Benzophenone-3 is a type of ketone with 2 benzene rings attached to a carbonyl group (C=O) and one benzene ring attached to a hydroxyl group (-OH). As an endocrine-disrupting chemical, benzophenone-3 is known to be associated with reproductive, developmental, thyroid, and endocrine toxicities. Benzophenone-3 is commonly used in hair products, cosmetics, and ultraviolet (UV) filters because of its characteristic property to absorb UV light. This study aims to investigate the association between the use of hair products and urine benzophenone-3 using the data from the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) cycle 4 (2018–2020), which represents the Korean population.

This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of erythrosine-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) in dentin and its effect on the shear bond strength (SBS) of composite resin to dentin. Eighty extracted human noncarious premolars were used in this study. Forty teeth were used for the antibacterial activity test, while the remaining 40 were used for the SBS test. Both experiments were conducted with 4 experimental groups (n = 10): control (distilled water), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl, 6%), chlorhexidine (CHX, 0.12%), and erythrosine-mediated PDT. Antibacterial effects were evaluated by counting S. mutans colony-forming units (CFUs). The SBS of composite resins to dentin was measured using a universal testing machine. All treatments (NaOCl, CHX, and PDT) demonstrated statistically significant differences in antibacterial activity compared with the control group (p < 0.05). The antibacterial effects were ranked from strongest to weakest as follows: NaOCl, PDT, and CHX. In the SBS test, the NaOCl group exhibited a statistically significant difference compared with the CHX, PDT, and control groups (p < 0.05), with the lowest bond strength. No statistically significant differences were found among the CHX, PDT, and control groups (p > 0.05). Erythrosine-mediated PDT exhibited significant antibacterial effects against S. mutans, with higher antibacterial activity than CHX but lower than NaOCl. Only NaOCl negatively affected the bond strength of composite resin to dentin. In conclusion, erythrosine-mediated PDT shows potential as a cavity disinfectant due to its significant antibacterial effects against S. mutans and lack of adverse effects on bond strength.

Benzophenone-3 is a type of ketone with 2 benzene rings attached to a carbonyl group (C=O) and one benzene ring attached to a hydroxyl group (-OH). As an endocrine-disrupting chemical, benzophenone-3 is known to be associated with reproductive, developmental, thyroid, and endocrine toxicities. Benzophenone-3 is commonly used in hair products, cosmetics, and ultraviolet (UV) filters because of its characteristic property to absorb UV light. This study aims to investigate the association between the use of hair products and urine benzophenone-3 using the data from the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) cycle 4 (2018–2020), which represents the Korean population.

This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of erythrosine-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) in dentin and its effect on the shear bond strength (SBS) of composite resin to dentin. Eighty extracted human noncarious premolars were used in this study. Forty teeth were used for the antibacterial activity test, while the remaining 40 were used for the SBS test. Both experiments were conducted with 4 experimental groups (n = 10): control (distilled water), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl, 6%), chlorhexidine (CHX, 0.12%), and erythrosine-mediated PDT. Antibacterial effects were evaluated by counting S. mutans colony-forming units (CFUs). The SBS of composite resins to dentin was measured using a universal testing machine. All treatments (NaOCl, CHX, and PDT) demonstrated statistically significant differences in antibacterial activity compared with the control group (p < 0.05). The antibacterial effects were ranked from strongest to weakest as follows: NaOCl, PDT, and CHX. In the SBS test, the NaOCl group exhibited a statistically significant difference compared with the CHX, PDT, and control groups (p < 0.05), with the lowest bond strength. No statistically significant differences were found among the CHX, PDT, and control groups (p > 0.05). Erythrosine-mediated PDT exhibited significant antibacterial effects against S. mutans, with higher antibacterial activity than CHX but lower than NaOCl. Only NaOCl negatively affected the bond strength of composite resin to dentin. In conclusion, erythrosine-mediated PDT shows potential as a cavity disinfectant due to its significant antibacterial effects against S. mutans and lack of adverse effects on bond strength.

Benzophenone-3 is a type of ketone with 2 benzene rings attached to a carbonyl group (C=O) and one benzene ring attached to a hydroxyl group (-OH). As an endocrine-disrupting chemical, benzophenone-3 is known to be associated with reproductive, developmental, thyroid, and endocrine toxicities. Benzophenone-3 is commonly used in hair products, cosmetics, and ultraviolet (UV) filters because of its characteristic property to absorb UV light. This study aims to investigate the association between the use of hair products and urine benzophenone-3 using the data from the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) cycle 4 (2018–2020), which represents the Korean population.

This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of erythrosine-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) in dentin and its effect on the shear bond strength (SBS) of composite resin to dentin. Eighty extracted human noncarious premolars were used in this study. Forty teeth were used for the antibacterial activity test, while the remaining 40 were used for the SBS test. Both experiments were conducted with 4 experimental groups (n = 10): control (distilled water), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl, 6%), chlorhexidine (CHX, 0.12%), and erythrosine-mediated PDT. Antibacterial effects were evaluated by counting S. mutans colony-forming units (CFUs). The SBS of composite resins to dentin was measured using a universal testing machine. All treatments (NaOCl, CHX, and PDT) demonstrated statistically significant differences in antibacterial activity compared with the control group (p < 0.05). The antibacterial effects were ranked from strongest to weakest as follows: NaOCl, PDT, and CHX. In the SBS test, the NaOCl group exhibited a statistically significant difference compared with the CHX, PDT, and control groups (p < 0.05), with the lowest bond strength. No statistically significant differences were found among the CHX, PDT, and control groups (p > 0.05). Erythrosine-mediated PDT exhibited significant antibacterial effects against S. mutans, with higher antibacterial activity than CHX but lower than NaOCl. Only NaOCl negatively affected the bond strength of composite resin to dentin. In conclusion, erythrosine-mediated PDT shows potential as a cavity disinfectant due to its significant antibacterial effects against S. mutans and lack of adverse effects on bond strength.

This study evaluated the additive impact of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) on erythrosine-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) biofilm by measuring colony-forming units and applying confocal laser scanning microscopy. Fifty-six bovine incisors, free from dental caries or structural defects, were utilized in this study. Dentin specimens were created by cutting with a low-speed diamond disk under a continuous flow of water, resulting in dimensions of 6.0 mm × 3.0 mm × 2.0 mm. The specimens were categorized into 4 groups: Control, EDTA, PDT, and EDTA + PDT. S. mutans ATCC 25175 was employed to establish biofilm on the dentin specimens. A 17% EDTA solution was applied for 1 min. For PDT, erythrosine served as the photosensitizer. Finally, a light-emitting diode source (385 - 515 nm) was employed in this study. The PDT group exhibited a significantly lower bacterial count than both the control and EDTA groups (p < 0.001). The EDTA + PDT group demonstrated a significantly reduced bacterial count compared to the other 3 groups (p < 0.001). This study demonstrated that EDTA enhances the antimicrobial efficacy of PDT on S. mutans biofilm. Even at a low concentration of photosensitizer, the combination of EDTA and PDT yields a significant antibacterial effect.

This study aimed to compare the fluoride-releasing ability and degree of microbial attachment of a newly developed glass-hybrid restorative material (GH) with those of a high-viscosity glass ionomer (HvGIC), resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI), and composite resin (CR). In addition, the correlation between fluoride-releasing ability and microbial attachment between materials was evaluated. Specimens were prepared in a disc shape and divided into 4 groups according to the materials (GH, HvGIC, RMGI, and CR). The fluoride release experiments were performed in each group (n = 15). The amount of fluoride released was measured on days 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 42 after storage. For the microbial attachment experiment, 12 specimens were produced per group using Mutans Streptococci (S.mutans ), a cariogenic microorganism. S. mutans was cultured on the specimens for 24 hours, and the number of bacteria was measured. GH had the highest cumulative fluoride release and showed a significant difference when compared with RMGI (p = 0.001) and CR (p < 0.0001). Microbial attachment was the lowest in GH; however, no significant difference was observed between the materials (p = 0.169). There was no significant correlation between fluoride release from materials and microbial attachment (p > 0.05). From this perspective, remineralization of low-mineralized areas could be expected due to the high fluoride release of GH, and the effect of delaying the progression of dental caries could be predicted from the low cariogenic microbial attachment. Therefore, GH might be a useful restorative material for treating immature permanent teeth with hypomineralized enamel. However, further studies are needed about the degree of remineralization of hypomineralized areas after restoration and the capacity to recharge fluoride.

Objective: Farmers are known to have high prevalence of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD). This study aims to investigate the current status of asthma and COPD in domestic and foreign farmers with the ultimate goal of raising awareness of asthma and COPD among farmers and contribute to supporting evidence for the prevention of respiratory diseases in farmers. Methods: The study utilized data from the "Farmer’s Occupational Disease Survey," conducted by the Rural Development Administration, to determine the prevalence of respiratory diseases in domestic farmers.The prevalence of asthma and COPD in overseas farmers was evaluated by researching other foreign studies and articles. Results: The prevalence of asthma and COPD in domestic farmers was less than of foreign farmers’.The prevalence of asthma in domestic farmers was high as upto 8.4% and COPD upto 5.5%. Studies from Europe and America showed prevalence of asthma in farmers high as upto 14.8% and COPD upto 17.1%. Conclusions This study conducted an investigation using the 'Survey on Occupational Diseases and Injuries in Farmers to understand the current status of asthma and COPD in domestic farmers. Due to a lack of relevant domestic research, we examined and compared with the research results on asthma and COPD among overseas farmers. Further research is necessary and preventive measures for respiratory diseases need to be developed.

The aim of this in-vitro study is to evaluate the effect of potassium iodide (KI) on erythrosine-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) against Streptococcus mutans biofilms. S. mutans ATCC 25175 was cultured to form a biofilm on a hydroxyapatite disk. After diluting erythrosine to 20 μM and KI to 10, 50, and 100 mM, respectively, PDT was performed. The number of surviving bacteria was calculated as colony forming units (CFU)/mL and the statistical significance of the difference between groups was confirmed by Bonferroni post-hoc analysis. Cell viability was visually evaluated using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). As a result of the experiment, a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in CFU was observed in the experimental groups in which PDT was performed after applying KI regardless of the concentration of KI. In addition, a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in CFU was observed in the experimental group to which 100 mM KI was applied compared to 10 mM KI. The same results were confirmed when observing CLSM. KI significantly improved the efficacy of erythrosine-mediated PDT on S. mutans biofilms at all concentrations. This may compensate for the low sensitivity of PDT to biofilm-state bacteria strains, but it is necessary to establish an optimal clinical protocol through further research.