[Objective] To investigate the infection status and characteristics of HEV among voluntary blood donors in Ningbo, and to provide a basis for improving the blood screening strategy. [Methods] A total of 12 227 blood samples from voluntary blood donors in Ningbo from June 2022 to May 2023 were tested for HEV serology, enzymology, and nucleic acid testing. Furthermore, HEV gene sequencing was performed for genotyping analysis, and donors with reactive nucleic acid testing results were followed up to confirm their infection status. [Results] The reactivity rate of HEV Ag, anti-HEV IgM and anti-HEV IgG was 0.098%, 0.899% and 29.198%, respectively. There was no difference in the reactivity of anti-HEV IgM and anti-HEV IgG between genders, donation frequencies and donation types (P>0.05). The reactivity rate increased significantly with age (P<0.05). The rate of ALT disqualification (ALT>50U/L) was significantly higher than that in non-reactive samples (P<0.05). The HEV Ag reactivity rate (0.098%) was not correlated with gender, donation frequency, donation type or age. One HEV RNA positive case was found, with a positive rate of 0.008%(1/12 227). It was confirmed to be hepatitis E virus genotype 3 by sequencing analysis. Apart from HEV Ag reactivity, all other blood safety screening items were non-reactive, suggesting this case might be in the acute infection phase. The follow-up results showed that all indicators of the donor's previous blood donation were non-reactive. [Conclusion] Pre-donation ALT detection can reduce the risk of transfusion-transmitted HEV (TT-HEV) to a certain extent, and the effective way to prevent TT-HEV is to detect HEV RNA and serology of donor blood.

As new evidence emerges, treatment strategies toward the functional cure of chronic hepatitis B are evolving. In 2019, a panel of national hepatologists published a Consensus Statement on the functional cure of chronic hepatitis B. Currently, an international group of hepatologists has been assembled to evaluate research since the publication of the original consensus, and to collaboratively develop the updated statements. The 2.0 Consensus was aimed to update the original consensus with the latest available studies, and provide a comprehensive overview of the current relevant scientific literatures regarding functional cure of hepatitis B, with a particular focus on issues that are not yet fully clarified. These cover the definition of functional cure of hepatitis B, its mechanisms and barriers, the effective strategies and treatment roadmap to achieve this endpoint, in particular new surrogate biomarkers used to measure efficacy or to predict response, and the appropriate approach to pursuing a functional cure in special populations, the development of emerging antivirals and immunomodulators with potential for curing hepatitis B. The statements are primarily intended to offer international guidance for clinicians in their practice to enhance the functional cure rate of chronic hepatitis B.

As new evidence emerges, treatment strategies toward the functional cure of chronic hepatitis B are evolving. In 2019, a panel of national hepatologists published a Consensus Statement on the functional cure of chronic hepatitis B. Currently, an international group of hepatologists has been assembled to evaluate research since the publication of the original consensus, and to collaboratively develop the updated statements. The 2.0 Consensus was aimed to update the original consensus with the latest available studies, and provide a comprehensive overview of the current relevant scientific literatures regarding functional cure of hepatitis B, with a particular focus on issues that are not yet fully clarified. These cover the definition of functional cure of hepatitis B, its mechanisms and barriers, the effective strategies and treatment roadmap to achieve this endpoint, in particular new surrogate biomarkers used to measure efficacy or to predict response, and the appropriate approach to pursuing a functional cure in special populations, the development of emerging antivirals and immunomodulators with potential for curing hepatitis B. The statements are primarily intended to offer international guidance for clinicians in their practice to enhance the functional cure rate of chronic hepatitis B.

As new evidence emerges, treatment strategies toward the functional cure of chronic hepatitis B are evolving. In 2019, a panel of national hepatologists published a Consensus Statement on the functional cure of chronic hepatitis B. Currently, an international group of hepatologists has been assembled to evaluate research since the publication of the original consensus, and to collaboratively develop the updated statements. The 2.0 Consensus was aimed to update the original consensus with the latest available studies, and provide a comprehensive overview of the current relevant scientific literatures regarding functional cure of hepatitis B, with a particular focus on issues that are not yet fully clarified. These cover the definition of functional cure of hepatitis B, its mechanisms and barriers, the effective strategies and treatment roadmap to achieve this endpoint, in particular new surrogate biomarkers used to measure efficacy or to predict response, and the appropriate approach to pursuing a functional cure in special populations, the development of emerging antivirals and immunomodulators with potential for curing hepatitis B. The statements are primarily intended to offer international guidance for clinicians in their practice to enhance the functional cure rate of chronic hepatitis B.

The pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) is fundamentally linked to complex and profound alterations in metabolic networks within the brain, which exhibit marked spatial heterogeneity. While conventional bulk metabolomics is powerful for detecting global metabolic shifts, it inherently lacks spatial resolution. This methodological limitation hampers the ability to interrogate critical metabolic dysregulation within discrete anatomical brain regions and specific cellular microenvironments, thereby constraining a deeper understanding of the core pathological mechanisms that initiate and drive NDDs. To address this critical gap, spatial metabolomics, with mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) at its core, has emerged as a transformative approach. It uniquely overcomes the limitations of bulk methods by enabling high-resolution, simultaneous detection and precise localization of hundreds to thousands of endogenous molecules—including primary metabolites, complex lipids, neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and essential metal ions—directly in situ from tissue sections. This powerful capability offers an unprecedented spatial perspective for investigating the intricate and heterogeneous chemical landscape of NDD pathology, opening new avenues for discovery. Accordingly, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the field, beginning with a discussion of the technical features, optimal application scenarios, and current limitations of major MSI platforms. These include the widely adopted matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-MSI, the ultra-high-resolution technique of secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS)-MSI, and the ambient ionization method of desorption electrospray ionization (DESI)-MSI, along with other emerging technologies. We then highlight the pivotal applications of spatial metabolomics in NDD research, particularly its role in elucidating the profound chemical heterogeneity within distinct pathological microenvironments. These applications include mapping unique molecular signatures around amyloid β‑protein (Aβ) plaques, uncovering the metabolic consequences of neurofibrillary tangles composed of hyperphosphorylated tau protein, and characterizing the lipid and metabolite composition of Lewy bodies. Moreover, we examine how spatial metabolomics contributes to constructing detailed metabolic vulnerability maps across the brain, shedding light on the biochemical factors that render certain neuronal populations and anatomical regions selectively susceptible to degeneration while others remain resilient. Looking beyond current applications, we explore the immense potential of integrating spatial metabolomics with other advanced research methodologies. This includes its combination with three-dimensional brain organoid models to recapitulate disease-relevant metabolic processes, its linkage with multi-organ axis studies to investigate how systemic metabolic health influences neurodegeneration, and its convergence with single-cell and subcellular analyses to achieve unprecedented molecular resolution. In conclusion, this review not only summarizes the current state and critical role of spatial metabolomics in NDD research but also offers a forward-looking perspective on its transformative potential. We envision its continued impact in advancing our fundamental understanding of NDDs and accelerating translation into clinical practice—from the discovery of novel biomarkers for early diagnosis to the development of high-throughput drug screening platforms and the realization of precision medicine for individuals affected by these devastating disorders.

Humans ; Adolescent ; Acne Vulgaris/therapy* ; Skin Care ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Cognition ; China ; Skin

Depression is a common neurological disorder with high incidence, high recurrence and high disability, but its pathogenesis is unclear. In recent years, the protective and attacking effects of glial cells on neurons have become the frontier of neurological disease research. Neuronal injury caused by abnormal activation of microglia (MG) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of depression. In this paper, through literature retrieval by GeenMedical and CNKI, the relevant pathways and key targets of MG activation in depression are summarized so as to provide a theoretical basis for further clinical research.

Objective:To determine the clinical factors affecting Central lymph node metastases (CLNM) of single Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). To predict the value of age for CLNM under different genders and the status of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) .Methods:The clinical data of 4 115 patients with PTMC (≤10.0 mm) and 664 patients with PTC (> 10.0 mm) in Hangzhou First People’s Hospital affiliated to Westlake University Medical School from Jan. 2010 to Aug. 2023 were retrospectively analyzed, and the independent risk factors of PTMC and PTC CLNM were identified by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. According to different gender and HT status, the patients were divided into male group, female group, HT group and non-HT group. The optimal age threshold and diagnostic efficacy of CLNM in each subgroup were determined by Receiver operating characteristic area under the curve (AUC) .Results:The proportion of CLNM in 3451 PTMCs and 664 PTCs was 27.2% (937/3451) and 58.9% (391/664) ( χ2=256.565, P<0.050), respectively. Univariate and multivariate regression analysis showed that larger tumor ( OR 1.230), male ( OR 2.085), older age ( OR 0.960) and HT ( OR 0.697) were independent predictors of the occurrence of CLNM in PTMC. Only male ( OR 1.460) and older ( OR 0.963) PTC were independently associated with CLNM. Subgroup analysis showed that the age-predicted AUC of CLNM in male, HT and non-HT patients in PTC were higher than that of PTMC, which were 0.642-0.689 and 0.635-0.659, respectively. The age thresholds of female, HT and non-HT subgroups in PTC were lower than those in PTMC, which were 38.5 to 39.5 years old and 41.5 to 42.5 years old, respectively. Conclusions:Larger tumor, male, older patients and HT can independently predict the risk of CLNM in PTMC, while only male and older people can independently predict the risk of CLNM in PTC. There are certain differences in the age of CLNM occurrence between PTMC and PTC patients with different genders and HT combination status. It is of great significance to correctly understand these differences for providing personalized clinical treatment.

Objective An isotemporal substitution model was used to explore the associations between activities including 10 minutes per day of physical activity(PA),sedentary behavior(SB),and sleep(SLP),and depressive symptoms among vocational school students with and without depressive symptoms.Methods Questionnaire survey was conducted on grade one to grade three students attending vocational schools in Shanghai and Jiangsu Province from Dec 2021 to Jan 2022.Fourteen schools were selected using the convenience cluster sampling method.The selected students were categorized into depressive symptoms group and non-depressive symptoms group according to the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale(CES-D)scores.Results A total of 40 339 questionnaires were collected,of which 10 086 were able to clearly remember the time of physical activity in the past week,and 8 149 were valid after data cleaning.According to the valid questionnaires,5 496 students(67.44%)were in the non-depressive symptoms group and 2 653(32.56%)were in the depressive symptoms group.The mean age of the students were(16.70±1.19)years.In the non-depressive symptoms group,substituting moderate physical activity(MPA)for all the other behaviors was negatively associated with CES-D scores,while substituting vigorous physical activity(VPA)for MPA and SB was positively associated with CES-D scores.In the depressive symptoms group,substituting walking,SB,and SLP with MPA was negatively associated with CES-D scores,respectively.The associations of MPA substituted for walking,SB,and SLP with CES-D scores were much stronger in the depressive symptoms group than in the non-depressive symptoms group.Conclusion The detection rate of depressive symptoms was high among vocational students.Substituting MPA for walking,SB,and SLP were negatively associated with CES-D scores,with a stronger association observed in the depressive symptoms group than in the non-depressive symptoms group.

Objective:To detect the level of the circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA (ccf-mtDNA) in plasma of children with primary carnitine deficiency (PCD)-associated cardiomyopathy and evaluate its clinical significance.Methods:In this prospective case-control study, peripheral blood samples were collected from 7 PCD patients with cardiomyopathy (PCD group), 16 dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) patients (DCM group), and 50 healthy children (healthy control group) in the Pediatric Cardiovascular Department Ward of First Hospital of Jilin University from July 2017 to June 2022.The ccf-mtDNA levels were measured and compared between groups by the real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction.The correlations between plasma ccf-mtDNA level and blood free carnitine level and cardiac function in the PCD group were analyzed.The changes in the ccf-mtDNA level were monitored after L-carnitine treatment in the PCD group.The Kruskal-Wallis test was used for comparison among the three groups.The Mann-Whitney test was used for comparison between the PCD group and the control group.Changes before and after treatment in the PCD group were analyzed using the paired Wilcoxon rank sum test.The correlation between variables was evaluated by Logistic regression.Results:The plasma ccf-mtDNA levels in the PCD and DCM groups were 3.69×10 6 (1.09×10 6-7.26×10 6) copies/L and 0.99×10 6 (0.25×10 6-4.10×10 6) copies/L, respectively, which were significantly higher than that in the healthy control group[0.09×10 6 (0.01×10 6-0.35×10 6) copies/L]( H=33.34, 24.69; all P<0.01). Besides, the plasma ccf-mtDNA level in the PCD group was higher than that in the DCM group ( H=6.31, P<0.05). In the PCD group, the plasma ccf-mtDNA level was negatively correlated with the blood free carnitine level and left ventricular ejection fraction ( r=-0.85, -0.82, all P<0.05) and positively correlated with the modified Ross score and the N-terminal pro B type natriuretic peptide level ( r=0.81, 0.83, all P<0.05) before L-carnitine treatment.After treatment, the plasma ccf-mtDNA level decreased, and the blood free carnitine level and cardiac function recovered in the PCD group.The plasma ccf-mtDNA level declined sharply from the 3 rd month[0.96×10 6(0.50×10 6-2.27×10 6) copies/L] after treatment ( Z=2.24, P<0.05) and got to 0.27×10 6 (0.18×10 6-0.76×10 6) copies/L, 0.29×10 6(0.19×10 6-0.78×10 6) copies/L, and 0.16×10 6(0.10×10 6-1.06×10 6) copies/L at the 6 th, 9 th, and 12 th months after treatment, respectively, with no statistically significant difference compared to the healthy control group[0.09×10 6(0.01×10 6-0.35×10 6) copies/L] ( Z=1.23, 1.09, 2.12; all P>0.05). Conclusions:Plasma ccf-mtDNA may act as one pathogenic factor of cardiomyopathy in PCD, and monitoring its level is clinically important for heart condition assessment in PCD.