Gravity is one of the most widespread mechanomechanical signals affecting surface organisms and plays a key role in maintaining normal cardiovascular structure and function.The absence of gravity in the space environment leads to changes in the physiological-mechanical environment of the cardiovascular system,potentially causing adaptive changes or remodelling of the cardiovascular system in terms of structure and function.However,how the cardiovascular system senses,transduces,and responds to altered mechanical stress in the microgravity environment remains poorly understood by humans.In this paper,we reviewed the research findings on mechanoreceptors and mechano-transduction of cardiovascular system in recent years,analyzed the mechanisms of mechanical perception and response to microgravity in cardiovascular system,and predicted the novel mechanoreceptors,key signaling pathways,and potential targets for intervention in space microgravity.This article aims to provide new ideas for combating adaptive changes in the cardiovascular system due to space microgravity.

Objective:To develop and examine the reliability and validity of the adolescent health literacy evaluation scale under public health emergencies (AHLES-PHE) in junior middle school students.Methods:The initial version of AHLES-PHE was formed by combining the characteristics of public health emergencies and adolescent health literacy.The expert version of AHLES-PHE was formed by two rounds of Delphi expert consultation.Totally 1 729 adolescent students from three junior middle schools in Changzhou City were tested.The formal version of AHLES-PHE was formed through item analysis and factor analysis (structural validity). The content validity of the formal version of AHLES-PHE was evaluated by specialist analysis and sensibility analysis, and its correlation validity with the everyday health information literacy (EHIL) was tested.The internal consistency reliability, parity split-half coefficient and test-retest reliability were calculated.Results:(1)Item analysis: the correlation coefficient between the scores of each item and the total score of AHLES-PHE expert version was 0.420 to 0.722 ( P<0.01), and the CR of decision value was 10.140 to 66.980 ( P<0.01). (2)Validity analysis: the formal version of AHLES-PHE with 45 items and 8 factors was obtained by exploratory factor analysis.The 8 factors could explain 61.30% of the total variation.The fitting indexes of the confirmatory factor analysis model were χ2/ df=3.325, RMSEA=0.052, GFI=0.853, CFI=0.912, TLI=0.904, NFI=0.880.Sensibility analysis of the formal version of AHLES-PHE showed the Cronbach's α ranged from 0.957 to 0.958.The correlation coefficient between the total score of AHLES-PHE formal version and the total score of EHIL was 0.340 ( P<0.01). (3)Reliability analysis: the Cronbach's α coefficient and parity split-half coefficient of the formal version of AHLES-PHE were 0.958 and 0.975, respectively.The test-retest reliability of the formal version of AHLES-PHE was 0.753 ( P<0.01). Conclusion:The formal version of AHLES-PHE developed in this study has good reliability, structural validity and content validity, and the correlation validity with EHIL is common.This scale has a certain degree of applicability to the assessment of health literacy for junior middle school students under public health emergencies.

Abstract Health literacy is closely related to the response to public health emergencies. This paper begins with health literacy evaluation tools in adults, then focuses on recent progress made in health literacy evaluation tools in adolescents from the perspective of public health emergencies. The development of adolescent health literacy evaluation tools, health education and health literacy from the perspective of public health emergencies should be greatly enhanced, helping adolescents to better respond to public health emergencies and maintain their physical and mental health.

Objective To observe the short-term clinical outcomes of arthroscopic single-tibial tunnel Pushlock fixation in the treatment of tibial avulsion fracture of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL).Methods From December 2015 to January 2018,15 patients with tibial avulsion fracture of PCL were treated at Department of Articular Surgery,The Third Affiliated Hospital to Hebei Medical University.They were treated with arthroscopic single-tibial tunnel Pushlock fixation.All the fractures were fresh.They were 9 males and 6 females,aged from 14 to 64 years (average,33.6 years).The short-term outcomes were evaluated by comparing their preoperative and postoperative flexion of the knee,International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) and Lysholm scores.Results The operation lasted from 40 to 70 minutes (average,53 minutes).The 15 patients were successfully followed up for 10 to 18 months (average,12.2 months).All the fractures united well within 3 months after operation.All the posterior drawer tests were negative,showing no displacements or no complications like lesions of popliteal fossa,nerves and vessels,or impaired knee extension.At 6 months after surgery,the knee flexion (123.4°± 6.5°),the Lysholm scores (91.8 ± 3.5) and the IKDC scores (95.5 ± 1.6) were all significantly improved compared with the preoperative values (77.5°±13.1°,46.8 ±8.9 and 37.0±8.9) (P ＜0.05).Conclusion The tibial avulsion fracture of PCL can be treated by arthroscopic single-tibial tunnel Pushlock fixation with satisfactory early outcomes.

Objective:To explore the macroporous resin adsorption and the membrane separation technologies for the purification of saponins water extract of Anemarrhena asphodeloides. Methods:Ten-fold amount of water was used to extract twice for 120 min each time to extract saponins from Anemarrhena asphodeloides. The macroporous resin adsorption(HP-20,HPD-600,D101,AB-8) and the membrane separation technologies (ceramic microfiltration membranes 0.8 μm and 0.05 μm, and hollow fiber ultrafiltration mem-branes 50,10 and 6 kDa) were adopted to purify the saponins water extract liquid. The physicochemical parameters including electri-cal conductivity,viscosity and turbidity were measured,as well as the contents of total saponins,proteins and polysaccharides were de-termined. Results:The viscosity and turbidity decreased,the value of pH increased and the electrical conductivity of the saponins puri-fication liquid changed irregularly after the membrane filtration. The microfiltration membrane was more advantageous than the ultrafil-tration membrane in removing macromolecular substances. The smaller the pore diameter of microfiltration membrane, the smaller the intercepted molecular weigh,the higher the removal ratio of proteins and the higher the penetration rate of the total saponins,while the polysaccharides content was stable, which was consistent with the results of physicochemical parameters. The ceramic microfiltration membrane could obtain clearer extract,while the ultrafiltration membrane was more suitable for the enrichment of saponins when the in-tercepted molecular weight was 6 kDa. The macroporous resin HPD-600 was the best for the purification of timosaponin water extraction liquid.Conclusion:The selection of membrane for the separation and purification of different substances is particularly important. The change of physicochemical parameters and the content decrease of macromolecular substances have obvious corresponding relationship. Ultrafiltration membrane is better than microfiltration membrane for the purification of timosaponin water extract liquid.

Objective To study the physiological indicators and arterial blood gas values,and create a reliable data for researchers using beagle dogs.Methods Beagle were sampled before and after Zoletil anesthesia (10 mg/kg) via intramuscular injection.Then aterial blood gas was detected by blood gas analyzer.Then the physiological indicators,including heart rate,blood pressure and body temperature were measured via large animal ECG.Results For blood gas values,the pH value decreased significantly (P ＜ 0.01).pCO2 increased significantly and pO2 decreased significantly,the differences were significantly (P ＜ 0.05).In contrast,levels of Lac and HCO3-remained unaltered,indicating a typical respiratory acidosis.For physiological indicators,blood pressure increased slightly,but not significant.The heart rate increased significantly (P ＜ 0.01) and body temperature decreased significantly (P ＜ 0.01).There was no difference between sexes.Conclusion Zoletil anesthesia causes respiratory arrest and respiratory congestion,which further induced respiratory acidosis.Meanwhile,anesthesia also results in elevated heart rhythm and lower body temperature.These data indicate that warming and airway clear are necessary during anesthesia in Beagles.Moreover,it should be considered about the effects of anaesthetics when comparing differents in animals before and after treatment.

AIM To study the chemical constituents from Phyllodium pulchellum (L.) Desv..METHODS The ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions of P.pulchellum 95％ ethanol extract were isolated and purified by Sephadex LH-20,silica,ODS and pre-HPLC column,then the structures of isolated compounds were identified by physicochemical properties and spectral data.RESULTS Eleven compounds were isolated and identified as phydroxybenzoic acid (1),protocatechuic acid (2),protocaechuic acid methyl ester (3),protocatechuic acid ethyl ester (4),ethyl gallate (5),p-coumaric acid (6),caffeic acid ester (7),loliolide (8),uridine (9),arbutin (10),daucosterol (11).CONCLUSION Compounds 4-11 are isolated from genus Phyllodium for the first time,compounds 2 and 3 are first obtained from this plant.

Objective To investigate the chemokine 12 (CXCL12) and chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) expressions in hypopharyngeal carcinoma and its place in the disease development,invasion and metastasis of significance.Methods Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expressions of CXCL12 and CXCR4 in 35 cases of hypopharyngeal cancer tissues and in 28 cases of tumor-adjacent non-tumor tissues.Results The expressions of CXCL12 and CXCR4 in the hypopharynx carcinomas were significantly higher (P ＜ 0.05).Both expressed in hypopharyngeal carcinomas was significantly positively correlated (P ＜ 0.01).Both hypopharynx cancer in lymph node metastasis group were significantly higher than the expression of cervical lymph node metastasis group,the difference was significant (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions CXCL12 and CXCR4 are involved in hypopharynx cancer development,invasion and metastasis,and there is a positive feedback regulation mechanism between two factors.Moreover,CXCL12 and CXCR4 have synergistic effect in development,invasion and metastasis of hypopharynx cancers.

Objective To establish a rapid method for the isolation of murine peritoneal macrophages. Methods Abdominal lavage was performed with NS and the peritoneal macrophages was purified from the lavage,which was later transferred into high glucose DMEM cul-ture medium. Cell viability was measured via the typan blue staining. Purity was observed via Wright's stain. Results High purity macropha-ges with typical morphology were obtained. Conclusion A simple and realistic method was set up for the isolation of murine peritoneal mac-rophages.

Objective To investigate the regulatory effects and possible mechanisms of autophagy induction and bactericidal activity in muring bone marrow derived macrophages ( BMDMs) . Methods Murine BMDMs were isolated and cultured in vitro. Then standard strain of E. coli was used to infect BMDMs and cellular autophagy levels and AMPK activation were detected. We next modulated functions of AMPK by pretreating cells with the specific agonist or antagonist of AMPK. Then cellular AMPK activation, autophagy levels and bactericidal activity were observed after E. coli infection. Results In E. coli infected BMDMs,autophagy related molecules like LC3B and Beclin1 were upregu-lated,accompanied with elevated LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰratio. Phosphorylation of AMPK was also upregulated by E. coli treatment. Enhanced AMPK activi-ty by its agonist leads to increased cellular autophagy and bactericidal activity,whereas inhibition of AMPK by its suppressor downregulated autophagy and dampened bactericidal activity. Conclusion AMPK and its related signaling pathway is required for anti-bacterial response in macrophage,which is dependent on its function in upregulating autophagy related molecules and inducing autophagy.