This comprehensive review synthesizes the latest advancements in understanding inflammatory disorders affecting cerebral small vessels, a distinct yet understudied category within cerebral small vessel diseases (SVD). Unlike classical SVD, these inflammatory conditions exhibit unique clinical presentations, imaging patterns, and pathophysiological mechanisms, posing significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Highlighting their heterogeneity, this review spans primary angiitis of the central nervous system, cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related inflammation, systemic vasculitis, secondary vasculitis, and vasculitis in autoinflammatory diseases. Key discussions focus on emerging insights into immune-mediated processes, neuroimaging characteristics, and histopathological distinctions. Furthermore, this review underscores the importance of standardized diagnostic frameworks, individualized immunomodulation approaches, and novel targeted therapies to address unmet clinical demands.
Humans ; Cerebral Small Vessel Diseases/pathology* ; Inflammation/pathology* ; Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy/pathology* ; Vasculitis, Central Nervous System/pathology* ; Vasculitis/pathology*

Pinelliae Rhizoma (PR), known as Banxia in Chinese, Hange in Japanese, and Banha in Korean, is a renowned herbal medicine in East Asia derived from the dry tuber of Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit. (PT). It is extensively utilized in dispensing granules, classical prescriptions, and herbal formulas to treat various conditions, including cough, infection, phlegm, nausea, asthma, and inflammation. Despite numerous studies on PR and its classical prescriptions over recent decades, a comprehensive synthesis of available evidence regarding its multifunctional roles and therapeutic potential is lacking. This review aims to address this gap by examining emerging evidence from metabonomics, preclinical studies, and clinical trials, while exploring potential trends and prospects for future research. A systematic literature search was conducted across six electronic databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Wanfang, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure, to identify relevant articles on PR published until March 2023. PR contains 107 compounds with diverse pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, immune regulatory, anti-viral, anti-cancer, anti-asthma, antitussive and expectorant, antioxidant, anti-obesity, anti-atherosclerosis, anti-microbial, emetic and anti-emetic, anti-convulsant and anti-epileptic, sedative and hypnotic, learning and memory enhancement, and anti-depressant effects. Metabonomic studies suggest that raw PR may exhibit cardiotoxicity and pregnancy toxicity while showing no apparent hepatorenal toxicity. However, limited pharmacokinetic investigations on PR constrain its clinical translation. Furthermore, clinical safety data on PR is scarce, with only four clinical trials assessing its positive effects in pediatric epilepsy, nausea and vomiting, soft tissue injury, and chronic sinus tract. This review aims to enhance understanding of PR and provide valuable information and recommendations for further research and development of herbal medicine.
Humans ; Pinellia/chemistry* ; Animals ; Ethnopharmacology ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry* ; Phytochemicals/chemistry* ; Rhizome/chemistry*

Objective:To investigate the effectiveness and feasibility of a 3D U-Net in conjunction with a three-phase CT image segmentation model in the automatic segmentation of GTVnx and GTVnd in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.Methods:A total of 645 sets of computed tomography (CT) images were retrospectively collected from 215 nasopharyngeal carcinoma cases, including three phases: plain scan (CT), contrast-enhanced CT (CTC), and delayed CT (CTD). The dataset was grouped into a training set consisting of 172 cases and a test set comprising 43 cases using the random number table method. Meanwhile, six experimental groups, A1, A2, A3, A4, B1, and B2, were established. Among them, the former four groups used only CT, only CTC, only CTD, and all three phases, respectively. The B1 and B2 groups used phase fine-tuning CTC models. The Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) and 95% Hausdorff distance (HD95) served as quantitative evaluation indicators.Results:Compared to only monophasic CT (group A1/A2/A3), triphasic CT (group A4) yielded better result in the automatic segmentation of GTVnd (DSC: 0.67 vs. 0.61, 0.64, 0.64; t = 7.48, 3.27, 4.84, P < 0.01; HD95: 36.45 vs. 79.23, 59.55, 65.17; t = 5.24, 2.99, 3.89, P < 0.01), with statistically significant differences ( P < 0.01). However, triphasic CT (group A4) showed no significant enhancement in the automatic segmentation of GTVnx compared to monophasic CT (group A1/A2/A3) (DSC: 0.73 vs. 0.74, 0.74, 0.73; HD95: 14.17 mm vs. 8.06, 8.11, 8.10 mm), with no statistically significant difference ( P > 0.05). For the automatic segmentation of GTVnd, group B1/B2 showed higher automatic segmentation accuracy compared to group A1 (DSC: 0.63, 0.63 vs. 0.61, t = 4.10, 3.03, P<0.01; HD95: 58.11, 50.31 mm vs. 79.23 mm, t = 2.75, 3.10, P < 0.01). Conclusions:Triphasic CT scanning can improve the automatic segmentation of the GTVnd in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Additionally, phase fine-tuning models can enhance the automatic segmentation accuracy of the GTVnd on plain CT images.

Objective To explore the feasibility,importance,and pediatric characteristics of the construction modules and scenarios of pediatric smart wards,as well as the priority level of construction in different scenarios,in order to provide a basis for the phased construction of pediatric smart ward scenarios.Methods A systematic evaluation of the scenario construction of smart wards was conducted through literature review,key informant surveys.Results By systematically scoring and ranking the construction of 15 projects and 57 application scenarios under the three modules of smart management,smart services,and smart healthcare,it is clear that in the practice of pediatric smart wards,priority should be given to the construction of certain scenarios based on the high and low scores and actual conditions,and gradually promote the construction of other scenarios.Conclusion The pediatric smart ward scene has both the universality of traditional smart ward construction needs and its own disciplinary characteristics.Therefore,in the construction process,it is necessary to widely understand the actual needs and carry out targeted smart scene construction that is in line with pediatric characteristics.

Objective To explore the feasibility,importance,and pediatric characteristics of the construction modules and scenarios of pediatric smart wards,as well as the priority level of construction in different scenarios,in order to provide a basis for the phased construction of pediatric smart ward scenarios.Methods A systematic evaluation of the scenario construction of smart wards was conducted through literature review,key informant surveys.Results By systematically scoring and ranking the construction of 15 projects and 57 application scenarios under the three modules of smart management,smart services,and smart healthcare,it is clear that in the practice of pediatric smart wards,priority should be given to the construction of certain scenarios based on the high and low scores and actual conditions,and gradually promote the construction of other scenarios.Conclusion The pediatric smart ward scene has both the universality of traditional smart ward construction needs and its own disciplinary characteristics.Therefore,in the construction process,it is necessary to widely understand the actual needs and carry out targeted smart scene construction that is in line with pediatric characteristics.

Objective·To explore the effect of all-trans retinoic acid(ATRA)of different concentrations on osteogenic differentiation of jaw bone mesenchymal stem cells(jBMSCs)in rats.Methods·jBMSCs from 4-week-old Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats were isolated and cultured with whole bone marrow adherence method.The surface antigens were identified by using flow cytometry.Alkaline phosphatase(ALP)staining/alizarin red staining,oil red O staining and alcian blue staining were used to prove the multilineage differentiation potential of jBMSCs after osteogenic,adipogenic and chondrogenic induction respectively.jBMSCs were induced in osteogenic medium with ATRA of concentration of 0.01,0.1,1,5,10,20 μmol/L in vitro,and dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO)was used as control group.Cell viability of jBMSCs in different groups were determined by CCK8.ALP staining and alizarin red staining were used to investigate the osteogenic ability of jBMSCs in each group and screened the concentrations for subsequent experiments.Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qPCR)and immunofluorescence staining were used to analyze the expressions of osteogenesis-related genes and proteins in jBMSCs of different concentrations.Results·The flow cytometry analysis showed that more than 98%of P1 jBMSCs were positive for CD29+CD90+CD31-CD45-,which was congruent with the characteristics of bone mesenchymal stem cells.The results of ALP staining/alizarin red staining,oil red O staining and alcian blue staining indicated that the P1 jBMSCs had the multilineage differentiation potential of osteogenesis,adipogenesis and chondrogenesis.The results of ALP staining/alizarin red staining showed that the osteogenic activity and mineralization ability of jBMSCs in 0.01,0.1 and 1 μmol/L ATRA groups were increased compared with those in the control group,while the osteogenic activity and mineralization ability were decreased when the concentration of ATRA increased,especially higher than 5 μmol/L(all P<0.05).qPCR analysis showed that the mRNA expression levels of osteogenesis-related genes such as Alp,bone sialoprotein(Bsp),collagen type Ⅰ α1(Col1a1)and osteocalcin(Ocn)were higher in the 0.1 and 1 μmol/L ATRA groups compared to the control group.However,further increasing the concentration of ATRA led to a decrease in gene expression levels,and when the concentration exceeded 5 μmol/L,it began to be lower than the control group level(all P<0.05).The immunofluorescence staining showed that the expression of osteogenic related proteins SP7,ALP and OCN in the 0.1 and 1 μmol/L ATRA groups were increased compared to the control group,while further increasing the concentration of ATRA led to a decrease in protein expression.When the concentration was higher than 5 μmol/L,it began to be lower than the control group level(all P<0.05).Conclusion·Lower concentrations(0.1,1 μmol/L)of ATRA can promote the osteogenic differentiation of rat jBMSCs,and the promoting effect reaches its peak at 0.1 μmol/L,while the effect can be weakened by further increasing the concentration.Higher concentrations(5,10,20 μmol/L)of ATRA could inhibit the osteogenic differentiation of rat jBMSCs,showing an inhibitory effect.In this study,the dual-directional effect of retinoic acid on osteogenic differentiation of jBMSCs was demonstrated in vitro,and 0.1 μmol/L ATRA was identified as the optimal concentration for osteogenic differentiation of jBMSCs in rats,which provided a reference basis for the development of in vivo studies and clinical application of ATRA.

Objective To analyze medication patterns and the targets and pathways of core drug combinations in treatment of palpitation.Methods The prescriptions of Li Yaping for treatment of palpitation from March 2023 to March 2024 were collected,and frequency counts of drugs'nature and flavour,channel tropism,and efficacy were performed.Apriori algorithm,association rules,and clustering analysis were carried out using SPSS Modeler 18.0 and SPSS 26.0.The core drugs and disease targets were searched,and gene ontology(GO)and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)analysis were performed on the targets of their therapeutic action for palpitation.Results A total of 220 prescriptions were collected,involving 192 flavors of traditional Chinese medicines,with a cumulative medication frequency of 3978 times,and 18 flavors of high-frequency medicines.The medicines were mainly tonics,sedative,and promoting blood circulation for removing blood stasis.The distribution of medicinal properties were mainly warm,cold and flat.The medicinal flavors were mainly sweet,bitter and pungent,and channel tropism were mostly heart,liver and spleen channel.Association rule analysis showed that Radix Angelicae Sinensis,Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae,Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae,Radix Ophiopogonis,and Radix Astragali were the core drugs.Cluster analysis showed that there was 3 cluster combinations.In the network pharmacology part,there were 181 targets intersected by drug combinations and diseases.KEGG analysis showed that the core drugs for palpitation mainly involved signaling pathways such as phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B,hypoxia-inducible factor-1,mitogen-activated protein kinase,interleukin-17,etc.GO analysis obtained 1000 GO pathways,of which 760 were biological processes,93 were cellular components,and 147 were molecular functions.Conclusion In the treatment of palpitation,Li Yaping advocates benefiting qi and promoting yang,removing blood stasis and eliminating turbidity,and tranquilizing the mind,emphasizing the"two hearts in the same adjustment",and treating the heart and liver at the same time,taking into account the spleen and stomach,and the combination of core medicines can intervene in the course of palpitation through multi-components,multi-targets,and multi-pathways,which is of great significance for the treatment of palpitation in the clinical setting.

Objective To explore the feasibility,importance,and pediatric characteristics of the construction modules and scenarios of pediatric smart wards,as well as the priority level of construction in different scenarios,in order to provide a basis for the phased construction of pediatric smart ward scenarios.Methods A systematic evaluation of the scenario construction of smart wards was conducted through literature review,key informant surveys.Results By systematically scoring and ranking the construction of 15 projects and 57 application scenarios under the three modules of smart management,smart services,and smart healthcare,it is clear that in the practice of pediatric smart wards,priority should be given to the construction of certain scenarios based on the high and low scores and actual conditions,and gradually promote the construction of other scenarios.Conclusion The pediatric smart ward scene has both the universality of traditional smart ward construction needs and its own disciplinary characteristics.Therefore,in the construction process,it is necessary to widely understand the actual needs and carry out targeted smart scene construction that is in line with pediatric characteristics.

Objective To explore the feasibility,importance,and pediatric characteristics of the construction modules and scenarios of pediatric smart wards,as well as the priority level of construction in different scenarios,in order to provide a basis for the phased construction of pediatric smart ward scenarios.Methods A systematic evaluation of the scenario construction of smart wards was conducted through literature review,key informant surveys.Results By systematically scoring and ranking the construction of 15 projects and 57 application scenarios under the three modules of smart management,smart services,and smart healthcare,it is clear that in the practice of pediatric smart wards,priority should be given to the construction of certain scenarios based on the high and low scores and actual conditions,and gradually promote the construction of other scenarios.Conclusion The pediatric smart ward scene has both the universality of traditional smart ward construction needs and its own disciplinary characteristics.Therefore,in the construction process,it is necessary to widely understand the actual needs and carry out targeted smart scene construction that is in line with pediatric characteristics.

Objective To explore the feasibility,importance,and pediatric characteristics of the construction modules and scenarios of pediatric smart wards,as well as the priority level of construction in different scenarios,in order to provide a basis for the phased construction of pediatric smart ward scenarios.Methods A systematic evaluation of the scenario construction of smart wards was conducted through literature review,key informant surveys.Results By systematically scoring and ranking the construction of 15 projects and 57 application scenarios under the three modules of smart management,smart services,and smart healthcare,it is clear that in the practice of pediatric smart wards,priority should be given to the construction of certain scenarios based on the high and low scores and actual conditions,and gradually promote the construction of other scenarios.Conclusion The pediatric smart ward scene has both the universality of traditional smart ward construction needs and its own disciplinary characteristics.Therefore,in the construction process,it is necessary to widely understand the actual needs and carry out targeted smart scene construction that is in line with pediatric characteristics.