Oral diseases concern almost every individual and are a serious health risk to the popula-tion.The restorative treatment of tooth and jaw defects is an important means to achieve oral function and support the appearance of the contour.Based on the principle of"learning from the nature",Deng Xu-liang's group of Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology has proposed a new concept of"microstructural biomimetic design and tissue adaptation of tooth/jaw materials"to address the worldwide problems of difficulty in treating dentine hypersensitivity,poor prognosis of restoration of tooth defects,and vertical bone augmentation of alveolar bone after tooth loss.The group has broken through the bottle-neck of multi-stage biomimetic technology from the design of microscopic features to the enhancement of macroscopic effects,and invented key technologies such as crystalline/amorphous multi-level assembly,ion-transportation blocking,and multi-physical properties of the micro-environment reconstruction,etc.The group also pioneered the cationic-hydrogel desensitizer,digital stump and core integrated restora-tions,and developed new crown and bridge restorative materials,gradient functionalisation guided tissue regeneration membrane,and electrically responsive alveolar bone augmentation restorative membranes,etc.These products have established new clinical strategies for tooth/jaw defect repair and achieved inno-vative results.In conclusion,the research results of our group have strongly supported the theoretical im-provement of stomatology,developed the technical system of oral hard tissue restoration,innovated the clinical treatment strategy,and led the progress of the stomatology industry.

In the field of ethics,issues related to brain-computer interface(BCI)technology mainly focus on physical and mental ethics,as well as social ethics,including personal privacy rights,whether a person is a person in the complete sense,the attribution of social responsibility.The population involved includes patients,doctors,and the whole social group in which patients live.In addition to analyzing physical and mental ethical risks,this paper also analyzed the potential ethical issues that may exist in the future large-scale application of BCI based on the current research status,mainly including the right of informed consent,privacy,and decision-making of physical and mental ethical risks,the responsibility attribution and fairness of social ethical risks,the responsibility ascription and equity of social ethical risk,and the question that whether the brain is the carrier of machine or the machine is the continuation of the brain in future ethical risks.Solutions have been proposed in the three levels of individual,system,and institution to provide governance recommendations for the future development of BCI.In addition,local data was obtained by collecting and summarizing relevant opinions through social research.Based on these,the future risks of BCI were introduced for the first time,and from the perspective of ethics,solutions to future problems were explored.

Objective:To evaluate the diagnostic efficacy and practicality of the Jaundice color card (JCard) as a screening tool for neonatal jaundice.Methods:Following the standards for reporting of diagnostic accuracy studies (STARD) statement, a multicenter prospective study was conducted in 9 hospitals in China from October 2019 to September 2021. A total of 845 newborns who were admitted to the hospital or outpatient department for liver function testing due to their own diseases. The inclusion criteria were a gestational age of ≥35 weeks, a birth weight of ≥2 000 g, and an age of ≤28 days. The neonate′s parents used the JCard to measure jaundice at the neonate′s cheek. Within 2 hours of the JCard measurement, transcutaneous bilirubin (TcB) was measured with a JH20-1B device and total serum bilirubin (TSB) was detected. The Pearson′s correlation analysis, Bland-Altman plots and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were used for statistic analysis.Results:Out of the 854 newborns, 445 were male and 409 were female; 46 were born at 35-36 weeks of gestational age and 808 were born at ≥37 weeks of gestational age. Additionally, 432 cases were aged 0-3 days, 236 cases were aged 4-7 days, and 186 cases were aged 8-28 days. The TSB level was (227.4±89.6) μmol/L, with a range of 23.7-717.0 μmol/L. The JCard level was (221.4±77.0) μmol/L and the TcB level was (252.5±76.0) μmol/L. Both the JCard and TcB values showed good correlation ( r=0.77 and 0.80, respectively) and agreements (96.0% (820/854) and 95.2% (813/854) of samples fell within the 95% limits of agreement, respectively) with TSB. The JCard value of 12 had a sensitivity of 0.93 and specificity of 0.75 for identifying a TSB ≥205.2?μmol/L, and a sensitivity of 1.00 and specificity of 0.35 for identifying a TSB ≥342.0?μmol/L. The TcB value of 205.2?μmol/L had a sensitivity of 0.97 and specificity of 0.60 for identifying TSB levels of 205.2 μmol/L, and a sensitivity of 1.00 and specificity of 0.26 for identifying TSB levels of 342.0 μmol/L. The areas under the ROC curve (AUC) of JCard for identifying TSB levels of 153.9, 205.2, 256.5, and 342.0 μmol/L were 0.96, 0.92, 0.83, and 0.83, respectively. The AUC of TcB were 0.94, 0.91, 0.86, and 0.87, respectively. There were both no significant differences between the AUC of JCard and TcB in identifying TSB levels of 153.9 and 205.2 μmol/L (both P>0.05). However, the AUC of JCard were both lower than those of TcB in identifying TSB levels of 256.5 and 342.0 μmol/L (both P<0.05). Conclusions:JCard can be used to classify different levels of bilirubin, but its diagnostic efficacy decreases with increasing bilirubin levels. When TSB level are ≤205.2 μmol/L, its diagnostic efficacy is equivalent to that of the JH20-1B. To prevent the misdiagnosis of severe jaundice, it is recommended that parents use a low JCard score, such as 12, to identify severe hyperbilirubinemia (TSB ≥342.0 μmol/L).

Accumulating studies suggest that, as the subway is one of the important means of transport in cities, airborne microorganisms in its system have potential effects on human health, but previous studies have mainly focused on some foreign cities. We reviewed the spatio-temporal distribution characteristics of airborne microorganisms in subway stations in different cities, including diurnal, weekly, and seasonal variations, and the distribution of microorganisms in different regions of the world. The factors affecting airborne microorganisms, such as human activities, temperature and humidity, ventilation, and particulate matter, were presented. The potential health effects were described. Although there was no significant risk of infection from using subway, many pathogens do exist in the air. The influence of microorganisms in subway air on health has become a public health problem that cannot be ignored.

Objective:To elucidate the phenomenon that epileptic seizure occurs in patients with epilepsy without definite diagnosis when driving a motor vehicle and its hazards.Methods:From January 2020 to June 2022, 7 epileptic patients who experienced traffic accidents caused by seizures were selected from the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, and their demographic data, traffic accident related data and epilepsy diagnosis and treatment data were summarized and analyzed.Results:A total of 7 adult patients with epilepsy were collected, including 6 males, 4 of whom had been driving for more than 10 years. Among them, 1 patient drove a bus, and the other 6 patients drove private cars. Totally 5/7 of the accidents resulted in personal injury, and 3/7 of the accidents resulted in personal death. In 5 patients, video electroencephalogram showed interictal epileptiform discharges. In 2 patients, the imaging findings suggested the presence of cerebral cortical lesions that may lead to seizures. In terms of the form of seizure, 3 patients′ seizure type was focal to bilateral tonic-clonic, and the other 4 patients were very probable to be focal impaired awareness seizure.Conclusions:Undiagnosed epileptic seizures lead to traffic accidents, endanger patients and public safety, which need to attract attention from both doctors and patients, as well as the whole society.

BACKGROUND: Programmed cell death 1 or programmed cell death ligand 1 inhibitor (PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor) and docetaxel, as the standard second-line treatments of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, have limited effects. There are few studies on whether docetaxel combined with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor can increase the efficacy and make patients better benefit. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of docetaxel combined with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor for the second-line treatment of stage IV NSCLC patients. METHODS: Stage IV NSCLC patients (n=118) who received treatment at Shandong Cancer Hospital between October 1, 2018, and December 31, 2020, were retrospectively analyzed. They were divided into observation group (n=69) and control group (n=49) according to different treatment plan. Observation group was given docetaxel plus PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor, while control group was given PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor. The clinical curative effect and the incidence of adverse reactions of grade 3 and above were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The disease control rate (DCR) was higher in the observation group (89.9%) than that in the control group (73.5%) (P=0.019), and the objective response rate (ORR) showed no significant difference between observation group (24.6%) and control group (16.3%) (P=0.276). Till June 22, 2021, the 1-year PFS rate showed no difference between observation group (16.5%) and control group (7.7%) (P=0.205). During the treatment period, the adverse reactions of the two groups were mostly grade 1 to 2, and could be tolerated. The incidence of bone marrow suppression in observation group was higher than that in the control group (P<0.05), and the remaining adverse reactions were not statistically different from control group. Cox regression analysis showed that performance status (PS) (P=0.020) and age (P=0.049) were independent prognostic factors for the effect of docetaxel combined with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS The second-line treatment with docetaxel plus PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor in patients with stage IV NSCLC can improve the DCR and prolong the PFS, and the adverse reactions are tolerable.

Objective:To analyze the antibody levels and dynamic changes in patients infected with 2019-novel coronavirus(2019-nCoV).Methods:The average age of 72 corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients was (45.53±16.74)years(median age:47 year), including (44.88±17.09) years(median age:46 year) for 38 males and (46.32±16.52)years (median age:46 year) for 34 females in Loudi City, Hunan Province. There is no significant difference in genders between the severe and mild groups (χ2=0.916, P>0.05). There is a significant difference in the age between the severe and mild groups ( F=3.315, P<0.05). The blood samples of 72 discharged patients were collected and the consistence of IgM and IgG antibodies were detected by chemiluminescence method. SPSS25.0 was used for gender, age, case type and antibody analysis of variance, χ 2 test and other analysis. Results:The average time of the serum samples collection of 72 patients was (34.89±9.02)days (median time: 34 days) from onset of COVID-19, and (14.53±8.35) days (median time: 14 days) from discharge. The positive rate of IgM or IgG was 97.22% (70/72), and the positive rate of IgM and IgG was 48.61% (35/72) and 97.22% (70/72) respectively. Serum COVID-19 antibodies were detected in 72 patients from 1st to 40th days after discharge. The average concentration of IgM in 1-7 days, 8-14 days, 15-21 days, 22-28 days, above 29 days were 21.91(7.07-52.84)AU/ml, 14.16(6.19-32.88)AU/ml, 11.36(6.65-42.15)AU/ml, 8.15(3.66-30.12)AU/ml, 2.98(0.46-6.37)AU/ml. There was no significant difference in the time of IgM antibody concentration ( H= 8.439, P>0.05). The average concentrations of IgG in 1-7 days, 8-14 days, 15-21 days, 22-28 days, 29 days and above were 169.90 (92.06-190.91) AU/ml, 163.89 (91.19-208.02) AU/ml, 173.31 (95.06-191.28) AU/ml, 122.84 (103.19-188.34) AU/ml, 101.98 (43.75-175.30) AU/ml, respectively, ( H=2.232, P>0.05). The IgM becomes negative after the 3rd week of discharge and decreases rapidly with time. The IgG concentration higher than IgM during the same period, and keep at high level without any change, and decrease in the fourth week. Among them, 5 cases developed "re-infection" within 1-3 weeks after discharge, and the rate of "re-infection" was 6.94% (5/72 cases). Conclusions:After the COVID-19 patients are discharged from the hospital, the level of antibodies produced varies greatly among individuals, but the overall changes in antibodies have a certain pattern. It is recommended to strengthen the antibody monitoring during hospitalization and after discharge from the hospital to reduce the "re-infection" rate and potential risk of infection.

Objective:To analyze the antibody levels and dynamic changes in patients infected with 2019-novel coronavirus(2019-nCoV).Methods:The average age of 72 corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients was (45.53±16.74)years(median age:47 year), including (44.88±17.09) years(median age:46 year) for 38 males and (46.32±16.52)years (median age:46 year) for 34 females in Loudi City, Hunan Province. There is no significant difference in genders between the severe and mild groups (χ2=0.916, P>0.05). There is a significant difference in the age between the severe and mild groups ( F=3.315, P<0.05). The blood samples of 72 discharged patients were collected and the consistence of IgM and IgG antibodies were detected by chemiluminescence method. SPSS25.0 was used for gender, age, case type and antibody analysis of variance, χ 2 test and other analysis. Results:The average time of the serum samples collection of 72 patients was (34.89±9.02)days (median time: 34 days) from onset of COVID-19, and (14.53±8.35) days (median time: 14 days) from discharge. The positive rate of IgM or IgG was 97.22% (70/72), and the positive rate of IgM and IgG was 48.61% (35/72) and 97.22% (70/72) respectively. Serum COVID-19 antibodies were detected in 72 patients from 1st to 40th days after discharge. The average concentration of IgM in 1-7 days, 8-14 days, 15-21 days, 22-28 days, above 29 days were 21.91(7.07-52.84)AU/ml, 14.16(6.19-32.88)AU/ml, 11.36(6.65-42.15)AU/ml, 8.15(3.66-30.12)AU/ml, 2.98(0.46-6.37)AU/ml. There was no significant difference in the time of IgM antibody concentration ( H= 8.439, P>0.05). The average concentrations of IgG in 1-7 days, 8-14 days, 15-21 days, 22-28 days, 29 days and above were 169.90 (92.06-190.91) AU/ml, 163.89 (91.19-208.02) AU/ml, 173.31 (95.06-191.28) AU/ml, 122.84 (103.19-188.34) AU/ml, 101.98 (43.75-175.30) AU/ml, respectively, ( H=2.232, P>0.05). The IgM becomes negative after the 3rd week of discharge and decreases rapidly with time. The IgG concentration higher than IgM during the same period, and keep at high level without any change, and decrease in the fourth week. Among them, 5 cases developed "re-infection" within 1-3 weeks after discharge, and the rate of "re-infection" was 6.94% (5/72 cases). Conclusions:After the COVID-19 patients are discharged from the hospital, the level of antibodies produced varies greatly among individuals, but the overall changes in antibodies have a certain pattern. It is recommended to strengthen the antibody monitoring during hospitalization and after discharge from the hospital to reduce the "re-infection" rate and potential risk of infection.

Mitral valve disease is the most common cardiac valve disease. The main treatment of mitral valve disease is surgery or interventional therapy. However, as the anatomy of mitral valve is complicated, the operation is particularly difficult. As a result, it requires sophisticated experiences for surgeons. Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology can transform two-dimensional medical images into 3D solid models. So it can provide clear spatial anatomical information and offer safe and personalized treatment for the patients by simulating surgery process. This article reviews the applications of 3D printing technology in the treatment of mitral valve disease.

Collagen is the building component of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) discs and is often affected by inflammation in temporomandibular disorders.The macromechanical properties of collagen are deteriorated by chronic inflammation.However,the mechanism by which inflammation influences disc function remains unknown.The relationship between the ultrastructure and nanomechanical properties of collagen in inflamed discs should be clarified.Seven-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups.Chronic TMJ inflammation was induced by intra-articular injection of complete Freund's adjuvant,and samples were harvested after 5 weeks.Picrosirius staining revealed multiple colours under polarized light,which represented alternative collagen bundles in inflamed discs.Using atomic force microscopy scanning,the magnitude of Young's modulus was reduced significantly accompanied with disordered collagen fibril arrangement with porous architecture of inflamed discs.Transmission electron microscopy scanning revealed a non-uniform distribution of collagen fibres,and oversized collagen fibrils were observed in inflamed discs.Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy revealed a decrease in 1 338 cm-1/amide Ⅱ area ratio of collagen in different regions.The peak positions of amide Ⅰ and amide Ⅱ bands were altered in inflamed discs,indicating collagen unfolding.Our results suggest that sustained inflammation deteriorates collagen structures,resulting in thedeterioration of the ultrastructure and nanomechanical properties of rat TMJ discs.