Objective:To investigate the distribution characteristics of urinary tract pathogens in patients with community-acquired urinary tract infection and their sensitivity to nenoxacin and levofloxacin.Methods:This prospective, multicenter clinical trial included patients with community-acquired urinary tract infection who were admitted to urological clinics at 9 clinical research centers from November 2021 to August 2022.Inclusion criteria: Patients aged 18-70 years with community-acquired acute uncomplicated cystitis(AUC), recurrent acute episodes of urinary tract infection(rUTI), and non-febrile complicated urinary tract infection(cUTI) with signs of urinary tract irritation and abnormal elevation of routine white blood cells in urine. Exclusion criteria: ①Patients who received effective antimicrobial therapy within 72 h before enrollment and lasted for more than 24 h. ②Fever (>37.3℃) or symptoms of upper urinary tract infection such as low back pain, tapping pain in the kidney area, etc. ③Indwelling urinary catheter. At the first visit, clean midstream urine samples were taken for bacterial culture, and the distribution characteristics of urinary pathogens of different types of urinary tract infections were analyzed. Extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) were measured for Gram-negative bacteria. The susceptibility of nenoxacin and levofloxacin to urinary tract pathogens was determined by disk diffusion method. Drug resistance rate, sensitivity rate were analyzed between different disease groups.Results:There were 404 enrolled patients from 9 hospitals, including 364 (90.1%) females and 40 (9.9%) males. A total of 177 strains of pathogenic bacteria were isolated, among which the highest proportion of Escherichia coli was 66.1% (117/177).Klebsiella pneumoniae was followed by 6.8% (12/177) and Streptococcus agalactis 5.1% (9/177). The bacterial spectrum distribution of AUC and rUTI were similar, and the proportions of Escherichia coli were 70.6% (85/119) and 65.9% (29/44), respectively. However, the proportions of Escherichia coli isolated from cUTI patients were only 28.6% (4/14) and Enterococcus faecalis 7.1%(1/14). The overall detection rate of ESBLs in Gram-negative bacteria was 30.9%(43/139). The sensitivity rate of nenoxacin was 74.6%(91/122), and the resistance rate was 25.4%(31/122). The overall sensitivity rate of levofloxacin was 44.9%(70/156) and the resistance rate was 36.5%(57/156). The rate of resistance of urinary tract pathogens to levofloxacin was 48.2% (27/56) in patients with previous urinary tract infection history, and 30.0% (30/100) in patients with no previous urinary tract infection history, the difference was statistically significant( P=0.023).The sensitivity rate of Gram-negative bacteria to nenofloxacin was 70.7% (65/92) and that to levofloxacin was 50.0% (46/92, P<0.001). The sensitivity of Gram-positive bacteria to nenofloxacin was 80.0% (16/20), and that to levofloxacin was 70.0% (14/20, P=0.009). Conclusions:The bacterial profile of out-patient community acquired urinary tract infection varies greatly according to different diseases. The proportion of Escherichia coli in AUC and rUTI patients is higher than that in cUTI. The detection rate of ESBLs in Gram-negative bacteria was lower than the domestic average.Patients with a history of urinary tract infection had a high risk of treatment failure with levofloxacin. The sensitivity of common urinary tract pathogens to nenofloxacin was higher than levofloxacin.

Ferroptosis is a new type of programmed cell death different from apoptosis and necrosis.Its mechanism involves iron overload,lipid peroxidation,and reactive oxygen species(ROS)generation caused by disordered iron metabolism.Ferroptosis is associated with primary osteoporosis as well as the secondary osteoporosis such as steroid-induced osteoporosis,diabetic osteoporosis and postmenopausal osteoporosis.The Chinese medicines for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis through the mechanism of ferroptosis mainly involve Chinese herbal compounds such as herbal pair of Eucommiae Cortex-Dipsaci Radix,Jintiange Capsules,and Bugu Shengsui Prescription,the single Chinese herbal medicine of Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix,and the active ingredients of herbal medicines such as icariin,gastrodin,quercetin,and artesunate.The prevention and treatment of osteoporosis by Chinese medicine monomer and Chinese herbal compound can inhibit ferroptosis through multiple targets and multiple pathways.At present,Chinese medicine has advantages in the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.The prevention and treatment of osteoporosis by regulating the mechanism of ferroptosis can provide a direction for the future research on the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis by Chinese medicine.

Objective To observe the effect of hyolroxylsafflor(HSYA)on cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2)/prostaglandin E2(PGE2)signaling pathway,and to investigate the protective effect and mechanism of HSYA on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury(CIRI).Methods Totally 90 SD male rats were randomly divided into sham-operated group(S group),operation group(CIRI group),HSYA group and celecoxib group(C group),HSYA group subdivided into HSYA low dose group(HSYA-L group),HSYA medium dose group(HSYA-M group)and HSYA high dose group(HSYA-H group),15 rats in each group.CIRI model was prepared by thread embolism method.The rats in each group were given intraperitoneal injection 30 minutes before operation.HSYA groups were given HSYA 10 mg/kg,15 mg/kg,25 mg/kg respectirely;C group was given celecoxib 40 mg/kg;S group and CIRI group were given the same amount of normal saline.Neurofunctional scores of each group of rats were performed immediately after recovery from modeling,cerebral infarction volume was measured 24 hours after reperfusion;At the same time,neuronal injury was observed by Nissl staining,the changes of COX-2 mRNA and protein were detected by Real-time PCR and Western blotting,and the changes of PGE2,tumor necrosis factor α(TNF-α)and interleukin(IL)-1β were detected by ELISA.Results Compared with the S group,in the CIRI group,neurofunctional scores increased dramatically(P＜0.05),the volume of cerebral infarction increased dramatically(P＜0.05),the damage of neurons increased and the number of neurons decreased dramatically(P＜0.05),the expressions of COX-2 mRNA and protein increased dramatically(P＜0.05),meanwhile the expressions of PGE2,TNF-α and IL-1β were also found dramatically increased(P＜0.05);Compared with the CIRI group,in the HSYA group and C group,neurofunctional scores decreased dramatically(P＜0.05),the volume of cerebral infarction was reduced dramatically(P＜0.05),the damage of neurons decreased and the number of neurons increased dramatically(P＜0.05),the expressions of COX-2 mRNA and protein,PGE2,TNF-α and IL-1β decreased dramatically(P＜0.05).The differences between HSYA groups and both HSYA-L group and HSYA-M group compared with the C group were obvious(P＜0.05),while no obvious differences were found in HSYA-H group compared with the C group(P＞0.05).Conclusion HSYA alleviates reperfusion injury in ischemic stroke may be related to the inhibition of COX-2/PGE2 signaling pathway.

This study focuses on the cases(mainly characterized by respiratory symptoms such as cough, runny nose, fever, sore throat, and nasal congestion)of an outbreak of upper respiratory tract infections in a kindergarten in Jingyuan County, Baiyin City, Gansu Province, in May 2023. The epidemiological data were collected, and pharyngeal swab specimens were also obtained from the patients. The specimens of the research participants were subjected to respiratory multi-pathogen testing, and the positive specimens were further analyzed by sequencing the second hypervariable region (HRV2) of the G gene of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and constructing a phylogenetic tree. A total of 90 patients were collected, with an incidence rate of 22.84% (90/394), and the highest incidence was observed in the junior class group at 29.55%. Among the 17 pharyngeal swab specimens collected, 16 specimens were identified with the A subtype of respiratory syncytial virus. Sequencing analysis confirmed that it was the A subtype ON1 genotype. Based on the aforementioned testing results, it can be concluded that the current epidemic was primarily caused by infection with the A subtype of respiratory syncytial virus. Following the implementation of intervention measures, the epidemic has been effectively controlled.

This study focuses on the cases(mainly characterized by respiratory symptoms such as cough, runny nose, fever, sore throat, and nasal congestion)of an outbreak of upper respiratory tract infections in a kindergarten in Jingyuan County, Baiyin City, Gansu Province, in May 2023. The epidemiological data were collected, and pharyngeal swab specimens were also obtained from the patients. The specimens of the research participants were subjected to respiratory multi-pathogen testing, and the positive specimens were further analyzed by sequencing the second hypervariable region (HRV2) of the G gene of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and constructing a phylogenetic tree. A total of 90 patients were collected, with an incidence rate of 22.84% (90/394), and the highest incidence was observed in the junior class group at 29.55%. Among the 17 pharyngeal swab specimens collected, 16 specimens were identified with the A subtype of respiratory syncytial virus. Sequencing analysis confirmed that it was the A subtype ON1 genotype. Based on the aforementioned testing results, it can be concluded that the current epidemic was primarily caused by infection with the A subtype of respiratory syncytial virus. Following the implementation of intervention measures, the epidemic has been effectively controlled.

Patients with severe trauma require an extremely timely treatment and transfusion plays an irreplaceable role in the emergency treatment of such patients. An increasing number of evidence-based medicinal evidences and clinical practices suggest that patients with severe traumatic bleeding benefit from early transfusion of low-titer group O whole blood or hemostatic resuscitation with red blood cells, plasma and platelet of a balanced ratio. However, the current domestic mode of blood supply cannot fully meet the requirements of timely and effective blood transfusion for emergency treatment of patients with severe trauma in clinical practice. In order to solve the key problems in blood supply and blood transfusion strategies for emergency treatment of severe trauma, Branch of Clinical Transfusion Medicine of Chinese Medical Association, Group for Trauma Emergency Care and Multiple Injuries of Trauma Branch of Chinese Medical Association, Young Scholar Group of Disaster Medicine Branch of Chinese Medical Association organized domestic experts of blood transfusion medicine and trauma treatment to jointly formulate Chinese expert consensus on blood support mode and blood transfusion strategies for emergency treatment of severe trauma patients ( version 2024). Based on the evidence-based medical evidence and Delphi method of expert consultation and voting, 10 recommendations were put forward from two aspects of blood support mode and transfusion strategies, aiming to provide a reference for transfusion resuscitation in the emergency treatment of severe trauma and further improve the success rate of treatment of patients with severe trauma.

Objective To explore the predictive value of combined detection of immunoglobulin binding protein 1 (IGBP 1) in serum and urine in lupus nephritis (LN). Methods A total of 60 LN patients were selected as LN group, and 60 SLE erythematosus (SLE) patients in the same period were selected as SLE group, the serum IGBP 1 and urinary IGBP 1 levels between the two groups were compared, and the value of serum IGBP 1, urinary IGBP 1 and their combination in predicting LN was analyzed. Results Serum IGBP 1 and urinary IGBP 1 in the LN group were significantly higher than those in the SLE group (P < 0.05). Binary Logistic regression analysis showed that serum IGBP 1 and urinary IGBP 1 were risk factors for LN (P < 0.05). Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve revealed that the area under the curve (AUC) for serum IGBP1, urinary IGBP1, and their combined detection for LN was 0.856, 0.834, and 0.902, respectively. The Youden index was 0.533, 0.533, and 0.666, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of serum IGBP1 were 85.0% and 68.3%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of urinary IGBP1 were 53.3% and 100.0%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the combined detection were 78.3% and 88.3%, respectively. Conclusion Serum IGBP 1 and urinary IGBP 1 are highly expressed in LN patients, and their combination has a high predictive value for LN.

Traumatic cerebrospinal fluid leakage commonly presents in traumatic brain injury patients, and it may lead to complications such as meningitis, ventriculitis, brain abscess, subdural hematoma or tension pneumocephalus. When misdiagnosed or inappropriately treated, traumatic cerebrospinal fluid leakage may result in severe complications and may be life-threatening. Some traumatic cerebrospinal fluid leakage has concealed manifestations and is prone to misdiagnosis. Due to different sites and mechanisms of trauma and degree of cerebrospinal fluid leak, treatments for traumatic cerebrospinal fluid leakage varies greatly. Hence, the Craniocerebral Trauma Professional Group of Neurosurgery Branch of Chinese Medical Association and the Neurological Injury Professional Group of Trauma Branch of Chinese Medical Association organized relevant experts to formulate the " Chinese expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of traumatic cerebrospinal fluid leakage in adults ( version 2023)" based on existing clinical evidence and experience. The consensus consisted of 16 recommendations, covering the leakage diagnosis, localization, treatments, and intracranial infection prevention, so as to standardize the diagnosis and treatment of traumatic cerebrospinal fluid leakage and improve the overall prognosis of the patients.

Objective:To compare the efficacy of cervical decompression performed at different times in the treatment of incomplete cervical spinal cord injury.Methods:A multicenter retrospective cohort study was conducted to analyze the clinical data of 96 patients with incomplete cervical spinal cord injury admitted to six hospitals including Honghui Hospital affiliated to Xi'an Jiaotong University, etc, from May 2018 to May 2021. There were 36 females and 60 males, aged 28-42 years [(35.2±6.7)years]. The injured segments were at C 3 in 7 patients, C 4 in 15, C 5 in 20, C 6 in 23 and C 7 in 31. According to the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) scale, there were 59 patients with grade B, 27 grade C, and 10 grade D. A total of 36 patients underwent cervical decompression within 24 hours after injury (early group), 33 patients within 24-72 hours after injury (late group), and 27 patients within 4-14 days after injury (delayed group). The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative drainage, length of hospital stay, Cobb angle, height of intervertebral space and space occupation of the spinal canal before surgery and at postoperative 3 days, and ASIA score, ASIA motor score, ASIA light tactile score, ASIA acupuncture sensation score, visual analog scale (VAS) score, Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) score, neck dysfunction index (NDI) before surgery and at postoperative 3 months, 1 year and at the last follow-up and incidence of complications were compared among the three groups. Results:All the patients were followed up for 12-21 months [(16.4±4.2)months]. There was no significant difference in the operation time among the three groups (all P>0.05). The intraoperative blood loss and postoperative drainage volume in the early group were (312.5±5.2)ml and (165.3±45.8)ml, which were higher than those in the late group [(253.5±40.0)ml, (120.4±60.6)ml] and the delayed group [(267.3±36.8)ml and (130.4±38.6)ml] (all P<0.01). There was no significant difference between the late group and the delayed group (all P>0.05). The length of hospital stay in the early group was (5.2±1.6)days, which was shorter than that in the late group [(7.6±2.3)days] and the delayed group [(8.0±1.3)days] (all P<0.05), but there was no significant difference between the late group and the delayed group ( P>0.05). There was no significant difference in the Cobb angle, height of intervertebral space and space occupation of the spinal canal among the three groups before and at postoperative 3 days (all P>0.05). There was no significant difference in the ASIA score, ASIA motor score, ASIA light tactile score, ASIA acupuncture sensation score, VAS score, JOA score and NDI among the three groups before surgery (all P>0.05). At postoperative 3 months, 1 year and at the last follow-up, the ASIA grading of the early group was better than that of the late group and the delayed group ( P<0.05 or 0.01), but there was no statistically significant difference between the late group and the delayed group (all P>0.05). The ASIA motor scores of the early group were (56.4±4.5)points, (76.3±3.6)points and (85.4±6.5)points at postoperative 3 months, postoperative 1 year and the last follow-up, respectively, which were higher than those in the late group [(52.3±2.4)points, (60.3±8.6)points and (72.3±2.4)points] and the delayed group [(51.9±2.3)points, (62.8±4.6)points and (71.9±1.3)points]; the ASIA light tactile scores of the early group were (70.2±2.9)points, (72.6±4.3)points and (78.3±2.3)points, which were higher than those in the late group [(66.2±3.7)points, (68.3±1.6)points and (73.3±1.6)points] and the delayed group [(65.2±2.1)points, (67.8±1.9)points and (72.3±2.5)points]; acupuncture sensation scores of the early group were (71.9±3.1)points, (80.1±3.8)points and (89.1±7.6)points, which were higher than those in the late group [(67.4±2.7)points, (72.6±3.7)points and (77.9±1.8)points] and the delayed group [(68.3±2.2)points, (72.6±3.1)points and (77.2±1.9)points] (all P<0.05). VAS scores of the early group at postoperative 3 months, 1 year and at the last follow-up were (4.3±0.6)points, (2.4±0.3)points and (1.6±0.2)points, which were lower than those in the late group [(5.1±1.3)points, (4.1±0.6)points and (3.0±0.6)points] and the delayed group [(5.0±1.7)points, (4.0±0.8)points and (3.1±0.2)points]; JOA scores of the early group were (12.8±1.6)points, (14.4±2.6)points and (17.9±3.3)points, which were higher than those in the late group [(11.9±1.9)points, (13.3±1.6)points and (8.9±1.3)points] and the delayed group [(11.6±1.8)points, (13.2±1.4)points and (9.3±2.1)points]; NDI scores of the early group were 12.1±3.3, 10.1±2.1 and 7.3±1.4, which were lower than those in the late group (14.4±3.1, 12.3±1.6 and 8.9±1.3) and the delayed group (14.1±2.3, 12.9±1.9 and 9.5±2.1) (all P<0.05). There was no significant difference in all the above-mentioned scores at postoperative 3 months, 1 year and at the last follow-up between the late group and the delayed group (all P>0.05). The incidence of complications was 25.0% (9/36) in the early group, 27.3% (9/33) in the late group and 37.0% (10/27) in the delayed group (all P>0.05). Conclusion:Compared with within 24-72 hours and 4-14 days after injury, cervical decompression performed within 24 hours after injury for patients with incomplete cervical spinal cord injury can shorten the length of hospital stay, improve the function of the spinal cord nerves and relieve pain, with no increase of the incidence of complications.

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) combined with spinal fractures with thoracic and lumbar fracture as the most common type shows characteristics of unstable fracture, high incidence of nerve injury, high mortality and high disability rate. The diagnosis may be missed because it is mostly caused by low-energy injury, when spinal rigidity and osteoporosis have a great impact on the accuracy of imaging examination. At the same time, the treatment choices are controversial, with no relevant specifications. Non-operative treatments can easily lead to bone nonunion, pseudoarthrosis and delayed nerve injury, while surgeries may be failed due to internal fixation failure. At present, there are no evidence-based guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of AS combined with thoracic and lumbar fracture. In this context, the Spinal Trauma Academic Group of Orthopedics Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association organized experts to formulate the Clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of adult ankylosing spondylitis combined with thoracolumbar fracture ( version 2023) by following the principles of evidence-based medicine and systematically review related literatures. Ten recommendations on the diagnosis, imaging evaluation, classification and treatment of AS combined with thoracic and lumbar fracture were put forward, aiming to standardize the clinical diagnosis and treatment of such disorder.