Currently, there are a few reports on viral coinfection that causes an acute watery diarrhea in Korean children. So, to evaluate the features of coinfectious viral agents in children with acute watery diarrhea, we enrolled 155 children with acute watery diarrhea from July 2005 to June 2006. Fecal samples were collected and evaluated for various viral infections such as rotavirus, norovirus, adenovirus and astrovirus. The mean (+/-standard deviation) age of the children was 2.71+/-2.37 yr. The detection rate of viral agents was most common in children between the ages of 1 and 3 yr. Rotavirus was detected in 63 children (41.3%), norovirus in 56 (36.2%), adenovirus in 11 (7.1%), and astrovirus in 1 (0.6%). Regarding rotavirus, there were 38 (60.3%) cases with monoinfection and 25 (39.7%) with coinfection. For norovirus, there were 33 (58.9%) cases with monoinfection and 23 (41.1%) with coinfection. Coinfection with rotavirus and norovirus was most common, and occurred in 20/155 cases (12.9%) including coinfection with adenovirus. So, rotavirus and norovirus were the most common coinfectious viral agents in our study population with acute watery diarrhea.
Acute Disease ; Adenovirus Infections, Human/epidemiology ; Astroviridae Infections/epidemiology ; Caliciviridae Infections/epidemiology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Diarrhea/epidemiology/*virology ; Feces/virology ; Humans ; Infant ; Korea/epidemiology ; Norovirus/isolation & purification ; Rotavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Virus Diseases/complications/*epidemiology/virology

PURPOSE: Lamivudine is known to be very effective in suppressing hepatitis B virus replication and virus induced necroinflammation. The aim of this study was to evaluate lamivudine therapy efficacy, predictive factors, breakthrough, prevalence of YMDD mutation, and relapse rate in Korean children with chronic hepatitis B. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between August 1999 and February 2005, 60 children on lamivudine therapy for chronic hepatitis B were enrolled. Treatment response was defined as alanine aminotransferase (ALT) normalization, and HBeAg and HBV-DNA disappearance. RESULTS: Seroconversion rates of HBeAg and HBV-DNA were 42% and 53%, respectively, and ALT normalization rate was 88%. Seroconversion rates of HBeAg (60.0%) and anti-HBe (60.0%) were higher in patients younger than 6 years. Seroconversion rate of HBV-DNA (68.4%) and normalization rate of serum ALT (94.7%) were highest in patients between 6 and 12 years. Seroconversion rates of all HBV markers were lowest in patients older than 12 years. Predicted 3 year cumulative seroconversion rates, were 70%, 68% for HBeAg, HBV-DNA, respectively. These were calculated by Kaplan-Meier method. Cox proportional hazard regression model showed that pre-treatment ALT was a positive predictive factor for seroconversion of HBeAg and HBV-DNA. Breakthrough phenomenon was noted in 6 patients, and 3 had a YMDD mutation. CONCLUSION: Lamivudine therapy had a significant effect on HBeAg seroconversion and HBV-DNA disappearance, and ALT normalization for Korean children with chronic hepatitis B.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Alanine Transaminase/blood ; Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use ; *Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Child ; Cohort Studies ; DNA, Viral/blood ; Female ; Hepatitis B e Antigens/blood ; Hepatitis B virus/*drug effects/genetics/immunology ; Hepatitis B, Chronic/blood/*drug therapy/ethnology ; Humans ; Korea ; Lamivudine/*therapeutic use ; Male ; Sex Factors ; Treatment Outcome

A previously healthy 3-year-old girl was admitted to the Department of Pediatrics in Severance Hospital with sudden symptoms of melena. The vital signs were stable, and splenomegaly was found in a physical examination. The patient had moderate thrombocytopenia. There was no evidence of autoimmune disease. A upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and esophagogram showed a varix on the lower esophagus. Coarse liver parenchymal echoes and increased periportal echogenicity were seen on a Doppler sonogram. The velocity of the portal vein mildly increased. Magnetic-resonance-cholangiopancreatogram (MRCP) demonstrated normal portal structures. A sono-guided liver biopsy was performed, but the pathological findings were unremarkable. Based on these findings, we diagnosed the patient with idiopathic portal hypertension. The patient was discharged and was treated with oral beta blocker. We report a case of idiopathic portal hypertension with a brief review of the literature.
Autoimmune Diseases ; Biopsy ; Child, Preschool* ; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal ; Esophageal and Gastric Varices ; Esophagus ; Female* ; Humans ; Hypertension, Portal* ; Liver ; Melena ; Pediatrics ; Physical Examination ; Portal Vein ; Splenomegaly ; Thrombocytopenia ; Varicose Veins ; Vital Signs

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the pathologic characteristics of nodular gastritis in children and young adults infected with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 328 patients were enrolled in this study, and the diagnosis of H. pylori infection was done with gastroduodenal endoscopy concomitant with a CLO
Odds Ratio ; Male ; Humans ; *Helicobacter pylori ; Helicobacter Infections/*pathology ; Gastritis/epidemiology/*pathology ; Gastric Mucosa/microbiology/*pathology ; Female ; Endoscopy ; Child, Preschool ; Child ; Biopsy ; Adult ; Adolescent

PURPOSE: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) is a very useful procedure in diagnosing gastrointestinal diseases. However, there can be some difficulty in performing this procedure in children due to the associated discomfort. Recently, sedative agents such as midazolam have been introduced to alleviate this problem quite successfully. In our study, we attempted to confirm the safety and efficacy of midazolam use by monitoring the vital signs of children undergoing endoscopy. METHODS: We analyzed data on 244 children who received EGD in the department of pediatrics at Severance Hospital, Yonsei University between August 2003 and July 2005. We evaluated O2 saturation, heart rate and change of mental status before and during the procedure and analyzed the results using the SPSS 12.0 package (Chi-square test, cross table method, etc.). RESULTS: There was no significant difference in vital signs measured before and during EGD between midazolam treated and non treated children. There was no significant relationship between the amount of midazolam given and O2 saturation or a change of mental status. Regarding the O2 saturation, it was decreased during EGD in both groups with p<0.01 though no difference was noted between the groups; the O2 level was maintained above 95% in all patients. The heart rate was also increased during EGD in both groups with a p<0.01; however, no significant difference was noted between the groups. CONCLUSION: We confirmed the safety of low dose midazolam by evaluating the vital signs of children during endoscopies. However, the doses used were not sufficient for sedation or to obtain an amnestic effect.
Child ; Conscious Sedation* ; Endoscopy ; Endoscopy, Digestive System ; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal* ; Gastrointestinal Diseases ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Hypnotics and Sedatives* ; Midazolam* ; Pediatrics ; Vital Signs*

Polypoid tumors of the gallbladder are diagnosed very rarely in children; there are only 13 cases of childhood gallbladder polyps reported in the medical literature worldwide. Unlike those found in adults that consist mostly of cholesterol, polypoid tumors in children tend to have variable pathologic features. For pediatric patients, cholecystectomy is recommended either when the polyp is larger than 1 cm or when it causes significant symptoms. But close observation with serial abdominal sonography is sufficient in most asymptomatic pediatric patient. Recently, we experienced a 15-year-old boy with gallbladder polyps who presented with recent onset abdominal pain and nausea. A cholecystectomy using peritoneoscope was performed. The pathologic examination of the polyp revealed a tubular adenoma.
Abdominal Pain ; Adenoma ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Child* ; Cholecystectomy ; Cholesterol ; Gallbladder ; Humans ; Laparoscopes ; Male ; Nausea ; Polyps* ; Urinary Bladder*

Acute pancreatitis is associated with a wide variety of infectious agents including mumps, hepatitis B virus, Coxsackie virus, Mycoplasma, Legionella, Aspergillus and Toxoplasma. There are a few reports of acute pancreatitis caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection abroad, but rare in Korea. We treated a case of acute pancreatitis in a 13-year-old girl who presented with nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and severe abdominal pain. The clinical and laboratory findings led to the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis; the cause was confirmed by serological evidence of mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. We report acute pancreatitis caused by mycoplasma pneumoniae infection and review the literature.
Abdominal Pain ; Adolescent ; Aspergillus ; Diagnosis ; Diarrhea ; Female ; Hepatitis B virus ; Humans ; Korea ; Legionella ; Mumps ; Mycoplasma pneumoniae* ; Mycoplasma* ; Nausea ; Pancreatitis* ; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma* ; Toxoplasma ; Vomiting

PURPOSE: Gall bladder (GB) stones in children are rarely observed, and so reports of them have been quite limited in Korea. Therefore, we tried to assess the epidemiology and clinical features of children with GB stone diagnosed at Severance Hospital. METHODS: A clinical study was performed on 18 patients below 15 years of age diagnosed with GB stone by abdominal ultrasonography or CT scan at Severance hospital from January 1999 to May 2005. RESULTS: Concerning patients' profile, their sex ratio of male to female in total 18 cases was 2:1 with the mean age of 6+/-4.3 years. 15 patients (83.3%) were asymptomatic. Inducing factors were found in 14 children (77.8%) including ceftriaxone therapy in 6 cases (33.3%), infection in 4 cases (22.2%), spherocytosis in 3 cases (16.7%), Down syndrome and abdominal operation in 1 case (5.6%) respectively. Single stone was found in 13 cases (76.5%) and multiple in 4 cases (23.5%). 15 cases (88.2%) had the stones less than 5 mm in size, and 2 cases (11.8%) between 5 and 10 mm. 17 patients received conservative treatment, and one patient had cholecystectomy due to Meckel diverticulum. CONCLUSION: In this report, Pediatric GB stones are predominant in male children, without typical symptoms, having inducing factors, single and small. Recently the diagnosis of them has been increased because of the development of imaging study. But the reports for them were still rare in Korea. Therefore the study for them is more necessary to find it's clinical characteristics.
Ceftriaxone ; Child* ; Cholecystectomy ; Diagnosis ; Down Syndrome ; Epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Meckel Diverticulum ; Sex Ratio ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Ultrasonography ; Urinary Bladder Calculi* ; Urinary Bladder*

PURPOSE: Kawasaki disease is a systemic vasculitis observed in children under five years of age and the leading cause of pediatric acquired heart disease, but its pathophysiology is still not completely understood. With proteomics, the study of quality and quantity of proteins, having been developed dramatically, we tried to find a way to evaluate the etiology and pathogenesis of Kawasaki disease by analyzing the serum proteome maps. METHODS: We studied 10 patients admitted to the Pediatric Department of Yonsei Severance Hospital from January 2000 to July 2001. Half were diagnosed as typical Kawasaki disease and the rest as upper respiratory infection. Sera collected from the patients were frozen, melted and rehydrated for isoelectric focusing method using polyacrylamide gel and two-dimensional electrophoresis. The gel were stained by the silver method and scanned with GS-800 Calibrated Imaging Densitometer. PDQuest was used to quantify protein and draw proteome maps. RESULTS: 15 protein spots of molecular weight(kDa)/isoelectric point 76.1/3.80, 75.0/4.70, 74.4/4.70, 66.3/5.77, 91.8/5.77, 125.5/5.84, 92.4/5.85, 83.8/6.09, 77.0/6.26, 76.8/6.39, 103.4/6.49, 126.5/6.40, 122.9/6.74, 35.3/6.18, 28.5/6.68 were significantly decreased in children with Kawasaki disease. CONCLUSION: Further evaluations using methods such as electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization mass spectrometry(MALDI-MS) or SWISS-PROT(Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland) would have to be performed to define and to understand the functions of those protein spots decreased in patients with Kawasaki disease.
Child* ; Computational Biology ; Electrophoresis ; Heart Diseases ; Humans ; Isoelectric Focusing ; Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome* ; Proteome* ; Proteomics ; Silver ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization ; Systemic Vasculitis

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The clinical usefulness of urinary trypsinogen-2 dipstick test is still in controversy. We evaluated the usefulness of urinary trypsinogen-2 dipstick test in patients with acute pancreatitis. METHODS: Urinary trypsinogen-2 dipstick test was prospectively performed in 50 patients with acute pancreatitis, 50 patients with non-pancreatic abdominal pain, and 50 healthy controls. RESULTS: On admission, urinary trypsinogen-2 dipstick test was positive in 36 of 50 patients with acute pancreatitis (sensitivity, 72%) and in 4 of 50 patients with non-pancreatic abdominal pain (specificity, 92%). On the other hand, it was all negative in controls. The sensitivity and specificity of serum lipase were 78% and 94%, respectively. At 24 hours after admission, the positive rate of urinary trypsinogen-2 dipstick test rose from 72% to 94% (p=0.02). The results of urinary trypsinogen-2 dipstick test was positive in 14 of 15 patients with severe pancreatitis and 22 of 35 patients with mild pancreatitis according to the criteria by Atlanta International Symposium, 1992. CONCLUSIONS: Urinary trypsinogen-2 dipstick test is comparable to serum lipase in diagnosing acute pancreatitis. Delayed measurement and severe pancreatitis are more likely to yield positive results with urinary trypsinogen-2 dipstick test. Thus, we suggest that the cut-off value of urinary trypsinogen-2 dipstick test should be lowered to increase its sensitivity.
Acute Disease ; Adult ; Aged ; Biological Markers/analysis ; English Abstract ; Female ; Humans ; Lipase/blood ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pancreatitis/*diagnosis ; Reagent Strips ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Trypsinogen/*urine