Objective: To discuss the bond strengths of three kinds of metal bottom plate brackets commonly used in clinic and after sandblasting treatment under the condition of artificial saliva, and to evaluate their bonding properties. Methods: A total of 60 premolar teeth extracted because of orthodontic treatment were collected and divided into domestic Xinya bracket group (Xinya group), imported ultra thin MBT bracket group (MBT group), and Japan TOMY lock bracket group (TOMY group) (n= 20). The teeth were randomly divided into six groups after the three types of brackets fall off. The three types of new and sandblasting brackets were respectively bonded to the teeth randomly with 10 brackets in each group. The shear strength was detected by universal electronic mechanical testing machine, and the adhesive remnant index (ARI) of enamel surface in each group was obsereved, and the morphological features of three different base brackets and three shedding of brackets conducted by sandblasting were obsereved by scanning electron microscope. Results: Under the condition of artificial saliva, for the first bonding and bonding again, the shear strengths of the new brackets in TOMY goup were higher than those in Xinya group and MBT group (P<0. 05), while the shear strengths had no statistical differences between Xinya group and MBT group (P>0. 05). For the brackets treated with sandblasting after shedding in three groups, the shear strength in TOMY group was greater than those in Xinya group and MBT group (P<0. 05), while the shear strengths in Xinya group and MBT group had no statistical difference (P>0. 05). The shear strengths of brackets that were conducted by sandblasting after falling off in TOMY group and MBT group were increased compared with the original brackets (P<0. 05). There were no statistical differences in ARI between various groups (P>0. 05). The scanning electron microscope results showed that three kinds of brackets were crisscroped with the mesh, and they were more dense in TOMY group. After sandblasting, the sand grains were embedded in the grid, and the sand grains were more embedded in the inverted pits in TOMY group and MBT group. After sandblasting again, the sand particle embedding scope was increased, and the grid structure of the network bottom in Xinya group was destroyed, but there were no obvious abnormities in MBT group and TOMY group. Conclusion: The bond strengths of the three types of bottom plate brackets can meet the clinical needs, and the bond strength in TOMY group is superior to those in Xinya group and MBT group. The use of sandblasting to deal with the shedding of TOMY and MBT brackets can improve the bond strengths of the brackets.

Objective:To optimize the parameters of the equation of sagittal craniofacial structures with different classes of malocclusion using genetic algorithms(GAS), and to explore the rules .Methods:A total of 240 patients with average angle malocclusion aged 8-18 years old were divided into three groups: Angle Class Ⅰ(n=79), Angle Class Ⅱ(n=76)and Angle Class Ⅲ(n=85) groups.In each group 10 cases were randomly selected as the test samples, the rest as the experimental samples.The cephalometric analysis was performed on all the patients'' cephalograms, and the results of Ba-N,Ba-A,Ba-S,S-Ptm,Ptm-A,Ba-Ar,Ar-Go,Go-PoG,Ba-PoG and N-S-Ar were analyzed by two independent samples t-test and One-Way ANOVA. The relevant influencing factors of craniofacial structures were found.The parameters of the equation was optimized to obtain the relevant equations using GAS.The predicted values of the optimized equation were compared with the measured values.Results:There were no significant differences in sex between Angle Class Ⅰ, Class Ⅱ and Class Ⅲ groups(P> 0.05);when the men and women with the same type were combined,the Ba-A,Ptm-A,Ar-Go,and Ba-PoG had statistically significant differences between Angle Class Ⅰ, Class Ⅱ, and Class Ⅲ groups (P<0.05).The correlation analysis results showed that in Angle Class Ⅰgroup:Ba-A was positively correlated with Ba-N (r=0.683),Ptm-A was positively correlated with Go-PoG (r=0.738), Ar-Go was positively correlated with Ba-PoG (r=0.833), and negatively correlated with Go-PoG (r=-0.560) and Ba-PoG was positively correlated with Go-PoG (r=0.669);in Angle class Ⅱ group,Ba-A was positively correlated with Ba-PoG and Ba-N(r=0.884,r=0.883), Ptm-A was positively correlated with Ba-A (r=0.742),Ar-Go was positively correlated with Ba-PoG (r=0.401)and negatively correlated with Go-PoG (r=-0.317) and Ba-PoG was positively correlated with Ba-A and Go-PoG(r=0.883,r=0.488);in Angle Class Ⅲ group,Ba-A was positively correlated with Ba-N and Ba-PoG(r=0.891,r=0.829),Ptm-A was positively correlated with Ba-A (r=0.807)and negatively correlated with Ba-S (r=-0.404),Ar-Go was positively correlated with S-Ptm (r=0.548) and Ba-PoG was positively correlated with Ba-A (r=0.829).The equation of sagittal craniofacial structure with different occlusal classes was established by GAS.In Angle Class Ⅰgroup:Ba-A(mm)=10.963 9+0.859 8×Ba-N,Ptm-A(mm)=6.897 6+0.557 0×Go-PoG,Ar-Go(mm)=-2.548 2+0.511 8×Ba-PoG-0.5272×Go-PoG,Ba-PoG(mm)=17.515 6+1.021 3×GO-POG;in Angle Class Ⅱ group:Ba-A(mm)=-2.121 3+0.567 6× Ba-PoG+0.513 2× Ba-N,Ptm-A(mm)=13.788 7+0.349 4×Ba-A,Ar-Go(mm)=2.447 7+0.368 8×Ba-PoG-0.427 9×Go-PoG,Ba-PoG(mm)=-7.140 2+0.751 3×Ba-A+0.295 4×Go-PoG;in Angle Class Ⅲgroup:Ba-A(mm)=3.281 0+0.545 3×Ba-N+0.394 4× Ba-PoG,Ptm-A(mm)=3.535 8+0.63 1×Ba-A-0.614 2×Ba-S,Ar-Go(mm)=-9.002 1+1.004 3×S-Ptm,Ba-PoG(mm)=-2.091 2+1.057 5×Ba-A.There were no significant differences between the predicted values of GAS and the measured data (P> 0.05), and the error was small.Conclusion: The optimal relation equation of craniofacial structure of sagittal malocclusion is established by GAS with the quantitative regularity.

Objective:To establish the quantitative relationship equation of the crantiofacial vertical points in the skeletal classⅡ malocclusion patients with various vertical types by using genetic algorithms method,and to express the measured values in the patients with different gender with the same formula.Methods:A total of 155 skeletal class Ⅱ malocclusion patients without treatment,aged from 10 to 18 years old,were selected and divided into high-angle group(n=50),average-angle group(n=58),low-angle group(n=47);5 samples were randomly selected in each group as the test samples,the rest as the experimental sample.The cephalometic radiographs were performed and measured.The relevant influencing factors of craniofacial structure were ensured.The genetic algorithm was used to optimize the equation parameters to obtain the correlation equation.The error between the predicted value and the measured value was compared.Results:The various parameters had no significant differences between different gender in high-angle,average-angle and low-angle groups(P>0.05);then the men and the women with same type were combined,most of the indicators had statistically significant differences between three groups (P<0.05).The correlation analysis results showed that there was a positive correlation between age and Ans-U1(r=0.470),there was a positive correlation between N-Me and Ans-Me(r=0.964);for Ans-U1 ,there was a positive correlation with Ans-Me(r=0.805)and negative correlation with facial angle;there was a positive correlation between N-Go and N-Me (r=0.926);for L1-Me,there was a positive correlation with Ans-Me(r=0.898)and negative correlation with the angle of Go(r=-0.468)in high-angle group. In average-angle group,there was a positive correlation between age and N-Me (r=0.531);for Ans-U1,there was a positive correlation with Ans-Me(r=0.878)and negative correlation with the facial angle(r=-0.262);for Ans-Me,there was a positive correlation with N-Me(r=0.920), negative correlation with N-Ans(r=-0.560)and negative correlation with Ar-Go(r=-0.652);for N-Go,there was a positive correlation with S-Go(r=0.867), positive correlation with N-Ans(r=0.252)and positive correlation with L1-Me(r=0.754).For S-Ar,there was a positive correlation with S-Go(r=0.671), negative correlation with Ar-Go(r=-0.250),and positive correlation with L1-Me(r=0.552).In low-angle group,for age,there was a positive correlation with S-Go(r=0.602), negative correlation with the angle of Go(r=-0.346),and positive correlation with L1-Me(r=0.576);for N-Me,there was a positive correlation with Ans-Me(r=0.869),and positive correlation with N-Go(r=0.859),and negative correlation with the facial angle(r=-0.177);for N-Ans,there was a positive correlation with N-Me(r=0.605) and negative correlation with Ans-U1(r=-0.113);for Ans-Me,there was a positive correlation with N-Me(r=0.869),positive correlation with the facial angle(r=0.070),and positive correlation with Ans-U1(r=0.785);for N-Go,there was a positive correlation with N-Me(r=0.859)and positive correlation with S-Go(r=0.829).The quantitative relationship equations of the crantiofacial vertical points in skeletal class Ⅱmalocclusion patients with various vertical types in each group were established by using genetic algorithms.In high-angle group:Age=5.883 6+0.269×Ans-U1,N-M=22.026 6+1.494 5×Ans-Me,Ans-U1=34.959 4+0.454 5×Ans-Me-0.409 7×Facial angle,N-Go=-4.588 2+0.472 4×N-Me,L1-Me=-12.590 5+0.5322×Ans-Me+0.124 3×∠Go.In average-angle group:Age=-2.944 1+0.146 8×N-Me,Ans-U1=18.917+0.476 4×Ans-Me-0.230 2×Facial angle,Ans-Me=-0.620 5+1.014 5×N-Me-0.974 1×N-Ans-0.057 6×Ar-Go,N-Go=1.631 1+0.897 8×S-Go+0.919 7×N-S+0.168 8×L1-Me,S-Ar=-1.823 1+0.845 3×S-Go-0.867 0×Ar-Go+0.202 4×L1-Me.In low-angle group:Age=11.740 6+0.152 7×S-Go-0.169 9×∠Go+0.252 5×L1-Me,N-Me=61.153 0+0.964 3×Ans-Me+0.628 6×N-Go-0.689 2×Facialangle,N-Ans=-4.949 2+1.065 8×N-Me-2.316 5×Ans-U1,Ans-Me=-25.180 0+0.418 4×N-Me+0.280 3×Facial angle+0.477 6×Ans-U1,N-Go=8.684 2+0.409 9×N-Me+0.403 3×S-Go.There was no significant difference between the predicted values of equation established with genetic algorithms and the measured data (P>0.05).Conclusion:The quantitative relationship equation of the crantiofacial vertical points in the skeletal class Ⅱmalocclusion patients with various vertical types established with genetic algorithms may show the vertical quantitative relationship and predict the growth to a certain degree.

Objective To study the correlation between radial artery graft patency and the degree of native coronary stenosis in coronary artery bypass grafting. Methods The clinical data of 290 patients who had underwent off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting were retrospectively analyzed. The left internal mammary artery, radial artery and saphenous veins were as grafts. The patients were divided into 3 groups according to the stenosis of right coronary artery before operation:group Ⅰ(right coronary artery stenosis 50%-75%, 85 cases), groupⅡ(right coronary artery stenosis 76%-89%, 95 cases) and group Ⅲ (right coronary artery stenosis 90%-100%, 110 cases). The patients were followed up for 2 to 5 years, and the graft patency was assessed using CT coronary angiography. Results There was no death and serious complications in 3 groups. Among the 3 groups, the total graft patency rate of left internal mammary artery grafts was 93.3% (270/290), the total graft patency rate of saphenous veins grafts was 70.2%(433/617), and the total graft patency rate of radial artery grafts was 69.7%(202/290). There was no statistical difference in the graft patency rate of radial artery grafts between group Ⅱ and group Ⅰ(P>0.05). The graft patency rate of radial artery grafts in group Ⅲwas significantly higher than that in groupⅡand group Ⅰ:85.5%(94/110) vs. 68.4%(65/95) and 50.6%(43/85), and there was statistical difference (P<0.05). The graft patency rate of radial artery grafts was significantly higher than the graft patency rate of saphenous veins grafts in group Ⅲ :85.5%(94/110) vs. 71.5%(168/235), and there was statistical difference (P<0.05). There were no statistical differences in the graft patency rates of left internal mammary artery grafts and saphenous veins grafts among 3 group (P>0.05). Conclusions The correlation between radial artery graft patency and the degree of native coronary stenosis is significant in coronary artery bypass grafting. Patients with severe proximal right coronary artery stenosis (≥90%) may have better patency rates at mid-term follow up after using radial artery grafts.

Objective: To investigate the effects of apolipoprotein E deficiency (Apo E^-/-) on plasma and lipoprotein distribution of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) in mice. Methods: Five male or female Apo E^-/- or wild type (WT) mice were fed with chow diet and sacrificed at 32-week-age and plasma was collected. The constituents of lipoprotein(very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL)) were separated by ultracentrifuge. The protein concentration of constituents was detected by BCA protein quantitative kit, and the S1P concentration in plasma and various lipoprotein constituents was detected by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Western blot was used to determine the plasma, liver, and kidney protein expression of apolipoprotein M(Apo M), which is considered as specific ligand of S1P.The S1P concentration in plasma and various constituents of lipoprotein in the Apo E^-/- mice was compared to respective WT mice. Results: (1)Plasma S1P content was significantly higher in the Apo E^-/- groups than that of WT groups (male: (535.7±78.5)nmol/L vs. (263.3±22.0)nmol/L; female: (601.1±64.0)nmol/L vs. (279.0±33.9)nmol/L; all P<0.01). (2) Compared with WT mice, S1P content in non-HDL(LDL+ VLDL) was significantly higher in Apo E^-/- mice (male: (504.9±52.8)nmol/L vs. (28.7±9.0)nmol/L; female: (427.7±27.4) vs. (27.8±4.7)nmol/L; after standardization of protein concentration, male: (385.0±41.2)pmol/mg protein vs. (71.4±6.6)pmol/mg protein; female: (330.2±22.0)pmol/mg protein vs. (67.2±12.1)pmol/mg protein; all P<0.01). (3) The expression of Apo M in plasma, liver and kidney was significantly higher in Apo E^-/- groups than that of WT groups(all P<0.05). Conclusion The deficiency of Apo E could lead to upregulated S1P expression in the non-HDL, the underlying mechanism might be the increased transfer of HDL into the non-HDL by Apo M-S1P.

Objective To analyze the reasons and treatment methods of high transprothetic pressure gradient after aortic valve replacement. Methods The clinical data of 45 patients with high transprothetic pressure gradient after aortic valve replacement were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were followed up for average 24.6 (12 - 40) months. The postoperative effective orifice area (EOA) of artificial valve was measured by transthoracic color Doppler ultrasound. Compared with published referred EOA of different artificial valve, there were 2 kinds results:measured EOA=referred EOA and measured EOA0.85 cm2/m2 and EOAI<0.85 cm2/m2. The reasons of high transprothetic pressure gradient were analyzed according to the above different standard. Results In the 45 patients with high transprothetic pressure gradient after aortic valve replacement, prosthesis-patient mismatch (PPM) was in 33 cases, and prosthetic dysfunction was in 10 cases, among whom 5 cases were because of thrombus (3 cases improved after increasing the dosage of warfarin, 2 cases underwent re-aortic valve replacement), 3 cases were because of severe bioprosthetic calcification (underwent re-aortic valve replacement), and 2 cases were because of prosthetic ring pannus and influenced movement of the leaflets (underwent re-aortic valve replacement). High flow in the left ventricular outflow tract occurred in 2 cases. The patients had no obvious discomfort, and did not receive special treatment. Four cases died, among whom 2 cases were because of severe PPM, and the other 2 cases were because of noncardiac. Conclusions Many reasons can result to the high transprothetic pressure gradient, and the PMM is the most common reason. Choosing the right treatment plan can improve the survival rate of patients.

Bronchopulmonary Sequestration ; diagnosis ; Coronary Vessels ; pathology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged

[ABSTRACT]AIM:Toinvestigatetheinteractionandthemechanismofsphingosine-1-phosphate(S1P)and phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) in lipoprotein.METHODS:The S1P content in the plasma and lipoprotein from 10-week-old PLTP transgenic (PLTP-Tg) mice and wild-type (WT) mice (n=8 each) was assayed.The transport of S1P by PLTP was determined by S1P transfer assay.The content of specific S1P carrier, apolipoprotein M, was detected by West-ern blotting.RESULTS:Plasma S1P contents were decreased by 21.1%in PLTP-Tg mice compared with WT mice.S1P content in high-density lipoprotein ( HDL) fraction ( HDL-S1P) from PLTP-Tg mice was decreased by 35.1% compared with WT mice, whereas the S1P in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) fraction (LDL-S1P) was increased by 127.4%.The re-sults of S1P transfer assay indicated that PLTP facilitated S 1P transport from erythrocyte to recombinant liposome at 37℃in D-Hanks buffer solution .The plasma content of apolipoprotein M was not changed in PLTP-Tg mice compared with WT mice.CONCLUSION:PLTP is a key factor to maintain plasma HDL-S1P under physical condition .Overexpression of PLTP decreases the HDL-S1P but increases LDL-S1P.The mechanism might be related to the capability of PLTP on trans-ferring S1P from erythrocyte to lipoprotein.

This article summarized TCM education development history of Sino-US,with emphasis on Sino-US TCM education development of horizontal comparison in terms of admission requirements,faculty,teaching materials,forms of education,a comprehensive understanding of the characteristics and differences of the two countries education which beneficial to both countries education to learn from each other.