Objective: This study examined the diagnostic validity of a three-item ultra-brief screening tool for online gaming disorder in line with the gaming disorder criteria in the International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision. Methods: The Three-item Gaming disorder Test-Online-Centered (TIGTOC) was composed of three items using a four-point Likert scale selected from the Internet Game Use-Elicited Symptom Screen (IGUESS). Among a cohort of 2319 young-adolescent Internet users, the baseline data of 228 healthy controls and 45 Internet-gaming-disorder cases were analyzed. Receiver operation characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed using mental health specialists’ diagnoses as the gold standard. Results: The ROC curve analysis showed an area under the curve of 86%. Using a cut-off score of 4 from a full range of 0–9, the sensitivity, specificity, and Cronbach’s α were 72%, 90%, and 0.811, respectively. TIGTOC scores was positively associated with time spent on online gaming, depressive symptoms, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms, and addictive Internet use. Conclusion The TIGTOC appears to be a brief, valid, and reliable screening tool for online gaming disorder within the community or in primary care settings.

Previous animal studies have not conclusively determined the association between exposure to humidifier disinfectants (HDs) containing 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (CMIT) and/or 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (MIT) and development of HD-associated lung injuries. Nonetheless, patients exposed to HDs containing only CMIT and/or MIT showed clinically similar lung injuries to those exposed to HDs containing polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG) or oligo (2-[2-ethoxy]ethoxyethyl) guanidinium chloride (PGH). Here, we report twin sisters with lung injuries associated with exposure to CMIT/MIT-containing HDs. At 6 months of age, a younger twin sister presented with the 3-day history of cough, sputum, and respiratory difficulty. Chest radiography revealed multiple patchy consolidation and ground-glass opacities with pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum. Thoracostomy was performed due to pneumothorax at admission and she was discharged at 11 days of hospitalization. At 5 years of age, multiple tiny nodules and faint centrilobular ground-glass opacities were observed with the small pneumatocele. The elder sister visited a tertiary hospital due to dyspnea at 12 months of age. Chest radiography showed consolidation, pneumomediastinum, and pulmonary interstitial emphysema. There was no response to the administration of immunosuppressant drugs and antifibrotic agents. At 5 years of age, chest CT revealed ground-glass opacity and multiple tiny centrilobular ground-glass opacities nodules in both lungs with exercise intolerance.
Animals ; Cough ; Disinfectants ; Dyspnea ; Emphysema ; Guanidine ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Humidifiers ; Lung Injury* ; Lung* ; Mediastinal Emphysema ; Pneumothorax ; Radiography ; Siblings ; Sputum ; Tertiary Care Centers ; Thoracostomy ; Thorax ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Twins

Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is an essential endoscopic technique in diagnosis and treatment of pancreatobiliary diseases. Although its diagnostic role is decreasing because of less invasive modalities such as magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography or endoscopic ultrasound, it is still very important in treatment of pancreatobiliary diseases. However, there is a trend of hesitation to learn ERCP by the fellows in Korea because of following reasons; concentration of ERCP in a few high volume centers, high risk of post-procedural complications, and long training courses. In this background, the education committee of Korean Pancreatobiliary Association has prepared for ERCP educational guidelines for fellows in Korea. This guideline should be helpful to fellows who are currently under the training.
Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde* ; Cholangiopancreatography, Magnetic Resonance ; Diagnosis ; Education ; Fellowships and Scholarships ; Korea ; Ultrasonography

Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is an essential endoscopic technique in diagnosis and treatment of pancreatobiliary diseases. Although its diagnostic role is decreasing because of less invasive modalities such as magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography or endoscopic ultrasound, it is still very important in treatment of pancreatobiliary diseases. However, there is a trend of hesitation to learn ERCP by the fellows in Korea because of following reasons; concentration of ERCP in a few high volume centers, high risk of post-procedural complications, and long training courses. In this background, the education committee of Korean Pancreatobiliary Association has prepared for ERCP educational guidelines for fellows in Korea. This guideline should be helpful to fellows who are currently under the training.
Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde* ; Cholangiopancreatography, Magnetic Resonance ; Diagnosis ; Education ; Fellowships and Scholarships ; Korea ; Ultrasonography

PURPOSE: Use of a home mechanical ventilator can shorten the hospitalization duration of children with chronic respiratory failure requiring long-term use of a mechanical ventilator. In this study, the researchers analyzed patients who had used a home mechanical ventilator. METHODS: From January 2009 to July 2014, we retrospectively investigated 15 patients under 18 years of age, from 2 hospitals, and their use of home mechanical ventilators. RESULTS: The median age of the patients was 55 months. Ten children were male, and 5 were female. As for the type of mechanical ventilators, 10 used a pressure type, 3 used a volume type, and 2 used a volume-mask type. Analysis of underlying diseases revealed that 10 children had neuromuscular disease, 3 had pulmonary disease, and 2 suffered from hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. The number of patients who were discharged from the hospital with a home mechanical ventilator was 13. One child died of sepsis irrespective of the mechanical ventilator. Six patients had health insurance. But 9 did not. The group with insurance had the possibility of being discharged earlier than the group without. On readmission, the length of hospitalization was also reduced in patients who had used a home mechanical ventilator. CONCLUSION: Use of a mechanical ventilator at home is helpful in patients who need long-term use of a mechanical ventilator due to neuromuscular disease, chronic pulmonary diseases, and accidents because complications are rare and insurance coverage is feasible.
Child ; Female ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain ; Insurance Coverage ; Insurance* ; Insurance, Health ; Lung Diseases ; Male ; Neuromuscular Diseases ; Respiratory Insufficiency ; Retrospective Studies ; Sepsis ; Ventilators, Mechanical*

PURPOSE: Studies on hemoptysis is rare because hemoptysis is an uncommon symptom in children. The aim of this study was to identify the causes of hemoptysis in children. METHODS: Medical chart review of patients with hemoptysis was retrospectively conducted at 2 tertiary hospitals from November 2008 to December 2014. Patients were divided into 3 groups according to age. The amount of hemoptysis was categorized as mild (<20 mL/day), moderate (20–99 mL/day), and massive (≥100 mL/day). RESULTS: A total of 59 patients were identified, and their mean age was 11.0±5.6 years. Among the causes of hemoptysis, respiratory tract infection was most common. Other causes included vasculitis syndrome, neoplasm in the airway, idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis, cardiac disease, and bronchiectasis. According to age, a significant difference was identified between the age groups in children with pneumonia (<6 years vs. 12–18 years, P=0.001). Differences were verified between the age groups in children with tuberculosis (<6 years vs. 12–18 years and 6–11 years vs. 12–18 years, P=0.023). According to amounts of hemoptysis, no significant difference was identified regardless of the causes. CONCLUSION: This study showed that the causes of hemoptysis in children were heterogeneous and the respiratory tract infection was most common. In children with hemoptysis, the age of onset and the amount of hemoptysis are needed to be considered for more precise diagnosis and more proper management of the underlying cause of hemoptysis.
Age of Onset ; Bronchiectasis ; Child* ; Diagnosis ; Heart Diseases ; Hemoptysis* ; Hemosiderosis ; Humans ; Pneumonia ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; Retrospective Studies ; Tertiary Care Centers ; Tuberculosis ; Vasculitis

Diffuse panbronchiolitis (DPB) is a progressive inflammatory respiratory disease of unknown cause mainly occurring in East Asian people. Studies on causes of the disease point to a genetic predisposition unique to Asians, but the cause remains unknown. If untreated, DPB progresses to bronchiectasis, respiratory failure, and death. The age of patients at onset of the disease varies from young to elderly people with a peak at 40-60 years. A few cases of DPB have been reported in Korean adults since 1992; however, the case of DPB in children is uncommon. Herein, we describe a 16-year-old girl with DPB who presented with chronic cough and sputum.
Adolescent* ; Adult ; Aged ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Bronchiectasis ; Child ; Cough ; Female* ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Humans ; Macrolides ; Respiratory Insufficiency ; Sputum

Acknowledgments section for grant support was misprinted unintentionally.

Galloway-Mowat syndrome (GMS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder comprising of early-onset nephrotic syndrome and central nervous system involvement including microcephaly, seizure and developmental delay. Although hiatal hernia is no longer considered essential findings for diagnosis, clinical triad of GMS included nephrotic syndrome, neurological manifestations, and hiatal hernia in the original description. We experienced a case of newborn with GMS presenting these clinical triad in neonatal period. A male infant weighing 2,250 g was born at gestational week 39+3 by cesarean section. The patient revealed mild dysmorphic facial features and microcephaly. On day 7, Nissen fundoplication was done because of hiatal hernia with gastric volvulus. At the age of 2 weeks he developed nephrotic syndrome with proteinuria and hypoalubuminemia. This is the first case of GMS that three classic findings were present in neonatal period in Korea.
Central Nervous System ; Cesarean Section ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Fundoplication ; Hernia, Hiatal ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Korea ; Male ; Microcephaly ; Nephrotic Syndrome ; Neurologic Manifestations ; Pregnancy ; Proteinuria ; Seizures ; Stomach Volvulus