Objective:To explore the effects of dopamine receptor D2(DRD2)on astrocytic dedifferentiation based on SOX2-regulated genes in neural stem cells(NSCs)and astrocytes.Methods:Immunofluorescence staining and SOX2-GFP mice were used to examine the lineage differentiation of SOX2-positive cells during the development of cere-bral cortex.Primary NSCs/astrocytes culture,ChIP-seq and Western Blot were adopted to analyze and verify the expres-sion of candidate genes.Pharmacological manipulation,neurosphere formation,photochemical ischemia,immunofluo-rescence staining and behavior tests were adopted to evaluate the effects of activating DRD2 signaling on astrocytic dedif-ferentiation.Results:Immunofluorescence staining demonstrated the NSC-astrocyte switch of SOX2-expression in the normal development of cerebral cortex.ChIP-seq revealed enrichment of DRD2 signaling by SOX2-bound enhancers in NSCs and SOX2-bound promoters in astrocytes.Western Blot and immunofluorescence staining verified the expression of DRD2 in NSCs and reactive astrocytes.Application of quinagolide hydrocholoride(QH),an agonist of DRD2,signifi-cantly promoted astrocytic dedifferentiation both in vitro and in vivo following ischemia.In addition,quinagolide hydro-choloride treatment improved locomotion recovery.Conclusion:Activating DRD2 signaling facilitates astrocytic dedif-ferentiation and may be used to treat ischemic stroke.

Parvalbumin interneurons belong to the major types of GABAergic interneurons. Although the distribution and pathological alterations of parvalbumin interneuron somata have been widely studied, the distribution and vulnerability of the neurites and fibers extending from parvalbumin interneurons have not been detailly interrogated. Through the Cre recombinase-reporter system, we visualized parvalbumin-positive fibers and thoroughly investigated their spatial distribution in the mouse brain. We found that parvalbumin fibers are widely distributed in the brain with specific morphological characteristics in different regions, among which the cortex and thalamus exhibited the most intense parvalbumin signals. In regions such as the striatum and optic tract, even long-range thick parvalbumin projections were detected. Furthermore, in mouse models of temporal lobe epilepsy and Parkinson's disease, parvalbumin fibers suffered both massive and subtle morphological alterations. Our study provides an overview of parvalbumin fibers in the brain and emphasizes the potential pathological implications of parvalbumin fiber alterations.
Mice ; Animals ; Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/pathology* ; Parvalbumins/metabolism* ; Parkinson Disease/pathology* ; Neurons/metabolism* ; Interneurons/physiology* ; Disease Models, Animal ; Brain/pathology*

Objectives:To establish a geometric model of the atlantoaxial dislocation and basilar invagination reduction,and examine its value for clinical application.Methods:A retrospective analysis of 35 patients with atlantoaxial dislocation and basilar invagination admitted to the Department of Neurosurgery,First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from May 2018 to May 2020 was conducted.There were 5 males and 30 females,aged (48±15) years(range: 19 to 69 years). The geometric model of the atlantoaxial reduction was established based on the mid-sagittal section of the cervical spine. The relevant data were calculated according to the geometric model before operation,and the fusion cage of the corresponding height was placed into C 1-2 facet joint of patient for quantitative reduction. The theoretical reset value, actual reset value, postoperative symptoms and complications were collected. The paired t-test was used to compare the difference between theoretical and actual reset value to verify the reliability of the geometric model. Results:The theoretical vertical reduction distance of all patients was (5.79±2.96) mm(range:1.52 to 10.96 mm),and the actual vertical reduction distance was (7.43±2.96)mm(range: 1.40 to 12.77 mm),and there was no statistical difference between them( t=-1.96, P=0.069).The theoretical reduction angle was (10.80±2.24)°(range: 7.09 to 14.86°), the actual reduction angle was (10.64±7.00)°(range: 3.50 to 20.50°),and there was no statistical difference between them ( t=0.09, P=0.933). At 6 months follow-up, 35 patients achieved satisfactory atlanto-axial joint fusion, and the symptoms were relieved. No internal fixation system displacement, fracture, wound infection and other complications occurred. Conclusion:This geometric model can estimate the vertical reduction distance and the reduction angle of the axial before operation,and provide a reference for the height of the fusion cage so as to avoid under or over-reduction.

Objectives:To establish a geometric model of the atlantoaxial dislocation and basilar invagination reduction,and examine its value for clinical application.Methods:A retrospective analysis of 35 patients with atlantoaxial dislocation and basilar invagination admitted to the Department of Neurosurgery,First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from May 2018 to May 2020 was conducted.There were 5 males and 30 females,aged (48±15) years(range: 19 to 69 years). The geometric model of the atlantoaxial reduction was established based on the mid-sagittal section of the cervical spine. The relevant data were calculated according to the geometric model before operation,and the fusion cage of the corresponding height was placed into C 1-2 facet joint of patient for quantitative reduction. The theoretical reset value, actual reset value, postoperative symptoms and complications were collected. The paired t-test was used to compare the difference between theoretical and actual reset value to verify the reliability of the geometric model. Results:The theoretical vertical reduction distance of all patients was (5.79±2.96) mm(range:1.52 to 10.96 mm),and the actual vertical reduction distance was (7.43±2.96)mm(range: 1.40 to 12.77 mm),and there was no statistical difference between them( t=-1.96, P=0.069).The theoretical reduction angle was (10.80±2.24)°(range: 7.09 to 14.86°), the actual reduction angle was (10.64±7.00)°(range: 3.50 to 20.50°),and there was no statistical difference between them ( t=0.09, P=0.933). At 6 months follow-up, 35 patients achieved satisfactory atlanto-axial joint fusion, and the symptoms were relieved. No internal fixation system displacement, fracture, wound infection and other complications occurred. Conclusion:This geometric model can estimate the vertical reduction distance and the reduction angle of the axial before operation,and provide a reference for the height of the fusion cage so as to avoid under or over-reduction.

Clinical data of 23 children with atrial septal defect and pulmonary valvular stenosis admitted in Dalian Children′s Hospital during March 2015 to March 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. Twenty patients were treated with percutaneous closure of atrial septal defect through femoral vein first, then transthoracic echocardiography-guided balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty was performed; while 3 patients had no balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty after percutaneous closure of atrial septal defect. Patients were followed up by transthoracic echocardiography and all were doing well. The transvalvular pressure fell under 35 mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa) [(19.5±1.9)mmHg] in all patients, which was significantly lower than that before treatment [(62.0±7.8 mmHg)] (t=28.92, P<0.01). During follow-up, no residual shunt of atrial septal defect was found; and mild pulmonary regurgitation occurred in 3 cases. The study indicates that combined percutaneous treatment with transthoracic echocardiography guidance is effective and safe for children with atrial septal defect and pulmonary valvular stenosis. The pulmonary artery stenosis of some patients can be alleviated, after closuring of the atrial septal defect.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the protective effects of ischemic postconditioning on non-heart-beating donor (NHBD) in rat NHBD lung transplantation model. METHODS: Forty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into the ischemic postconditioning group (IPO group) and the control group (C group), 10 pairs in each group in which left lung orthotopic transplantations from NHBDs were done with " two-cuff-one-stent technique". In the C group, perfusion was resumed by declamping pulmonary artery immediately after transplantation, whereas in the IPO group, 5 cycles of 1-min reperfusion and 1-min reocclusion of pulmonary artery were applied as postcontioning before full recovery of perfusion. RESULTS: Compared with the C group, water content of donor lungs was lower and pathological changes were milder in the IPO group, meanwhile compliance, structure and function of donor lungs were better preserved. Furthermore, the expression of cell apoptosis and MDA content in donor lungs were lower in the IPO group, while SOD content was higher. CONCLUSION Ischemic postconditioning can reduce ischemic reperfusion injury of NHBD lung transplantation and preserve the structure and function of donor lungs. It can inhibit lipid peroxidation and cell apoptosis in NHBD lungs after transplantation.
Animals ; Heart Arrest ; Ischemic Postconditioning ; Lung ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Lung Transplantation ; Male ; Models, Animal ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reperfusion Injury ; metabolism ; pathology ; prevention & control ; Superoxide Dismutase ; metabolism

BACKGROUND: Long-term sustained release naltrexone has been reported in clinical application near one year that it can improve emotional state and relieve addiction; therefore, the effect of long-term sustained release naltrexone on memory restoration at neuropsychology level were explored. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of long-term sustained release naltrexone on memory ability of opioid addicts. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: A contrast observational study was performed at Drug Rehabilitation Centers of Wuhan, Changde, Zhengzhou, and Jiangyang between October and December 2006. Healthy controls were tested in Shenzhen Hospital of Peking University in October 2006. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 88 males with opioid addicts were divided into naltrexone group (n=35), compulsory detoxification group (n=26), and non-treatment group (n=27). Another 22 healthy subjects were considered as the controls. METHODS: At 6-12 months before testing, naltrexone (3.1 g) was subcutaneously implanted into bilateral abdominal wall in the naltrexone group; patients in the compulsory detoxification group underwent completely compulsory detoxification for 6 months, and the examination results, including diamorphine, methadone, and buprenorphine in urine, were negative on the immediately testing day. Event related potential and its wave form were recorded from the opioid addicts in the three groups and from healthy controls who finished semantic recognition between new and old words using portable-type event related potential working system. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Correct rate and response time of semantic memory; latency and amplitude of language related potential-N400. RESULTS: ①There were significant differences in correct rate and response time between three expedmental groups and healthy control group (P ＜ 0.001 ); in addition, correct rate was significantly increased, and response time was significantly shortened in the naltrexone group compared to compulsory detoxification group and non-treatment group (P＜ 0.05). ② N400 latency in the three experimental groups was significantly longer than healthy control group (P ＜ 0.01), while N400 amplitude in the naltrexone group was increased, which was no significant difference compared to healthy control group (P> 0.05) but was significant difference compared to compulsory detoxification group and non-treatment group (P ＜ 0.01). CONCLUSION: Long-term sustained release naltrexone can effectively improve neural function and enhance semantic memory of the opioid addicts.

objective To detect CK19 mRNA and CEA mRNA in blood of the peripheral vein and to investigate the effect of ligating pulmonary vein firstly or ligating pulmonary artery firstly during surgical operation on haematogenous dissemination of malignant cells.Methods Fifty six non-small cell lung cancer patients were collected and random assigned to two groups before operation (ligating pulmonary vein firstly or ligating pulmonary artery firstly).The patients were accepted radical operation and their operations were put in practice by doctors of one team.Vein blood was collected one day before operation and one week after operation.CK19 mRNA and CEA mRNA in blood were detected by nested reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Result The positive rate of expression of CK19 mRNA and CEA mRNA after operation is lower than that before operation.The positive rate of expression of CK19 mRNA and CEA mRNA in ligating pulmonary vein firstly after operation is lower than that in the other group. Conclusions Surgical operation have effects on the dissemination of malignant cell and ligating palmonary vein firstly during operation can reduce the dissemination of malignant cell.

The present study was designed to examine the morphological pattern of primary afferent projections into the spinal dorsal horn by labeling the lumbar dorsal root ganglia with carbocyanine fluorescent dye DiI in mouse embryos and neonatal pups aged embryonic day 12 to postnatal day 3 (E12-P3). Primary afferent fibers projected into dorsal funiculus at E13, but did not penetrated into gray matter of dorsal horn until E15. The afferent projections became dense and entered the spinal gray matter more deeply at E16 and E17. By E18 the intensity of primary afferent in the deep part of the dorsal horn increased and their branching patterns became more complicated. Some of these primary fibers were also observed to ramify extensively in the superficial laminae. The projection pattern of primary afferent remained unchanged after birth, but the intensity of afferent terminals increased in the superficial laminae. In addition, afferent fiber collaterals that projected into the contralateral dorsal horn were also observed. They were first examined at E16 and mainly originated from the medial and deep part of the dorsal horn. Around birth, the contralateral projections were also found to originate from the lateral part of dorsal horn. Our results indicate that laminar organization of primary afferents in the spinal dorsal horn is established during the late embryonic and early postnatal stages.This organization then undergoes further refinement to match the pattern seen in the adult.