Objective To observe the effects of electroacupuncture(EA)on glutamate(Glu),metabotropic glutamate receptor 2/3(mGluR2/3)and apoptosis related proteins expression in hippocampus in rats with acute myocardial ischemia(AMI);To explore the mechanism of EA against AMI.Methods Totally 50 SD rats were randomly divided into sham-operation group,model group,EA group and inhibitor group,with 10 rats in each group.Except for the sham-operation group,the rats were treated with ligation at the left anterior descending coronary artery to establish AMI model.The rats in the EA group was treated with EA at"Shenmen"and"Tongli",30 minutes each time,once a day for 3 consecutive days.The rats in the inhibitor group were treated with injection of LY341459 via the lateral ventricle 30 min after modeling.HE staining was used to observe myocardial tissue morphology,and ELISA was used to detect Caspase-3 activity in myocardial tissue and Glu content in hippocampal tissue,immunofluorescence staining was used to detect mGluR2/3 expression in hippocampal tissue,TUNEL staining was used to detect apoptosis in hippocampal tissue cells,Western blot was used to detect the expressions of PI3K,Akt,and Caspase-3 protein in hippocampal tissue.Results Compared with the sham-operation group,the myocardial cells of the model group rats showed sparse and swelling with severe infiltration of inflammatory cells;the activity of Caspase-3 in myocardial tissue significantly increased,and the Glu content,positive expression of mGluR2/3,number of apoptotic cells in hippocampal tissue significantly increased(P<0.01),and the expressions of PI3K and Akt proteins in hippocampal tissue were significantly decreased,while the expression of Caspase-3 protein significantly increased(P<0.01).Compared with the model group,myocardial cell edema and inflammatory cell infiltration were reduced in the EA group and inhibitor group,the activity of Caspase-3 in myocardial tissue was significantly decreased,the Glu content,positive expression of mGluR2/3,and number of apoptotic cells in hippocampal tissue were significantly reduced(P<0.01),the expressions of PI3K and Akt proteins in hippocampal tissue significantly increased,while the expression of Caspase-3 protein significantly decreased(P<0.01).Conclusion EA can improve myocardial injury in AMI rats,and its mechanism may be related to activation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway,inhibition of hippocampal mGluR2/3 overexpression,reduction of Glu accumulation,inhibition of apoptosis of hippocampal neurons and reduction of neurotoxicity.

Stress cardiomyopathy (SC) is an acute cardiomyopathy caused by intense mental stimulation or physical stress. Currently, few interventions are effective in reducing mortality, improving prognosis, or preventing recurrence in acute or chronic stages of SC. Therefore, it is particularly important to establish a reliable and effective SC animal model to study the pathogenesis and prevention of SC. In this paper, the preparation methods and evaluation indexes of SC models at home and abroad were reviewed, including the operation details of catecholamine hormone injection method, binding method, binding combined with electroshock method, binding combined with dehydration method, vagus nerve electrical stimulation and other modeling methods, as well as evaluation indexes such as open field test, cardiac ultrasound, electrocardiogram and ELISA, striving to provide useful reference for model selection and establishment of SC research.

Objective:To investigate the current application of colonoscopy at hospitals in China.Methods:From November 2019 to January 2020, an online questionnaire survey was conducted among gastroenterologists and colonoscopists in hospitals of different levels. The contents of questionnaire survey included basic information of colonoscopy at the respondent′s hospital, protocols and patient education of bowel preparation, implementation of colonoscopy quality control, and colonoscopists′ understanding of polypectomy techniques and post-polypectomy follow-up.Results:A total of 236 valid questionnaires were collected, involving 187 hospitals, and 143 (76.5%) had an annual operation capacity of more than 5 000 cases. In terms of bowel preparation, split-dosed polyethylene glycol electrolyte powder (PEG) was the most commonly used (60.4%, 113/187) and the most common volume of PEG was 3 L (67.4%, 126/187). Verbal (90.9%, 170/187) and written (79.7%, 149/187) instructions were given more often than other methods for patient education of bowel preparation. Antifoaming agent was routinely used in 124 (66.3%) hospitals. In terms of quality control, only 11.5% (20/174) hospitals implemented all four measures. In terms of polypectomy techniques, 98.1% (203/207) colonoscopists chose hot snare polypectomy or endoscopic mucosal resection for lesions of diameter>1 cm, while options varied for lesions of diameter<1 cm. The interval of follow-up after polypectomy recommended by colonoscopists was shorter than that by guidelines.Conclusion:Several problems are found in the survey in the application of colonoscopy in China, i. e., patient education of bowel preparation is not diversified; quality control of colonoscopy still needs to be strengthened; polypectomy techniques and follow-up after polypectomy need to be further standardized.

Objective:To explore the feasibility of estimating adenoma detection rate (ADR) based on polyp detection rate (PDR) in colonscopy.Methods:In the present single-center retrospective study, the conversion coefficient was calculated based on the total colonoscopy cases in 2017. ADR of each colonoscopists was estimated based on PDR and conversion coefficient, which was then verified compared with the actual ADR for consistency.Results:A total of 25 112 colonoscopies with 20 experienced colonoscopists were included. The overall conversion coefficient was 0.483. The intraclass correlation coefficient of the actual ADR and the estimated ADR was 0.818 (95% CI: 0.596-0.924, P<0.01). Conclusion:It is feasible to estimate ADR based on PDR, but this method is only an expediency. More attention should be paid to the establishment of a standardized electronic database.

Both risks of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in patients with bipolar disorder (BD) and of BD in patients with T2DM are both significantly higher than the general population, indicating the two disorders may share the common pathogenesis. Patients with BD and co-morbid T2DM behave poorly on managing their own behavior on health, thus increased risks of outcomes on related complications, disability and mortality. The article reviewed the epidemiologic features, health hazards, relations and possible mechanisms between BD and T2DM. Strategies and measures on intervention of BD and T2DM were also involved in the text to improve the awareness and research ability of the researchers.

Objective: To observe the effect of moxibustion on the expressions of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NF-κB) proteins in ankle joints of rats with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and to explore the anti-inflammatory mechanism of moxibustion in the treatment of RA.Methods: Adjuvant arthritis (AA) rat models were induced and used as rat models of RA. Rats were randomly divided into a normal group, a model group, a moxibustion group and a saline group. Rats in the normal and model groups were not treated; rats in the moxibustion group accepted treatment by moxibustion at Zusanli (ST 36) and Shenshu (BL 23) after modeling; rats in the saline group were injected with 0.15 mL saline to the bottom of the left hind paw and had no other treatments. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was used to observe the histopathological changes of rats' ankle joints under light microscope. Immunohistochemistry was used to observe the expressions of TNF-α and NF-κB in ankle joints of rats.Results: Compared with the normal group, the rats' ankle joints in the model group showed disorganization, joint surface defect, and significantly increased mean optical density (MOD) of TNF-α and NF-κB (allP<0.05). After moxibustion treatment, rats in the moxibustion group showed repaired ankle tissues, smooth joint surface without defects, decreased MOD of TNF-α and NF-κB than those in the model group (allP<0.05). Rats in the saline group had no damage to ankle joints, while TNF-α and NF-κB were significantly different from those in the model group (P<0.05).Conclusion: Moxibustion could down-regulate the expressions of NF-κB and TNF-α protein in ankle joints of RA rats, and produce an anti-inflammatory effect to promote tissue repair.

Objective: To compare amplification refractory mutation system(ARMS) and droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) in the detection of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene mutations in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and to investigate the clinical value of ddPCR. Methods: A total of 79 specimens of NSCLC, including 22 cases of cell block, 18 cases of surgical specimens, 12 cases of biopsy specimens and 27 cases of plasma samples, were analyzed for the mutation status of EGFR gene by ARMS and droplet digital PCR method. Results: In 18 cases of surgical specimens and 12 cases of biopsy specimens, the detection results by the two methods were identical with positive rates of 9/18 and 5/12, respectively. In 22 cases of effusion cell blocks, ARMS detected 19-del and L858R of EGFR gene in two cases, in which droplet digital PCR detected 19-del+ T790M mutations in one case and L858R+ T790M mutation in another. L858R mutation was detected by droplet digital PCR in one case but ARMS assay was negative. The remaining 19 cases were consistent by the two methods. In blood samples, the positive rate was 33.3%(9/27) by ARMS and 37.0%(10/27) by droplet digital PCR. Two cases showed L858R and 19-del+ T790M mutation by droplet digital PCR but ARMS assay detected only 19-del. The remaining 25 cases were consistent by the two methods. Conclusion Droplet digital PCR method is more sensitive and accurate than ARMS for the detection of EGFR mutations in pleural fluid and blood samples, can be used in clinical test.

A novel method for simultaneous determination of 3 rat poisons ( tetramine, bromadiolone, brodifacoum) and 5 toxic alkaloids ( hyoscyamine, scopolamine, gelsemine, strychnine, brucine ) in toxic samples by dispersive liquid-liquid micro-extraction ( DLLME ) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was established. A mixture extractant containing 100 μL trichloromethane and 600 μL methanol was injected into the prepared sample to form an emulsion and the extraction process was accomplished. After centrifuged at 8000 r/min for 5 min, the settled drop of trichloromethane solvent was transferred to a conical insert within a GC autosampler vessel, and analyzed by GC-MS. Factors affecting extraction efficiency such as the type and volume of extractant, dispersive agent, extraction time, pH value and salt concentration of extraction system were studied. The limits of detection(LODs) were from 0. 003 to 1 μg/L in water sample, urine sample and rice wine sample. LODs were from 0. 002 to 0. 2 μg/kg in rice sample. The recoveries of toxic samples were in the range of 81. 0%-110%. The relative standard deviations( RSDs) were lower than 7%. The proposed method was sensitive, effective, and suitable for the simultaneous determination of toxic alkaloids and rat poisons in food poisoning sample.

Objective To investigate the effects of liraglutide on gene expression related to cholesterol metabolism in ApoE-/-mice with adiponectin deficiency. Methods Thirty six ApoE-/-mice fed with the high-fat diet were subdivided into four groups. One group was given 100 μl(1×109PFU) of adenoviral pAd-U6-GFP(GFP group, n=6). The second group received 100 μl of adenoviral pAd-U6-Acrp30(ADI group, n=10). The third group was given 100 μl of adenoviral pAd-U6-Acrp30 and liraglutide(HEA group, n=10) and the fourth group was given only 100 μl sterile saline(HF group, n=10). Insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism were assessed by the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp technique using 3-[3H] glucose as a tracer. Plasma adiponectin level was evaluated using a commercially available ELISA kit. The mRNA expressions of genes involved in cholesterol metabolism were measured by quantitative realtime PCR. Results Fasting blood glucose(FBG), free fatty acids(FFA), total cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, adiponectin, and fasting plasma insulin(FINS) in ADI mice were significantly higher than those in the other groups(P＜0.01), while high density lipoprotein cholesterol was significantly lower(P＜0.05). During the clamp, glucose infusion rate(GIR) in ADI group was significantly lower than the other groups(P＜0.01), and hepatic glucose production(HGP) significantly higher in ADI group(P＜0.01). The mRNA expressions of INSIG2 and LDLR in ADI group were significantly down-regulated in HEA group(P＜0.01 or P＜0.05), while HMGCR and SREBP-2 were significantly up-regulated in HEA group(P＜0.01 or P＜0.05). Conclusions Liraglutide regulates a number of genes involved in cholesterol metabolism and ameliorates hypercholesterolemia by elevating plasma adiponectin level.

Objective To compare efficacy of two intensive therapies:continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion(CSⅡ) and multiple subcutaneous insulin infusion (MSⅡ) for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.Methods 60 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were randomly divided into 2 groups. Patients in CSⅡ group were treated by insulin (Novolin R) through a infusion pump. Patients in MSⅡ group were treated by Novolin R before meals (3 times a day) and Novolin N at bedtime. Blood glucose was monitored the whole day before and after treatment. Time required for blood glucose to reach the standard level, insulin dosage and hypoglycemia incidence were compared between the 2 groups before and after treatment. Results Both of the 2 therapeutic methods effectively controlled blood glucose (P＜0.05). However, the 2 groups had significant difference in terms of the time required for blood glucose to reach the standard level ( 3.6 ± 1.2 d vs. 9.4 ± 3.2 d, P ＜ 0. 01 ), daily insulin consumption (35.2 ± 8.5 u vs. 43.2 ± 10. 1 u, P ＜0. 01 ) and hypoglycemia incidence (2. 1% vs.9.7%, P ＜0.01 ). Conclusions CSⅡ and MSⅡ are effective for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. CSⅡ is superior to MSⅡ due to its advantages of quick response, safety, and less insulin consumption.