically, expressions of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2), transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFβ(1)), Smad4 and Smad7 were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, while expression of osteoprotegerin/receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand (OPG/RANKL) mRNA was detected by in situ hybridization.

RESULTSCompared with the control group, serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in the model group rose significantly. Positive cell counting of BMP2, TGFβ(1), Smad4 and OPG in femoral head of the model group dropped prominently. Positive cell counting of Smad7 and RANKL increased dramatically. In contrast with the model group, levels of TC, TG and LDL-C in Huogu I group reduced significantly. Positive cell counting of BMP2, TGFβ(1), Smad4 and OPG in femoral head of the Huogu I group increased prominently. Indices of Smad7 and RANKL both decreased significantly. Especially at the 8th week, these variations were more significant.

CONCLUSIONHuogu I formula is effective in promoting repair of necrotic femoral head by regulating the expressions of BMP2, TGFβ(1), Smads and OPG/RANKL of osteoclast in femoral head.

Animals ; Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 ; metabolism ; Bone Regeneration ; drug effects ; physiology ; Chickens ; Chondrocytes ; metabolism ; Disease Models, Animal ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Female ; Femur Head Necrosis ; chemically induced ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; Lipid Metabolism ; physiology ; Osteocytes ; metabolism ; Osteoprotegerin ; genetics ; metabolism ; Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B ; genetics ; metabolism ; Smad4 Protein ; metabolism ; Smad7 Protein ; metabolism ; Steroids ; pharmacology ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1 ; metabolism

BACKGROUNDPancreatic cancer is a devastating disease with the worst mortality rate. Therefore, a rational strategy for future drug development is critical. Genistein is a small, biologically active flavonoid that is found in high amounts in soy. This important compound supports a wide variety of biological activities, but is best known for its ability to inhibit cancer progression.

METHODSTranswell chamber assay was performed to determine the effect of genistein on the invasion of the human pancreatic cancer cell line Panc-1 induced by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-b1) in the different condition (5 ng/ml 24 hours and 10 ng/ml 48 hours); Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to estimate the mRNA levels of urinary plasminogen activator (uPA), matrix metallopeptidase 2/9 (MMP-2/9), Smad4, E-Cadherin and Vimentin; Western blotting was used to detect the protein levels of uPA, E-Cadherin, ERK1/2, P38 and P-P38, and the activity of MMP-2/9 protein were detected by gelatin zymography assay method. Cells structure was observed and analyzed by microscopy.

RESULTSGenistein can inhibit effectively TGF-b1-induced invasion and metastasis in Panc-1 by Transwell assay, which is through regulating the mRNA and protein expression of uPA and MMP2, but not MMP9 by RT-PCR/Western blotting, and is positively correlated with the concentration of genistein. At the same time, genistein also could improve the progress of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) via morphology observation using light microscopy/transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which is mediated by the down-regulation of E-cadherin and the up-regulation of vimentin.

CONCLUSIONSTGF-b1 mediates EMT process via numerous intracellular signal transduction pathways. The potential molecular mechanisms are all or partly through Smad4-dependent and -independent pathways (p38 MAPK) to regulate the antitumor effect of genistein.

Anticarcinogenic Agents ; pharmacology ; Blotting, Western ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition ; drug effects ; Genistein ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; Pancreatic Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Signal Transduction ; drug effects ; Smad4 Protein ; metabolism ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1 ; pharmacology

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of two treating principles and formulas, which are named 'invigorating spleen to remove phlem and promoting blood circulation to remove meridian obstruction' (Jianpi) and 'invigorate the kidney and promoting blood circulation to remove meridian obstruction' (Bushen), on the expression of osteogenic factors in steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head (SONFH), such as bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) and transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1) and Smads, as well as to explore and compare their mechanisms of prevention and treatment of SONFH.

METHODAnimal model of SONFH was established by injection with methylprednisolone in chest muscle on chickens. 48 SONFH chickens were randomly assigned to model, Jianpi and Bushen group. Another 16 normal chickens served as control group. At the 8th and 16th week, the expression of BMP2, TGFbeta1, Smad4 and Smad7 of bilateral femoral heads were detected with immunohistochemistry.

RESULTThe expression of BMP2, TGFbeta1 and Smad4 decreased, and Smad7 increased significantly in model group compared with control group. The expression of BMP2, TGFbeta1, Smad4 increased and Smad7 decreased significantly in Jianpi group at the 8th week compared with model group, and the same changes in Bushen group at the 16th week.

CONCLUSIONBoth Jianpi and Bushen formulas exerted preventive and therapeutic activity on SONFH through regulating the expression of BMP2, TGFbeta1, Smad4 and Smad7 to promote bone repair. Notably Jianpi formula took effect earlier than Bushen formula

Animals ; Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 ; metabolism ; Chickens ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Female ; Femur Head Necrosis ; chemically induced ; metabolism ; pathology ; Methylprednisolone ; Osteogenesis ; drug effects ; Random Allocation ; Smad4 Protein ; metabolism ; Smad7 Protein ; metabolism ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1 ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of schisandrin B (Sch-B) on expression of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) and signal transduction molecule mRNA in rat lungs exposed to SiO2, and explore the intervention mechanism of Sch-B on pulmonary fibrosis induced by SiO2.

METHODSNinety six Wistar rats were randomly divided into control (normal saline) group, SiO2 group and SiO2 plus Sch-B group. The rats were exposed to SiO2 by direct tracheal instillation to establish the silicotic animal models. SiO2 group and SiO2 plus Sch-B group were treated with 1 ml SiO2 (50 mg/ml) for each rat From the first day after model establishment, SiO2 plus Sch-B group were orally given Sch-B (80 mg/kg) a day, control group and silica group were orally given olive oil. On the 3rd, 7th, 14th and 28th days after treatment, 8 rats in each group were sacrificed and samples were collected. The histo-pathological examination of lung was performed by HE staining. The expression levels of TGF-beta1, TGF-betaR II and Smad4 mRNA in the lung tissues were detected by RT-PCR.

RESULTSThe results of histo-pathological examination showed that in SiO2 group, lung tissues were injured obviously; the alveolar inflammation with alveolus interval edema and inflammation cell infiltration appeared on the 3rd and 7th days; the alveolus interval became thicker, became thicker, fibroblast and collagen matrix increased markedly on 14th day; the alveolar structure was damaged, alveolar wall thickened obviously, collagen aggravation and pulmonary fibrosis displayed on 28th day. The alveolar inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis in SiO2 plus Sch-B group were significantly less than those in SiO2 group. The expressions levels of TGF-beta1 TGF-betaR II and Smad4 mRNA (TGF-1beta: 1.03 +/- 0.31, 1.33 +/- 0.39,1.08 +/- 0.26, 0.82 +/- 0.16, TGF-betaR II: 0.65 +/- 0.11, 0.80 +/- 0.16, 0.83 +/- 0.24, 0.62 +/- 0.15, Smad4:0.87 +/- 0.15, 0.68 +/- 0.11, 0.78 +/- 0.19, 0.30 +/- 0.08) in SiO2 group were significantly higher than those in the control group (TGF-beta1:0.59 +/- 0.22, 0.55 +/- 0.25, 0.56 +/- 0.20, 0.55 +/- 0.12, TGR-betaR II :0.28 +/- 0.13, 0.31 +/- 0.15, 0.34 +/- 0.15, 0.27 +/- 0.09, Smad4:0.23 +/- 0.11, 0.40 +/- 0.12, 0.39 +/- 0.12, 0.18 +/- 0.06) (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05), but the expression level of TGF-beta1 mRNA was the highest on the 7th day. The expression levels of TGF-beta1 and Smad4 mRNA (TGF-beta1:0.68 +/- 0.28, 0.88 +/- 0.25, 0.75 +/- 0.11, 0.61 +/- 0.14,Smad4:0.25 +/- 0.12, 0.45 +/- 0.09, 0.44 +/- 0.07, 0.21 +/- 0.04) in SiO2 plus Sch-B group were significantly lower than those in SiO2 group (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05 ), but there were no significant differences of the TGFbetaR II mRNA expression levels between SiO2 group and SiO2 plus Sch-B group.

CONCLUSIONSch-B can reduce the pulmonary fibrosis induced by SiO2 through inhibition of the mRNA express of TGF-beta1 and Smad4 in the lung tissue, modulating the TGF-beta1/Smad4 signal transduction pathway and inhibiting the target gene activation.

Animals ; Cyclooctanes ; pharmacology ; Female ; Lignans ; pharmacology ; Lung ; drug effects ; metabolism ; pathology ; Male ; Polycyclic Compounds ; pharmacology ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Signal Transduction ; drug effects ; Silicosis ; metabolism ; pathology ; Smad4 Protein ; genetics ; metabolism ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1 ; genetics ; metabolism

Angiogenesis is a multi-step process that involves the activation, proliferation, and migration of endothelial cells. We have recently shown that TGF-beta1 can induce mouse macrophages to produce VEGF, a potent angiogenic factor. In the present study, we explored whether TGF-beta1 has a similar effect on mouse dendritic cells. First, we show that under hypoxic conditions, TGF-beta1 induced the expression of VEGF transcripts in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Overexpression of Smad3/4 further augmented TGF-beta1-induced VEGF transcription, while overexpression of DN-Smad3 decreased VEGF transcription in DC2.4 cells, a mouse dendritic cell line. We also show that TGF-beta1 and Smads are involved in the induction of VEGF protein secretion. Interestingly, under the same conditions, the expression of VEGF receptor 1 (Flt-1) was also elevated at both the transcriptional and protein levels. Additionally, we found that the TGF-beta1-induced VEGF secretion in activated DC2.4 cells has wound-healing properties. Finally, Smad7 and Smurf1 negatively regulated the TGF-beta1-induced and Smad3/4-mediated VEGF expression. Taken together, these results indicate that TGF-beta1 can enhance the expression of VEGF and Flt-1 through the typical Smad pathway in mouse dendritic cells.
Angiogenesis Inhibitors/*metabolism ; Animals ; Cell Line ; Dendritic Cells/*metabolism ; Macrophages/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Smad2 Protein/metabolism ; Smad3 Protein/metabolism ; Smad4 Protein/metabolism ; Smad7 Protein/metabolism ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/*secretion ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1/*metabolism