Glaucoma is the world's No.1 irreversible disease causing blindness. It is one of the neuroophthalmic diseases characterized by an optic nerve injury and visual field defect. Numerous studies have shown that the damage caused by glaucoma is not only limited to the apoptosis of local visual ganglion cells in the eye, but also involves the entire visual pathway of the cerebral visual cortex, which is a neurodegenerative disease of the entire brain. Recently, with the rapid development of functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI), anatomy and function of nervous system are combined, so that the damage of local brain tissue corresponds to the lack of brain function, which helped in achieving the observation of anatomical structure and functional changes of the central nervous system under non-invasive conditions, thus providing the effective evidence for the pathological mechanism in glaucoma's research. Being a popular research technology in neuroimaging, resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging(rs-fMRI)provides important evidences for exploring the anatomical structure, metabolism and functional changes of vision-related brain regions in patients with glaucoma. This review mainly discusses the principle of rs-fMRI and some common analysis methods such as amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation(ALFF), regional homogeneity(ReHo), degree centrality(DC)and functional connectivity(FC)in the application and research progress in glaucoma.

Objective: To analyze the clinical epidemiological characteristics including composition of pathogens , clinical characteristics, and disease prognosis acute bacterial meningitis (ABM) in Chinese children. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical and laboratory data of 1 610 children <15 years of age with ABM in 33 tertiary hospitals in China from January 2019 to December 2020. Patients were divided into different groups according to age,<28 days group, 28 days to <3 months group, 3 months to <1 year group, 1-<5 years of age group, 5-<15 years of age group; etiology confirmed group and clinically diagnosed group according to etiology diagnosis. Non-numeric variables were analyzed with the Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test, while non-normal distrituction numeric variables were compared with nonparametric test. Results: Among 1 610 children with ABM, 955 were male and 650 were female (5 cases were not provided with gender information), and the age of onset was 1.5 (0.5, 5.5) months. There were 588 cases age from <28 days, 462 cases age from 28 days to <3 months, 302 cases age from 3 months to <1 year of age group, 156 cases in the 1-<5 years of age and 101 cases in the 5-<15 years of age. The detection rates were 38.8% (95/245) and 31.5% (70/222) of Escherichia coli and 27.8% (68/245) and 35.1% (78/222) of Streptococcus agalactiae in infants younger than 28 days of age and 28 days to 3 months of age; the detection rates of Streptococcus pneumonia, Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus agalactiae were 34.3% (61/178), 14.0% (25/178) and 13.5% (24/178) in the 3 months of age to <1 year of age group; the dominant pathogens were Streptococcus pneumoniae and the detection rate were 67.9% (74/109) and 44.4% (16/36) in the 1-<5 years of age and 5-<15 years of age . There were 9.7% (19/195) strains of Escherichia coli producing ultra-broad-spectrum β-lactamases. The positive rates of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture and blood culture were 32.2% (515/1 598) and 25.0% (400/1 598), while 38.2% (126/330)and 25.3% (21/83) in CSF metagenomics next generation sequencing and Streptococcus pneumoniae antigen detection. There were 4.3% (32/790) cases of which CSF white blood cell counts were normal in etiology confirmed group. Among 1 610 children with ABM, main intracranial imaging complications were subdural effusion and (or) empyema in 349 cases (21.7%), hydrocephalus in 233 cases (14.5%), brain abscess in 178 cases (11.1%), and other cerebrovascular diseases, including encephalomalacia, cerebral infarction, and encephalatrophy, in 174 cases (10.8%). Among the 166 cases (10.3%) with unfavorable outcome, 32 cases (2.0%) died among whom 24 cases died before 1 year of age, and 37 cases (2.3%) had recurrence among whom 25 cases had recurrence within 3 weeks. The incidences of subdural effusion and (or) empyema, brain abscess and ependymitis in the etiology confirmed group were significantly higher than those in the clinically diagnosed group (26.2% (207/790) vs. 17.3% (142/820), 13.0% (103/790) vs. 9.1% (75/820), 4.6% (36/790) vs. 2.7% (22/820), χ²=18.71, 6.20, 4.07, all P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in the unfavorable outcomes, mortility, and recurrence between these 2 groups (all P>0.05). Conclusions: The onset age of ABM in children is usually within 1 year of age, especially <3 months. The common pathogens in infants <3 months of age are Escherichia coli and Streptococcus agalactiae, and the dominant pathogen in infant ≥3 months is Streptococcus pneumoniae. Subdural effusion and (or) empyema and hydrocephalus are common complications. ABM should not be excluded even if CSF white blood cell counts is within normal range. Standardized bacteriological examination should be paid more attention to increase the pathogenic detection rate. Non-culture CSF detection methods may facilitate the pathogenic diagnosis.
Adolescent ; Brain Abscess ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Escherichia coli ; Female ; Humans ; Hydrocephalus ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Meningitis, Bacterial/epidemiology* ; Retrospective Studies ; Streptococcus agalactiae ; Streptococcus pneumoniae ; Subdural Effusion ; beta-Lactamases

AIM: To investigate the prevalence of myopia and its impacting factors among adolescents in schools of Shashi district, Jingzhou city in 2017, and to provide a scientific basis for prevention and control of myopia.

METHODS: Totally 10 353 primary and secondary school students aged 7 to 18 were selected through the method of cluster stratified sampling in the central area and rural-urban area of Shashi. The number of students with myopia was 5 456, and the prevalence rate was 52.70%. A total of 10 353 on-site questionnaires were collected. Logistic regression analysis was conducted for related factors.

RESULTS: The subjects of this survey were 8 primary and secondary schools in the central area and 6 primary and secondary schools in suburban area. The prevalence of myopia was 60.34% in the central area and 11.43% in rural-urban area(P<0.01). Outdoor activities and correct reading and writing gesture are preventive factors for myopia. Three risk factors for myopia include age, time spent on electronic devices and continuous working hours after class.

CONCLUSION: The myopia rate of primary and secondary school students in Shashi district of Jingzhou city is at a high level, especially in the downtown area. To prevent and reduce the occurrence of adolescent myopia, schools and families should make joint efforts to increase time of outdoor activities, and improve the eye environment for adolescent.

To evaluate the early and mid-term results after surgical repair of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm(TAAA)in patients with DeBakey typeⅠor Ⅲ aortic dissection. The clinical data of 130 patients who underwent TAAA repair for chronic DeBakey typeⅠ(groupⅠ, =47)or type Ⅲ(group Ⅲ, =83)aortic dissections in our center between January 2009 and December 2017 were retrospectively analyzed.Early postoperative results,midterm survival,and re-interventions were compared between these two groups. The 30-day mortality rate was 6.9%(=9)in the overall cohort,with no statistic difference between groupⅠand group Ⅲ(10.6% 4.8%;=0.803, =0.370).The incidence of major adverse events(38.3% 51.8%;=2.199, =0.138),5-year actuarial survival rate [(81.7±5.9)% (87.2±4.2)%;=0.483, =0.487],and 5-year actuarial freedom from all reinterventions [(84.5±6.7)% (85.5±4.8)%;=0.010, =0.920] showed no significant differences between these two groups. The early and mid-term outcomes after surgical repair of TAAA are similar for DeBakey typeⅠ and type Ⅲ patients.However,studies with larger sample sizes are still required.
Aneurysm, Dissecting ; Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic ; Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation ; Hospital Mortality ; Humans ; Postoperative Complications ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome

To scientifically evaluate the intervention effect of Chinese medicine preventive administration(combined use of Huo-xiang Zhengqi Oral Liquid and Jinhao Jiere Granules) on community population in the case of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19), a large cohort, prospective, randomized, and parallel-controlled clinical study was conducted. Total 22 065 subjects were included and randomly divided into 2 groups. The non-intervention group was given health guidance only, while the traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) intervention group was given two coordinated TCM in addition to health guidance. The medical instructions were as follows. Huoxiang Zhengqi Oral Liquid: oral before meals, 10 mL/time, 2 times/day, a course of 5 days. Jinhao Jiere Granules: dissolve in boiling water and take after meals, 8 g/time, 2 times/day, a course of 5 days, followed up for 14 days, respectively. The study found that with the intake of medication, the incidence rate of TCM intervention group was basically maintained at a low and continuous stable level(0.01%-0.02%), while the non-intervention group showed an overall trend of continuous growth(0.02%-0.18%) from 3 to 14 days. No suspected or confirmed COVID-19 case occurred in either group. There were 2 cases of colds in the TCM intervention group and 26 cases in the non-intervention group. The incidence of colds in the TCM intervention group was significantly lower(P<0.05) than that in the non-intervention group. In the population of 16-60 years old, the incidence rate of non-intervention and intervention groups were 0.01% and 0.25%, respectively. The difference of colds incidence between the two groups was statistically significant(P<0.05). In the population older than 60 years old, they were 0.04% and 0.21%, respectively. The incidence of colds in the non-intervention group was higher than that in the intervention group, but not reaching statistical difference. The protection rate of TCM for the whole population was 91.8%, especially for the population of age 16-60(95.0%). It was suggested that TCM intervention(combined use of Huoxiang Zhengqi Oral Liquid and Jinhao Jiere Granules) could effectively protect community residents against respiratory diseases, such as colds, which was worthy of promotion in the community. In addition, in terms of safety, the incidence of adverse events and adverse reactions in the TCM intervention group was relatively low, which was basically consistent with the drug instructions.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Betacoronavirus ; Coronavirus Infections ; drug therapy ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Middle Aged ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral ; drug therapy ; Prospective Studies ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo explore the safety and efficacy of pegylated recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (PEG-rhG-CSF) in preventing chemotherapy-induced neutropenia in patients with breast cancer and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and to provide the basis for clinical application.

METHODSAccording to the principle of open-label, randomized, parallel-group controlled clinical trial, all patients were randomized by 1∶1∶1 into three groups to receive PEG-rhG-CSF 100 μg/kg, PEG-rhG-CSF 6 mg, or rhG-CSF 5 μg/kg, respectively. The patients with breast cancer received two chemotherapy cycles, and the NSCLC patients received 1-2 cycles of chemotherapy according to their condition. All patients were treated with the combination chemotherapy of TAC (docetaxel+ epirubicin+ cyclophosphamide) or TA (docetaxel+ epirubicin), or the chemotherapy of docetaxel combined with carboplatin, with a 21 day cycle.

RESULTSThe duration of grade 3-4 neutropenia in the PEG-rhG-CSF 100 μg/kg and PEG-rhG-CSF 6 mg groups were similar with that in the rhG-CSF 5 μg/kg group (P>0.05 for all). The incidence rate of grade 3-4 neutropenia in the PEG-rhG-CSF 100 μg/kg group, PEG-rhG-CSF 6 mg group, and G-CSF 5 μg/kg group were 69.7%, 68.4%, and 69.5%, respectively, with a non-significant difference among the three groups (P=0.963). The incidence rate of febrile neutropenia in the PEG-rhG-CSF 100 μg/kg group, PEG-rhG-CSF 6 mg group and G-CSF 5 μg/kg group were 6.1%, 6.4%, and 5.5%, respectively, showing no significant difference among them (P=0.935). The incidence rate of adverse events in the PEG-rhG-CSF 100 μg/kg group, PEG-rhG-CSF 6 mg group and G-CSF 5 μg / kg group were 6.7%, 4.1%, and 5.5%, respectively, showing a non-significant difference among them (P=0.581).

CONCLUSIONSIn patients with breast cancer and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) undergoing TAC/TA chemotherapy, a single 100 μg/kg injection or a single fixed 6 mg dose of PEG-rhG-CSF at 48 hours after chemotherapy show definite therapeutic effect with a low incidence of adverse events and mild adverse reactions. Compared with the continuous daily injection of rhG-CSF 5 μg/kg/d, a single 100 μg/kg injection or a single fixed 6 mg dose of PEG-rhG-CSF has similar effect and is more advantageous in preventing chemotherapy-induced neutropenia.

Antineoplastic Agents ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols ; Breast Neoplasms ; drug therapy ; Carboplatin ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung ; drug therapy ; Cyclophosphamide ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; Epirubicin ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; Female ; Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Incidence ; Induction Chemotherapy ; Lung Neoplasms ; drug therapy ; Neutropenia ; chemically induced ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; Polyethylene Glycols ; Recombinant Proteins ; administration & dosage ; Taxoids ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects

A rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of H002 and its phosphorylated metabolite, H002-P and hydroxylated metabolite H002-M, in rat blood. H001, an analogue of H002, was used as the internal standard. Blood samples were prepared by simple protein precipitation. The analytes and internal standard were separated on a Zorbax SB-C18 column with a gradient mobile phase consisting of methanol and water containing 0.1% formic acid at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min with an operating temperature of 20 °C. The detection was performed on a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer with positive electrospray ionization in multiple-reaction monitoring mode. Linear detection responses were obtained from 0.2-100 ng/mL for H002 and H002-M, while 0.5-100 ng/mL for H002-P. The intra- and inter-day precision (RSD%) was within 11.76%, with the accuracy (RE%) ranging from -9.84% to 9.12%. The analytes were shown to be stable during sample storage, preparation and analytic procedures. The method was applied to determine the pharmacokinetics of H002 in rats, and a preliminary study showed that the pharmacokinetics of H002 correlated with its biological effect on peripheral blood lymphocytes.

Objective To discuss the expression of RUNX2 and MDM21 in rats with periodontitis under the chronic intermittent hypoxia. Methods A total of 32 SD healthy rats were randomly divided into four groups, with 8 rats in each group. The molecular biological techniques of immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR and Western blotting were employed to detect the effect of different hypoxia time (0, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h) and different concentrations of hypoxia (0.000, 0.001, 0.010, 0.060 and 0.100 ppm) on the expression of RUNX2 and MDM21 in rats of four groups. Results The expression of RUNX2 and MDM21 in each group was significantly higher than the one at other concentrations when the concentration was 0.010 ppm, with the statistical difference (P < 0.05). The expression of RUNX2 and MDM21 was that normoxic control group > normoxic periodontitis group > hypoxia control group > hypoxia periodontitis group under the action with the concentration of 0.010 ppm for 12 h, but there was no significant difference for the comparison among groups (P > 0.05). Conclusions The condition of chronic intermittent hypoxia can reduce the expression of RUNX2 and MDM21 in rats with periodontitis and aggravate the damage of periodontal bone.

· AlM:To analyze the association between the macular thickness and emmetropic, low myopic, moderate myopic and highly myopic eyes.
·METHODS:The 276 teenagers (276 eyes) between 18~28 years treated in our hospital from January, 2013 to May, 2014 were selected, whose corrective visual acuity was≥1.0 and intraocular preasure was ≤21mmHg and who were willing to participate in this research.Forty-nine emmetropic, 72 low myopic, 104 moderate myopic and 51 highly myopic eyes were measured by optical coherence tomography ( OCT ) to detect the central subfield thickness, bitamporal, superior, lateral and inferior region thickness of inner and outer region, average thickness of retinal macula, foveal thickness and retinal volume.The thickness of different parts of macula lutea was measured and statistically compared among emmetropic, low myopic, moderate myopic and highly myopic eyes.
· RESULTS: The central subfield thickness of emmetropic, low myopic, moderate myopic and highly myopic eyes were (225.38±20.97), (230.97±19.15), (227.01±16.92), (231.91 ±18.97 )μm. The average thickness of retinal macula, of emmetropic, low myopic, moderate myopic and highly myopic eyes were (280.92±12.71), (278.15± 11.90), (270.05±12.07), (267.93±11.08) μm.There were no significant differences of center thickness (F=1.253, P=0.291) and central subfield thickness ( F=1.034, P=0.378) between emmetropic, low myopic, moderate myopic and highly myopic eyes.The macular thickness of inner and outer region in moderate myopic eyes was significantly less than that in emmetropic eyes, and there was significant difference (P<0.05).Comparison between low myopic, moderate myopic and highly myopic eyes was carried out and macular thickness of all regions of inner and outer region in moderate myopic group was significantly increased, and there was significant difference (P<0.05).There was no significant difference when compared with the macular thickness of inner and outer region of the highly myopic group (P>0.05).
· CONCLUSlON: ln low myopic eyes of teenagers, the center macular thickness do not become thinner. However, the macular thickness of inner and outer region is thinner than that of emmetropic eyes.Furthermore, with the increase of the degree of the myopia, the amount of macular thinner gradually decreases from outer region to inner region.