Objective: To analyze the incidence trend and epidemiological characteristics of typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever in China from 2004 to 2020, understand the high-incidence population and hotspot areas, and provide evidences to develop more targeted prevention and control measures. Methods: The descriptive epidemiological method and spatial analysis method were applied to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever in China during this period by using the surveillance data collected from the National Notifiable Infectious Disease Reporting System of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Results: A total of 202 991 cases of typhoid fever were reported in China from 2004 to 2020. More cases occurred in men than in women (sex ratio: 1.18∶1). Most cases were reported in adults aged 20-59 years (53.60%). The incidence rate of typhoid fever decreased from 2.54/100 000 in 2004 to 0.38/100 000 in 2020. The highest incidence rate was reported in young children aged <3 years after 2011, ranging from 1.13/100 000 to 2.78/100 000, and during this period the proportion of cases in this age group increased from 3.48% to 15.59%. The proportion of the cases in the elderly aged ≥60 years increased from 6.46% in 2004 to 19.34% in 2020. The hotspot areas existed in Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi and Sichuan Provinces and expanded to Guangdong, Hunan, Jiangxi, and Fujian Provinces. A total of 86 226 paratyphoid fever cases were reported from 2004 to 2020, the male to female ratio of the cases was 1.21∶1. Most cases were reported in adults aged 20-59 years (59.80%). The incidence rate of paratyphoid fever decreased from 1.26/100 000 in 2004 to 0.12/100 000 in 2020. The highest incidence rate of paratyphoid fever was in young children aged <3 years after 2007, ranging from 0.57/100 000 to 1.19/100 000, and during this period the proportion of the cases in this age group increased from 1.48% to 30.92%. The proportion of the cases in the elderly aged ≥60 years increased from 4.52% in 2004 to 22.28% in 2020. The hotspot areas expanded to the east, including Guangdong, Hunan and Jiangxi Provinces, from Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, and Guangxi Provinces. Conclusions: The results showed a low level of incidence of typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever in China with a trend of decreasing per year. The hotspots were mainly in the of Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi and Sichuan Provinces, with an expanding trend to eastern China. It is necessary to strengthen the typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever prevention and control in southwestern China, among young children aged <3 years and the elderly aged ≥60 years.
Adult ; Aged ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; China/epidemiology* ; Paratyphoid Fever/epidemiology* ; Sex Ratio ; Typhoid Fever/epidemiology* ; Young Adult ; Middle Aged

Objective: To investigate the effect of embryo quality at different developmental stages on the secondary sex ratio (SSR) of single live birth neonates. Methods: Data for patients with singleton live births after embryo transferred between January 2016 and January 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. The effect of embryo quality at different development stages on the SSR of 11 713 singleton live births were investigated. The association of SSR and embryo quality at different development stages was examined in univariate analysis and in a multivariate logistic regression model, after adjustment for confounders, using two models (Ⅰ and Ⅱ). Results: The age of both male and female, body mass index of both male and female, basal follicle stimulating hormone and estradiol, smoking of male, methods of insemination, methods of sperm extraction, types of transfer cycle and the number of embryo transferred were not related with SSR (all P>0.05). After adjustment for confounders, the probability of a male live birth was higher after transfer of good-quality blastula than after transfer of poorer-quality blastula (model Ⅰ: aOR=0.73, 95%CI: 0.65-0.82, P<0.001; model Ⅱ: aOR=0.73, 95%CI: 0.65-0.82, P<0.001). The quality of cleavage stage embryo was not associated with SSR (model Ⅰ: aOR=0.99, 95%CI: 0.87-1.13, P=0.937; model Ⅱ: aOR=0.99, 95%CI: 0.87-1.13, P=0.899). Conclusions: The SSR of singleton live births after embryo transfer is not correlated with the quality of cleavage stage embryo, but is correlated with the quality of blastula. Good-quality blastula transfer is more likely to result in a male live birth.
Infant, Newborn ; Pregnancy ; Humans ; Male ; Female ; Live Birth ; Retrospective Studies ; Sex Ratio ; Semen ; Blastocyst

Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Distribution ; Aged ; Basic Reproduction Number ; COVID-19/virology* ; China/epidemiology* ; Disease Outbreaks ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Sex Ratio ; Young Adult

PURPOSE: The mortality rate for severely injured patients with the injury severity score (ISS) ≥16 has decreased in Germany. There is robust evidence that mortality is influenced not only by the acute trauma itself but also by physical health, age and sex. The aim of this study was to identify other possible influences on the mortality of severely injured patients. METHODS: In a matched-pair analysis of data from Trauma Register DGU®, non-surviving patients from Germany between 2009 and 2014 with an ISS≥16 were compared with surviving matching partners. Matching was performed on the basis of age, sex, physical health, injury pattern, trauma mechanism, conscious state at the scene of the accident based on the Glasgow coma scale, and the presence of shock on arrival at the emergency room. RESULTS: We matched two homogeneous groups, each of which consisted of 657 patients (535 male, average age 37 years). There was no significant difference in the vital parameters at the scene of the accident, the length of the pre-hospital phase, the type of transport (ground or air), pre-hospital fluid management and amounts, ISS, initial care level, the length of the emergency room stay, the care received at night or from on-call personnel during the weekend, the use of abdominal sonographic imaging, the type of X-ray imaging used, and the percentage of patients who developed sepsis. We found a significant difference in the new injury severity score, the frequency of multi-organ failure, hemoglobine at admission, base excess and international normalized ratio in the emergency room, the type of accident (fall or road traffic accident), the pre-hospital intubation rate, reanimation, in-hospital fluid management, the frequency of transfusion, tomography (whole-body computed tomography), and the necessity of emergency intervention. CONCLUSION Previously postulated factors such as the level of care and the length of the emergency room stay did not appear to have a significant influence in this study. Further studies should be conducted to analyse the identified factors with a view to optimising the treatment of severely injured patients. Our study shows that there are significant factors that can predict or influence the mortality of severely injured patients.
Accidents ; classification ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Blood Transfusion ; Data Analysis ; Emergency Medical Services ; Female ; Fluid Therapy ; Germany ; epidemiology ; Hemoglobins ; Humans ; International Normalized Ratio ; Intubation ; statistics & numerical data ; Male ; Matched-Pair Analysis ; Multiple Organ Failure ; Registries ; Sex Factors ; Survival Rate ; Trauma Severity Indices ; Wounds and Injuries ; mortality

BACKGROUND: Bisphenol F (BPF) and bisphenol S (BPS) are increasingly used as substitutes for bisphenol A (BPA), an environmental obesogen. However, health effects of BPF and BPS remain unclear. In this study, we evaluated the associations of BPA, BPF, and BPS with obesity in children and adolescents. METHODS: We used data from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013 to 2014, a nationally representative study. We included 745 participants aged 6 to 17 years old. General obesity was defined based on the 2000 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention body mass index-for-age growth charts for the United States. Abdominal obesity was defined as waist-to-height ratio ≥0.5. RESULTS: After adjustment for demographic, socioeconomic and lifestyle factors, and urinary creatinine levels, the odds ratio of general obesity comparing the highest with lowest quartile of urinary bisphenol levels was 1.74 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.92 to 3.31) for BPA, 1.54 (95% CI, 1.02 to 2.32) for BPF, and 1.36 (95% CI, 0.53 to 3.51) for BPS. Moreover, the associations were stronger in boys than in girls for BPA and BPF. Similar results were observed for abdominal obesity. CONCLUSION: This study for the first time showed that exposure to BPF, a commonly used substitute for BPA, was positively associated with higher risk of obesity in children and adolescents. The association of BPA and BPF with general and abdominal obesity was primarily observed in boys, suggesting a possible sex difference. Further investigations on the underlying mechanisms are needed.
Adolescent ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Child ; Creatinine ; Female ; Growth Charts ; Humans ; Life Style ; Nutrition Surveys ; Obesity ; Obesity, Abdominal ; Odds Ratio ; Sex Characteristics ; United States

BACKGROUND: Emergencies in dentistry can be classified as medical and dental. Medical emergencies occur mainly during dental treatment in patients with a systemic disease. Dental emergency departments are largely divided into dental emergency rooms located in dental college hospitals and medical emergency rooms located in medical institutions. This study aimed to analyze the characteristics of and provide help to dental emergency patients in a dental hospital. METHODS: Overall, 1806 patients admitted to a dental emergency room at Yonsei University Dental Hospital for 1 year were included. The data collection period was from October 1, 2014 to September 30, 2015. An investigator reviewed medical records from the electronic medical record (EMR) system and radiographs. RESULTS: The patients were 1,070 men and 736 women. The sex ratio was 1.45:1. The commonest age group was of 0–9 years, including 451 (25.0%) patients, followed by 20–29 years, including 353 (19.5%) patients, and 30–39 years, including 277 (15.3%) patients. Of the 108 patients transferred to the Severance emergency department, 81 had trauma, 19 were in pain, 4 were bleeding, and 4 had other complaints. Among chief complaints, 1,079 patients (60.3%) had trauma, 564 (31.5%) had pain, and 75 (4.2%) had bleeding. Twenty-three cases (1.3%) were caused by temporomandibular disorder (TMD). CONCLUSION: Dentists should be able to adequately assess patients in a dental emergency room and treat trauma, pain, and bleeding.
Data Collection ; Dentistry ; Dentists ; Electronic Health Records ; Emergencies ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Female ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Male ; Medical Records ; Research Personnel ; Retrospective Studies ; Sex Ratio ; Temporomandibular Joint Disorders

OBJECTIVES: Late-onset schizophrenia (LOS, age at first onset ≥40 years) is characterized by including predominance of women, better premorbid social adjustment and lower severity of positive/negative symptoms. However, few studies have been conducted on LOS, especially in Asian countries. This study aimed to examine the clinical features of LOS in comparison with early-onset schizophrenia (EOS). METHODS: By retrospectively reviewing medical records, we assessed demographic data and clinical features of 76 LOS (20 males) and 357 EOS (144 males) who admitted to the psychiatric ward of a general hospital. RESULTS: The mean ages of onset were 47.3±5.1 (LOS) and 25.7±6.5 (EOS) years. There were significantly more women in LOS (73.7%) than EOS (59.6%). Significantly more LOS patients had a marital (88.2% vs. 25.8%) and employment history (28.9% vs. 13.1%) than EOS. Patients with LOS had fewer negative (14.3±9.0 vs. 19.9±9.3), general psychopathology score (36.9±11.1 vs. 42.3±13.9) than EOS patients. CONCLUSION: In line with previous studies, this study demonstrated that LOS patients have better premorbid social adjustment. Our finding also replicates previous findings that LOS patients differ from EOS in predominance of women and relative lack of negative symptoms. These results suggest that LOS may be a distinct subtype of schizophrenia.
Age of Onset ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Employment ; Female ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Korea ; Medical Records ; Psychopathology ; Retrospective Studies ; Schizophrenia ; Sex Ratio ; Social Adjustment

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The Korean National Cancer Screening Program recommends biennial gastric cancer screening for patients aged ≥40 years. This study compared the characteristics of asymptomatic young gastric cancer patients aged <40 years, whose cancer was detected during a health checkup (screening group), with those whose disease was detected because of symptoms (diagnostic group). METHODS: Data were collected retrospectively from 84 subjects who underwent a gastroduodenoscopy before the age of 40 years and who were diagnosed with gastric cancer from January 2006 to February 2017 in three tertiary centers in Korea. The clinicopathological characteristics, including age, sex, stage, location, pathology, and survival, were compared according to the purpose of endoscopy (screening group, n=23 vs. diagnostic group, n=61). RESULTS: The median age of the screening group was higher than that of the diagnostic group (37 vs. 35 years, p=0.027), as was the proportion of early gastric cancer cases (78.3% vs. 29.5%, p<0.01), curative endoscopic treatment or operation rate (95.7% vs. 52.5%, p<0.01), and the overall survival (p<0.01). Poorly differentiated or signet ring cell carcinoma was less common in the screening group than in the diagnostic group (56.5% vs. 83.6%, p=0.006). The sex ratio, smoking status, family history of gastric cancer, Helicobacter pylori infection status, and tumor location were similar in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Screening gastroduodenoscopy may enable the early detection of gastric cancer and prolong survival in patients <40 years of age.
Carcinoma, Signet Ring Cell ; Early Detection of Cancer ; Endoscopy ; Helicobacter pylori ; Humans ; Korea ; Mass Screening ; Pathology ; Retrospective Studies ; Sex Ratio ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Stomach Neoplasms ; Young Adult

BACKGROUND: Although sebum secretion is crucial for acne development, acne lesion distribution is not always similar to the topographic differences of sebum secretion. OBJECTIVE: To analyze whether sebum secretion affects acne development and distribution and to assess other factors possibly influencing the relationship between acne and sebum secretion. METHODS: This single-center retrospective study included 67 acne patients and 50 controls. Acne patients were divided into 3 groups based on acne lesion distribution: T-zone dominant, U-zone dominant, and mixed groups. The secreted sebum level in each zone of acne patients was compared with that of controls. We also conducted correlation analysis between secreted sebum level and acne number, depending on the facial zone. RESULTS: No significant difference was found between acne patients and controls regarding age and sex ratio. The U-zone dominant group showed increased sebum levels compared with controls in the U-zone and whole face, but a similar result was not obtained in the T-zone dominant group. Moreover, there was a significant correlation between the number of lesions and secreted sebum level in the U-zone, but not in the T-zone. Further, there was a more significant relation in the U-zone of male and young patients. CONCLUSION: We found that increased sebum secretion compared with the condition may affect acne development, especially in the U-zone. Sex and age may also influence the relationship between acne and increased sebum secretion. Acne lesion distribution may vary from patient to patient because sebum secretion affects acne differently depending on multiple factors.
Acne Vulgaris ; Humans ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Sebum ; Sex Ratio

OBJECTIVE: To study factors associated to the quality of life in a North African sample of lower limbs amputees. METHODS: We conducted a prospective study in the Department Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital of Monastit, Tunisia. A consecutive sample of patients with amputations of the lower limbs was included. The evaluated parameters were quality of life using the Short-Form quality-of-life questionnaire (SF-36), pain using a visual analog scale, function using, the perimeter of walking (PW), the Special Interest Group of the Amputee Medicine (SIGAM) and the Locomotion Capacities Index of the Prosthetic Profile of the Amputee (LCI), and psychological status thanks to the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale. In the study, the patients were evaluated at the first consultation (T0) and again at 12 months (T1). RESULTS: We included 85 patients (age, 59.3±16.7 years) with a sex ratio of 3. The patient quality of life was positively correlated to distal type of amputation, traumatic origin, better LCI (p≤0.001, r=0.349), SIGAM (p=0.046) and PW. A negative correlation was noted with age (p=0.012, r=−0.483) and higher psychological scores (p=0.002, r=−0.321). CONCLUSION: In our sample of North African lower limbs amputees the age and the functional status were the most important predictors of the quality of life.
Amputation ; Amputation, Traumatic ; Amputees ; Anxiety ; Depression ; Humans ; Locomotion ; Lower Extremity ; Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine ; Prospective Studies ; Prostheses and Implants ; Public Opinion ; Quality of Life ; Sex Ratio ; Tunisia ; Visual Analog Scale ; Walking