A 6-year-old male who lived with a mother in a single-parent family was referred to the emergency room with multiple traumas. There was no specific finding on CT scan of the other hospital performed 55 days before admission. However, CT scan at the time of admission showed common bile duct (CBD) stenosis, proximal biliary dilatation and bile lake formation at the segment II and III. Endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage was performed, but the tube had slipped off spontaneously 36 days later, and follow-up CT scan showed aggravated proximal biliary dilatation above the stricture site. He underwent excision of the CBD including the stricture site, and the bile duct was reconstructed with Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy. Pathologic report of the resected specimen revealed that the evidence of trauma as a cause of bile duct stricture. While non-iatrogenic extrahepatic biliary trauma is uncommon, a level of suspicion is necessary to identify injuries to the extrahepatic bile duct. The role of the physicians who treat the abused children should encompass being suspicious for potential abdominal injury as well as identifying visible injuries.
Abdominal Injuries ; Bile Ducts ; Bile Ducts, Extrahepatic ; Bile ; Child ; Child Abuse ; Child ; Common Bile Duct ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Dilatation ; Drainage ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Lakes ; Male ; Mothers ; Multiple Trauma ; Single-Parent Family ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Wounds, Nonpenetrating

BACKGROUND: Many studies have reported that adolescents living with single parent have a high risk of obesity. However, those studies did not explore the implication of the gender of single parent living with adolescents. This study investigated the differences in obesity rates according to status of co-residence with their parents in Korean adolescents. The family living with single parent was classified into the family living with single father and the family living with single mother. METHODS: This cross-sectional study involved 59,602 adolescents who participated in the 2017 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey. The data on height, weight, status of co-residence with parents, and the other variables were obtained through online questionnaires. RESULTS: In male adolescents, the family living with single mother was related to a high proportion of obesity (odds ratio [OR] 1.24, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.09–1.40) and overweight (OR 1.17, 95% CI 1.03–1.34). However, in female adolescents, the family living with single father was related to a high proportion of obesity (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.23–1.82). In addition, female adolescents living with neither parent were more likely to be obese (OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.13–1.91) and overweight (OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.00–1.70). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed a risk of obesity in adolescents living with single parent differs according to the gender of single parent living with adolescents. Not adolescents living with a same-gender parent, but those living with an opposite-gender parent have a high risk of obesity.
Adolescent ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Fathers ; Humans ; Korea ; Mothers ; Obesity ; Overweight ; Parents ; Risk-Taking ; Single Parent ; Single-Parent Family

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to examine socio-demographic and psychological variables and the correlation of their factors with quality of life (QOL) in urban-dwelling single mothers. METHODS: Participants were 195 single mothers living in an urban community in South Korea. Participants completed self-report questionnaires examining socio-demographic characteristics and including the following self-rating scales : the global assessment of recent stress, the center for epidemiologic studies depression scale, the scale for suicidal ideation, the Korean version of the alcohol use disorder identification test, and the World Health Organization QOL assessment instrument. RESULTS: Regarding socio-demographic variables, high educational level (p=0.009), high monthly income (p<0.001), living in own house (p<0.001), and divorced or separated on economic grounds (p<0.001) showed significantly high QOL in single mothers. Age (r=0.208, p=0.004) showed significant positive correlation with QOL ; stress (r=-0.254, p<0.001), depressive symptoms (r=-0.314, p<0.001), suicidal ideation (r=-0.217, p<0.001), and alcohol-related problems (r=-0.363, p<0.001) showed significant negative correlation with QOL. In multiple regression analysis, alcohol-related problems, financial cause of single motherhood, depressive symptoms, and income explained 37.7% of variance in total QOL. CONCLUSION: Interventions to promote QOL of single mothers should reduce the social burden and psychological problems on single mothers. Specifically, interventions providing psychological support should target new single mothers in order to reduce distress in single-mother families.
Alcoholism ; Depression ; Divorce ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Humans ; Korea ; Mothers* ; Psychology* ; Quality of Life* ; Single-Parent Family ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Suicidal Ideation ; Weights and Measures ; World Health Organization

Exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) not only can cause serious illness, but is also an economic and social burden. Contextual and individual factors of non-smoker exposure to SHS depend on location. However, studies focusing on this subject are lacking. In this study, we described and compared the factors related to SHS exposure according to location in Korea. Regarding individual factors related to SHS exposure, a common individual variable model and location-specific variable model was used to evaluate SHS exposure at home/work/public locations based on sex. In common individual variables, such as age, and smoking status showed different relationships with SHS exposure in different locations. Among home-related variables, housing type and family with a single father and unmarried children showed the strongest positive relationships with SHS exposure in both males and females. In the workplace, service and sales workers, blue-collar workers, and manual laborers showed the strongest positive association with SHS exposure in males and females. For multilevel analysis in public places, only SHS exposure in females was positively related with cancer screening rate. Exposure to SHS in public places showed a positive relationship with drinking rate and single-parent family in males and females. The problem of SHS embodies social policies and interactions between individuals and social contextual factors. Policy makers should consider the contextual factors of specific locations and regional and individual context, along with differences between males and females, to develop effective strategies for reducing SHS exposure.
Administrative Personnel ; Child ; Commerce ; Drinking ; Early Detection of Cancer ; Fathers ; Female ; Housing ; Humans ; Korea* ; Male ; Multilevel Analysis ; Public Policy ; Single Person ; Single-Parent Family ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Tobacco Smoke Pollution*

PURPOSE: This cross-sectional study was done to compare factors influencing young adolescents' aggression according to family structure. METHODS: Participants were 680 young adolescents aged 11 to 15 years (113 in single father families, 136 in single mother families, 49 in grandparent families, and 382 in both-parent families). All measures were self-administered. Data were analyzed using SPSS 18.0 program and factors affecting young adolescents' aggression were analyzed by stepwise multiple regression. RESULTS: Levels of young adolescents' aggression and all variables were significantly different among the four family structure groups. Factors influencing young adolescents' aggression were also different according to these 4 groups. For single father families, depression-anxiety and family hardiness significantly predicted the level of young adolescents' aggression (adjusted R square=.37, p<.001). For single mother families, depression-anxiety, gender, and friends' support significantly predicted the level of young adolescents' aggression (adjusted R square=.58, p<.001). For grandparent families, depression-anxiety and family support significantly predicted the level of young adolescents' aggression (adjusted R square=.58, p<.001). For both-parent families, depression-anxiety, family hardiness, and friends' support significantly predicted the level of young adolescents' aggression (adjusted R square=.48, p<.001). CONCLUSION: Nurses working with young adolescents should consider family structure-specific factors influencing aggression in this population.
Adolescent ; *Adolescent Psychology ; *Aggression ; Anxiety ; Child ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Depression ; Family ; Family Relations ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Questionnaires ; Sex Factors ; Single-Parent Family ; Social Support

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to identify mental health of parents in single parent families according to sociodemographic variables and then to identify analyzed sociodemographic factors affecting their mental health. METHODS: The study participants included 291 parents in single parent families registered at Yangcheon-gu. They accomplished a self-report questionnaire, which included sociodemographic characteristics and self-rating scales ; Global Assessment of Recent Stress (GARS), The Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D), Scale for Suicidal Ideation (SSI-Beck), and The Korean Version of the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT-K). First, we identified mental health of parents in single parent families according to sociodemographic variables by independent T test or ANOVA. Second, ANCOVA was used for determination of sociodemographic variables affecting mental health of parents in single parent families after adjusting other significant sociodemographic variables. RESULTS: Among sociodemographic variables, structure of family, age, occupation, type of residence, and monthly income had a significant effect on mental health of parents in single parent families. In families with an unmarried mother and unemployed, scores for GARS, CES-D, SSI-Beck, and AUDIT-K were significantly higher, while these scores were significantly lower in subjects whose monthly income was over 3 million won. CONCLUSION: Results of this study demonstrate that parents in single parent families were vulnerable to mental health problems, especially unmarried mothers, families, and unemployed. We should try to provide practical support in order to reduce social burden and provide earlier psychological interventions in order to reduce distress for single parent families.
Humans ; Illegitimacy ; Mental Health ; Occupations ; Parents ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Single Parent ; Single-Parent Family ; Suicidal Ideation ; Weights and Measures

The objective of this study was to assess dietary habits and nutrition knowledge of elementary school students who use community food-service centers according to family type. The subjects were comprised of 147 individuals in low-income households, aged from 7 to 12 years, and who consumed free meals at community welfare centers or at local children's centers in Seoul and Kyunggi-do, Korea. Dietary habits and dietary intake were obtained using 24-hr recall. Children in low-income single parent families skipped breakfast more frequently than children in low-income married parent families. No difference in nutrition intake or dietary habits was observed between children in low-income single parent families and children in low-income married parent families. More interest and financial support of the government are required to develop nutrition education and food assistance programs for children in low-income single parent families.
Aged ; Breakfast ; Child ; Family Characteristics ; Financial Support ; Food Assistance ; Food Habits ; Food Services ; Humans ; Korea ; Meals ; Nutritional Status ; Parents ; Single-Parent Family

PURPOSE: This study was done to compare factors influencing children's self-esteem between two parent families and single parent families. METHODS: The participants were 692 children aged 11 to 13 yr (388 in two parent families and 304 in single parent families) recruited from 20 community agencies and 5 elementary schools in Gyeonggi Province and Seoul City, South Korea. Data were collected from May to July, 2007 using a survey questionnaire containing items on self-esteem, internal control, problematic behavior, school record, family hardiness, parent-child communication and social support. The data were analyzed using SPSS 15.0 program and factors affecting children's self-esteem were analyzed by stepwise multiple regression. RESULTS: Scores for the study variables were significantly different between the two groups. The factors influencing children's self-esteem were also different according to family type. For two parent families, internal control, problematic behavior, school record, and parent-child communication significantly predicted the level of self-esteem (adjusted R2=.505, p<.001). For single parent families, social support, family hardiness, internal control, problematic behavior, school record, and parent-child communication significantly predicted the level of self-esteem (adjusted R2=.444, p<.001). CONCLUSION: Nurse working with children should consider family type-specific factors influencing their self-esteem.
Adolescent ; Adolescent Behavior ; *Adolescent Psychology ; Child ; Child Behavior ; Communication ; Educational Status ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Parent-Child Relations ; Questionnaires ; *Self Concept ; *Single-Parent Family ; Social Support

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence and correlates of children who had Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Seoul. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of 2,429 children included in four elementary schools at Seoul. Parents and teachers completed the Korean ADHD Rating Scales (K-ARS) and the Korean version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ-Kr). Child psychiatrists interviewed the children who demonstrated clinically significant scores on K-ARS and SDQ-Kr. Further assessments were conducted with other psychological tests if needed. RESULTS: 1) Of 2,429 children, 158 (6.5%) children had ADHD. 2) Compared to controls, ADHD children showed more frequently male preponderance, more single parent family, lower parental education level, more paternal no employment, poorer sibling relationship, fewer number of friends, and lower ability in language and mathematics. 3) In multivariate analysis, ADHD were associated with boys, single parent family, poor sibling relationship, and low language ability. Our stratified analysis by gender, there were association with single parent family and lower language ability in boys, and poor sibling relationship and lower mathematics ability in girls. CONCLUSION: This study found 6.5% prevalence of ADHD and ADHD were associated with gender, family environment, and academic achievements. Understanding of high-risk children would help in developing an ADHD school mental health program.
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity* ; Child ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Education ; Employment ; Female ; Friends ; Humans ; Language ; Male ; Mathematics ; Mental Health Services* ; Mental Health* ; Multivariate Analysis ; Parents ; Prevalence* ; Psychiatry ; Psychological Tests ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Seoul* ; Siblings ; Single-Parent Family ; Weights and Measures

OBJECTIVES: There were two objectives in this study 1) to investigate the psychosocial characteristics and mental health status of runaway adolescents, 2) to compare mental health status, family environments (family violence, parental conflict, parental alcohol drinking) by gender. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study done on 151 residents of a runaway adolescent shelter. This study was conducted from 12th May to 24th May 2003. Self-rating questionnaire used include demographic data, SCL-90-R, family adaptability cohesion evaluation scale III, conflict tactics scales 2 and children of alcoholics screening test. RESULTS: Most participants were single parent, with low education level. Adolescents in shelters scored significantly high on the somatization, hostility, interpersonal sensitivity, paranoid ideation, psychoticism scales on the SCL-90-R. Female adolescent scored significantly higher on the obsessive-compulsive, interpersonal sensitivity, and hostility scales on the SCL-90-R. Male adolescents scored significantly higher statistically on the CAST. These results suggest that more systematized and individualized psychiatric intervention is necessary to help them during sheltered living. CONCLUSION: Runaway adolescent report significant level of psychopathology, family conflict, parental alcohol problem. These results suggest that more systematized, individualized psychiatric approach is necessary to help runaway adolescent in shelter.
Adolescent* ; Alcoholics ; Child ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Education ; Family Conflict ; Homeless Youth* ; Hostility ; Humans ; Mass Screening ; Mental Health* ; Parents ; Psychopathology ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Single Parent ; Violence ; Weights and Measures