Oral lichenoid drug reactions(OLDRs)are inflammatory reactions of the oral mucosa caused by the use of specific drugs in sensitive individuals and are classified as oral lichenoid lesions(OLLs).Its clinical and pathological manifestations do not have significant specificity compared to other types of OLL.Various types of drugs have been re-ported to induce OLDR,including antihypertensive drugs,nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,hypoglycemic drugs,an-tipsychotics,and immunosuppressants,among other drugs.Apart from local or systemic administrate glucocorticoids,the most effective treatment measure is to stop using suspicious drugs.Most patients can achieve significant relief from mu-cosal ulcers and erosion,but white lines may still remain.OLDR has been widely reported in the literature.However,due to a lack of systematic understanding,we do not have a recognized standard for the diagnosis and treatment of this disease.There are still doubts about the causal relationship between related drugs and oral lichen-like lesions.In re-sponse to the abovementioned problems,we searched the literature on drug-related oral lichen planus and lichen-like le-sions at home and abroad over the past 20 years,most of which were case reports and only a few of which were case-con-trol studies.This article describes the current research status of lichenoid lesions from four perspectives:concepts,sus-picious drugs,clinical and pathological manifestations,and treatment prognosis.We hope to provide a theoretical refer-ence for the prevention,diagnosis,and clinical treatment of related lichenoid lesions.A literature review demonstrated that there are still many unclear issues related to the etiology,pathogenesis,clinical diagnosis and treatment,treatment prognosis,and other aspects of this disease,and further clinical and basic research is needed for in-depth exploration.

OBJECTIVETo determine measles antibody levels and influencing factors among children aged 6 to 15 years in Zhejiang province.

METHODSBlood samples were collected from 2069 children aged 6 to 15 years in Changxing county (Huzhou) and Liandu district (Lishui) of Zhejiang province. Serum level of measles IgG antibody was measured using ELISA, and 800 mIU/mL was applied as the cut-off point of high antibody level. Chi-square or trend Chi-square test was used to analyze difference in positive rates of high antibody level among children with different characters, and the factors related to high antibody level in the vaccinated children were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression.

RESULTSAmong 2069 subjects, positive rate of high measles antibody level was 36.06% (746/2069). Multivariate logistic regression showed that the high measles antibody level was significantly associated with age of children and the age of first measles vaccine inoculation. The positive rate of high measles antibody level decreased with age(=0.866, 95%:0.830-0.904, <0.01), and the positive rate in children whose first vaccination at ≥ 12 months of age was higher than those whose first vaccination at 8 months of age(=0.633, 95%:0.498-0.805, <0.01).

CONCLUSIONSIn order to obtain high measles antibody level and to maintain high levels of population immune barrier, it is suggested that first dose of vaccination can be appropriately delayed in low epidemic areas, and elder children should have timely catch-up vaccination.

Adolescent ; Antibodies, Viral ; Child ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G ; Male ; Measles ; Measles Vaccine ; Vaccination

Objective: To assess the 3-year antibody persistence after vaccination of domestic measles, mumps and rubella combined attenuated live vaccine (MMR) with different program. Methods: Children from three different vaccination strategies (Group 8 m MR: 8 months and 18 months vaccinated with measles-rubella combined attenuated live vaccine and domestic MMR,respectively; Group 8 m MMR: 8 months and 18 months both vaccinated with domestic MMR; Group 12 m MMR: 12 months and 22 months both vaccinated with domestic MMR ) were followed up in Zhejiang province in July 2015. There were 170 participants in Group 8 m MR, 171 participants in Group 8 m MMR and 173 participants in Group 12 m MMR selected by simple random sampling method .Blood samples (venous blood 2-3 ml) were collected 1 month after the first dose vaccination of MMR (only in Group 8 m MMR and Group 12 m MMR) and 3 years (36-38 months) after the last dose vaccination of MMR and tested for antibody IgG against Measles, Mumps and Rubella using ELISA. Seropostive rate and Geometric mean concentration (GMC) were calculated and compared among different groups by Chi-square test or Fisher exact test and Kruskal-Wallis H test. Results: A total of 514 participants (8 m MR: 170; 8 m MMR:171; 12 m MMR:173) were enrolled. The overall seropositivity rate of measles, mumps and rubella was 98.1% (504), 93.4% (480) and 88.1% (453), respectively, with corresponding GMC was 1 012.33 mU/ml, 502.87 U/ml and 50.53 U/ml respectively. There was no significant difference of seropositivity rate for measles among three groups (all groups were>97%). The highest seropositivity rate for mumps was found in the Group 12 m MMR with the rate of 98.8% (171/173), followed by Group 8 m MMR and Group 8 m MR with 93.0% (159/171) and 88.2%(150/170) respectively (Fisher exact test, P<0.001). The highest seropositivity rate for rubella was also found in the Group 12 m MMR with the rate of 94.8% (164/173), followed by Group 8 m MMR and Group 8 m MR with 86.6%(148/171) and 82.9%(141/170) respectively (Fisher exact test, P=0.002). The highest GMC of antibody against measles, mumps and rubella were all found in Group 12 m MMR, with 1 217.30 (1 119.35-1 323.82) mU/ml, 717.07 (643.83-798.65) U/ml and 62.54(56.21-69.58) U/ml respectively. The lowest GMC of antibody against measles and mumps were both in Group 12 m MR with 812.01 (734.52-897.67) mU/ml and 363.28 (305.42-432.11) U/ml respectively. The lowest GMC of antibody against rubella was in Group 8 m MMR with 44.10 (39.08-49.76) U/ml. These differences of GMCs among three groups were all reach significant means (P<0.05). Conclusion High level seropostive rates and GMCs were exist against measles and rubella after 3-year vaccination of domestic MMR among different program. Higher antibody level against mumps were found in those children with two doses vaccination of MMR.

Objective To analyze the volatile constituents of Linglingxiang (Lysimachia foenumgraecum,Hance,Holy Basil) by applying solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS).Methods The heads of solid phase microextraction (SPME) with 4 kinds of different coating,75 μm CAR/PDMS,65 μm DVB/PDMS,85 μm PA and 100 μm PDMS,were used to extract the under the best extraction condition,and then these volatile constituents were detected by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).Results The key parameters of SPME for extracting volatile constituents from Linglingxiang were as follows:temperature was 85℃C and extracting time was for 50 min.A total of 10 types including 103 kinds of volatile constituents were identified by 4 different SPME extraction heads,and phenols,esters and hydrocarbons were main chemical types of volatile compounds in Linglingxiang.There were totally 6 volatile constituents detected by 4 different SPME extraction heads,and they were Sugarlactone,Dihydroactinidiolide,(+)-cedrol,phytone,phenanthrene,and 3-Amino-4,5-dimethyl-2 (5h)-furanone.Among all extraction heads,the head of 75 μm CAR/PDMS detected the largest number of volatile constituents reached to 43.Conclusion SPME-GC/MS was used for the first time form determining the volatile constituents in Linglingxiang.The method is simple,rapid and accurate,which can offer reference to further studies on the material base of Linglingxiang.

Objective To establish a mouse model of biliogenic severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) by using a self-made device for retrograde injection of sodium taurocholate into common bile duct,and to investigate the improvement of the device on retrograde injection of sodium taurocholate into common bile duct and its safety.Methods Thirty-six adult male ICR mice were randomly divided into biliogenic SAP model group and sham group,with 18 mice in each group.A 40 U disposable insulin syringe,a 200 μL tips and a 25 μL micro-syringer were used as basic materials for making the mouse common bile duct injection device [National Utility Model Patent (ZL 2014 2 0694365.4)].In model group,3.5％ sodium taurocholate (1 mL/kg) was injected retrogradely into the common bile duct of mice,whilst in sham group,the mice underwent the injection of equal amount of normal saline instead.Six mice in each group were sacrificed at 6,24 and 48 hours after operation,and the abdominal aortic blood was collected.Serum amylase (AMY),alanine aminotransferase (ALT),creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB),serum creatinine (SCr),oxygenation index (PaO2/FiO2) as well as serum Ca2+ were.determined.Pathological change in pancreas was observed under conventional light microscopy after hematoxylin and eosiu (HE) staining,and the impairment was evaluated by a widely used score system.Results The injection device was easily placed into mouse common bile duct under macroscopic observation.Six hours after operation,the levels of serum AMY,ALT and SCr in model group were significantly higher than those in sham group,and peaked at 24 hours,and they slightly decreased at 48 hours,which were still significantly higher than those of the sham group [24-hour AMY (U/L):7 325 ± 1 154 vs.1 737 ± 197,24-hour ALT (U/L):176.0±5.0 vs.38.3 ± 2.0,24-hour SCr (tmol/L):46.3 ± 1.5 vs.17.8 ±0.6,all P ＜ 0.01].The level of CK-MB at 6 hours in the model group was significantly higher than that of the sham group,and peaked at 48 hours (U/L:749.8±42.2 vs.383.3±35.5 at 6 hours,3 340.1 ± 203.6 vs.704.6 ± 63.5 at 48 hours,both P ＜ 0.01).PaO2/FiO2 at 6 hours after the operation in model group was significantly lower than that of sham group,then it began to rise at the similar level in sham group at 48 hours [mmHg (1 mmHg =0.133 kPa):327.5±33.8 vs.424.8±31.0 at 6 hours,P ＜ 0.01;429.8 ±41.8 vs.464.7±43.3 at 48 hours,P ＞ 0.05].Ca2+ level in model group was continuously decreased after operation,and it was significantly lower than that of sham group at 48 hours (mmol/L:1.58 ± 0.14 vs.2.45 ± 0.21,P ＜ 0.01).The pancreatic edema was obvious after operation in sham group,with the observation time prolongation,the changes were gradually improved;pancreatic focal necrosis was found at 6 hours after operation in model group,and it was secondary aggravated,and pancreatic lobule structure disappearance and inflammatory cells extensive infiltration was found at 48 hours.Pathological score of the model group was significantly higher than that of sham group at each time point,and peaked at 48 hours (13.3 ±0.3 vs.3.0±0.1,P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion It is a highly efficient and low-cost way to induce biliogenic SAP in mice by retrograde injection of 3.5％ sodium deoxycholate into common bile duct via the self-made injection device,and the model conformed to the clinical characteristics of biliogenic SAP.

Objective To study the effect of scalp acupuncture plus facilitation technique on the temporal and spatial parameters of gait in spastic cerebral palsy. Method Thirty eligible patients with spastic cerebral palsy were randomized into a treatment group and a control group based on the inter-group balance in age, palsy type, and the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS), 15 cases in each group. The treatment group was intervened by scalp acupuncture, together with the facilitation technique during the retaining of the needles; the control group was also by scalp acupuncture and facilitation techniques but with over 1 h interval between the two methods. The treatment was given once a day, totally for 3 months. The walking, running, and jumping items (E category) of the Gross Motor Function Measure-66 (GMFM-66), temporal and spatial parameters of gait, and vertical ground reaction force during stance were compared before and after the treatment. Result There were no significant inter-group differences in comparing the rates of E category of the GMFM-66 before the treatment (P>0.05), the rates were significantly changed after the treatment in both groups (P<0.05), and there were significant differences in comparing the rates between the two groups after the intervention (P<0.05);after the intervention, the step length, walking speed, and step frequency were increased significantly in both groups (P<0.05), while the double-stance phase was decreased significantly, and swing phase was increased significantly (P<0.05); after the intervention, the step length, walking speed, and step frequency of the treatment group were significantly better than that of the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion Acupuncture plus facilitation technique can mitigate the spasticity in spastic cerebral palsy, improve the gross motor function, especially the function of standing and walking, enhance the activities, and benefit the improvement of the step length, step width, and walk speed.

Objective To establish a reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatograph ( RP-HPLC ) method for determination of equilibrium solubility and oil/water partition coeficient of phloridzin in different solvents. Methods A RP-HPLC method was established to detect the concentration of phloridzin in water and different organic solvents. The partition coefficients in the n-octanol-water/buffer solution systems of phloridzin were determined by shaking flask method. The Inertsil ODS-3 (4.6 mm×150 mm, 5μm) column was used and the detection wavelength was 284 nm.The flow rate was 1.0 mL??min-1, and acetonitrile-0.05% phosphoric acid(30??70)was used as mobile phase. Results The equilibrium solubility of phloridzin was 2.07 mg??mL-1 in water and 838.63 mg??mL-1 in methanol at 25 ℃.A good linear relationship of phloridzin was obtained within the range of 0.054 9-1.098 0 μg.The regression equation was Y=2 152.9X+7.26 (r=0.999 9).The solubility values of phloridzin were higher in ethanol and propylene glycol than in other solvents. Conclusion RP-HPLC method is simple, quick and accurate for the determination of phloridzin.Phloridzin was almost insoluble in petroleum ether and poorly soluble in water.The equilibrium solubility is higher in methanol than in other solvents. The apparent distribution coefficient of phloridzin varies significantly with pH under the alkaline conditions but less in the acidic solution.

OBJECTIVEEndogenous hydrophobic bile acids may be a pathogenetic factor of biliary complications after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT).This study was designed to investigate the effects of hydrophilic ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), when administered early after OLT, on serum liver tests and on the incidence of biliary complications.

METHODSA total of 112 adult patients undergoing OLT were randomly assigned to one of two groups for receipt of UDCA (13 to 15 mg/kg/d for 4 weeks, n=56) or a placebo (n=56). All patients underwent serum liver testing and measurement of serum bile acids during the 4 weeks following OLT.Patients with T-tube underwent measurement of biliary bile acids during the 4 weeks following OLT.Biliary complications, as well as patient and graft survival rates, were analyzed during the follow-up period (mean of 65.6 months).

RESULTSAt post-OLT days 7, 21 and 28, the UDCA-treated patients showed significantly lower levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (all P less than 0.05).In addition, the UDCA-treated patients showed significantly lower incidence of biliary sludge and casts within the first year post-OLT (3.6% vs.14.3%; x2=3.953, P=0.047). However, there were no significant differences for the incidence of other biliary complications at post-OLT years 1, 3 and 5.The graft and patient survival rates were also similar between the two groups.

CONCLUSIONUDCA, when administered early after OLT, improves results from serum liver tests and decreases the incidence of biliary sludge and casts within the first postoperative year.

Alanine Transaminase ; Aspartate Aminotransferases ; Bile ; Bile Acids and Salts ; Biliary Tract Diseases ; drug therapy ; physiopathology ; Humans ; Liver ; physiopathology ; Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary ; Liver Function Tests ; Liver Transplantation ; Postoperative Complications ; physiopathology ; Ursodeoxycholic Acid ; therapeutic use ; gamma-Glutamyltransferase

Objective To quantify the temporal changes in the volume of blood flow to the skin of the forearm and lower leg during static maximum inspiratory breath-holding of different durations.Methods Blood flow to the skin of the forearm and lower leg were continuously measured with laser Doppler flowmetry in 12 healthy subjects.They were randomly selected to hold their breath for 10,20 or 40 seconds,or as long as possible.The volume of skin blood flow,the onset latency and the recovery latency were measured before,during and after the breath holding.Results Blood flow decreased significantly during each breath-hold with any durations.The magnitude of the decrease and its latencies were similar with all the durations.The average volume of skin blood flow and it's minimum value during each breath-hold were significantly lower in the forearms than in the lower legs.However,the average onset latency (4.41 ±0.44 s) and the average recovery latency (5.95 ±0.59 s) in the forearms were significantly shorter than in the lower legs (4.83 ± 0.70 s for onset and 7.33 ± 0.91 s for recovery).Conclusion The volume of skin blood flow decreases during a static maximum inspiratory breath-hold,and the magnitude of the increase is not related to the duration of the breath-hold.The generalized increase in skin sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity during a static breath-hold is greater in the forearm than in the lower leg.

To investigate the nature of syndrome of traditional Chinese medicine by means of pharmacokinetic (PK) method.