Purpose: This study aimed to develop a 3D-printed lithophane breast anthropomorphic phantom for optimizing the automatic exposure control (AEC) in a digital mammography system, thereby reducing radiation dose while maintaining high image quality. Methods: Craniocaudal breast radiograhic images from 72 patients, categorized as high-density and low-density by radiologists, were used to design the phantom. A digital lithophane technology was employed to create an anatomic breast plate, fabricated using a digital light processing 3D printer with resin. Polymenthylmethacrylate (PMMA) support thickness was adjusted incrementally until the exposure index and deviation index values approximated those of the American College of Radiology phantom. Phantom images were acquired across five AEC density levels (−6, −3, 0, 3, 6), and the optimal dose was determined as the lowest autoexposure mAs value with superior image quality. Two radiologists scored image quality on a 7-point Likert scale to identify the best configurations. Results: The optimal PMMA support thicknesses were determined as 3 cm for high-density and 4 cm for low-density breasts. The optimized AEC condition corresponded to the lowest density level (−6) with the least mAs value, maintaining excellent image quality. The use of the phantom resulted in a reduction of automatic exposure tube current by 39.4%–43.4% while producing images comparable to human breast radiographic images. Conclusions The developed 3D-printed lithophane breast anthropomorphic phantom effectively optimized AEC settings, reducing radiation dose and maintaining high-quality breast radiographic images. This study has the potential to enhance safety and diagnostic efficacy in digital mammography.

Purpose: This study aimed to develop a 3D-printed lithophane breast anthropomorphic phantom for optimizing the automatic exposure control (AEC) in a digital mammography system, thereby reducing radiation dose while maintaining high image quality. Methods: Craniocaudal breast radiograhic images from 72 patients, categorized as high-density and low-density by radiologists, were used to design the phantom. A digital lithophane technology was employed to create an anatomic breast plate, fabricated using a digital light processing 3D printer with resin. Polymenthylmethacrylate (PMMA) support thickness was adjusted incrementally until the exposure index and deviation index values approximated those of the American College of Radiology phantom. Phantom images were acquired across five AEC density levels (−6, −3, 0, 3, 6), and the optimal dose was determined as the lowest autoexposure mAs value with superior image quality. Two radiologists scored image quality on a 7-point Likert scale to identify the best configurations. Results: The optimal PMMA support thicknesses were determined as 3 cm for high-density and 4 cm for low-density breasts. The optimized AEC condition corresponded to the lowest density level (−6) with the least mAs value, maintaining excellent image quality. The use of the phantom resulted in a reduction of automatic exposure tube current by 39.4%–43.4% while producing images comparable to human breast radiographic images. Conclusions The developed 3D-printed lithophane breast anthropomorphic phantom effectively optimized AEC settings, reducing radiation dose and maintaining high-quality breast radiographic images. This study has the potential to enhance safety and diagnostic efficacy in digital mammography.

Purpose: This study aimed to develop a 3D-printed lithophane breast anthropomorphic phantom for optimizing the automatic exposure control (AEC) in a digital mammography system, thereby reducing radiation dose while maintaining high image quality. Methods: Craniocaudal breast radiograhic images from 72 patients, categorized as high-density and low-density by radiologists, were used to design the phantom. A digital lithophane technology was employed to create an anatomic breast plate, fabricated using a digital light processing 3D printer with resin. Polymenthylmethacrylate (PMMA) support thickness was adjusted incrementally until the exposure index and deviation index values approximated those of the American College of Radiology phantom. Phantom images were acquired across five AEC density levels (−6, −3, 0, 3, 6), and the optimal dose was determined as the lowest autoexposure mAs value with superior image quality. Two radiologists scored image quality on a 7-point Likert scale to identify the best configurations. Results: The optimal PMMA support thicknesses were determined as 3 cm for high-density and 4 cm for low-density breasts. The optimized AEC condition corresponded to the lowest density level (−6) with the least mAs value, maintaining excellent image quality. The use of the phantom resulted in a reduction of automatic exposure tube current by 39.4%–43.4% while producing images comparable to human breast radiographic images. Conclusions The developed 3D-printed lithophane breast anthropomorphic phantom effectively optimized AEC settings, reducing radiation dose and maintaining high-quality breast radiographic images. This study has the potential to enhance safety and diagnostic efficacy in digital mammography.

Purpose: This study aimed to develop a 3D-printed lithophane breast anthropomorphic phantom for optimizing the automatic exposure control (AEC) in a digital mammography system, thereby reducing radiation dose while maintaining high image quality. Methods: Craniocaudal breast radiograhic images from 72 patients, categorized as high-density and low-density by radiologists, were used to design the phantom. A digital lithophane technology was employed to create an anatomic breast plate, fabricated using a digital light processing 3D printer with resin. Polymenthylmethacrylate (PMMA) support thickness was adjusted incrementally until the exposure index and deviation index values approximated those of the American College of Radiology phantom. Phantom images were acquired across five AEC density levels (−6, −3, 0, 3, 6), and the optimal dose was determined as the lowest autoexposure mAs value with superior image quality. Two radiologists scored image quality on a 7-point Likert scale to identify the best configurations. Results: The optimal PMMA support thicknesses were determined as 3 cm for high-density and 4 cm for low-density breasts. The optimized AEC condition corresponded to the lowest density level (−6) with the least mAs value, maintaining excellent image quality. The use of the phantom resulted in a reduction of automatic exposure tube current by 39.4%–43.4% while producing images comparable to human breast radiographic images. Conclusions The developed 3D-printed lithophane breast anthropomorphic phantom effectively optimized AEC settings, reducing radiation dose and maintaining high-quality breast radiographic images. This study has the potential to enhance safety and diagnostic efficacy in digital mammography.

Purpose: This study aimed to develop a 3D-printed lithophane breast anthropomorphic phantom for optimizing the automatic exposure control (AEC) in a digital mammography system, thereby reducing radiation dose while maintaining high image quality. Methods: Craniocaudal breast radiograhic images from 72 patients, categorized as high-density and low-density by radiologists, were used to design the phantom. A digital lithophane technology was employed to create an anatomic breast plate, fabricated using a digital light processing 3D printer with resin. Polymenthylmethacrylate (PMMA) support thickness was adjusted incrementally until the exposure index and deviation index values approximated those of the American College of Radiology phantom. Phantom images were acquired across five AEC density levels (−6, −3, 0, 3, 6), and the optimal dose was determined as the lowest autoexposure mAs value with superior image quality. Two radiologists scored image quality on a 7-point Likert scale to identify the best configurations. Results: The optimal PMMA support thicknesses were determined as 3 cm for high-density and 4 cm for low-density breasts. The optimized AEC condition corresponded to the lowest density level (−6) with the least mAs value, maintaining excellent image quality. The use of the phantom resulted in a reduction of automatic exposure tube current by 39.4%–43.4% while producing images comparable to human breast radiographic images. Conclusions The developed 3D-printed lithophane breast anthropomorphic phantom effectively optimized AEC settings, reducing radiation dose and maintaining high-quality breast radiographic images. This study has the potential to enhance safety and diagnostic efficacy in digital mammography.

Purpose: InnoSEAL Plus is an adhesive, coagulant-free hemostatic material that mimics the adhesion mechanism of marine mussels. This study reports on the safety and efficacy of InnoSEAL Plus for patients with hemorrhage after hepatectomy despite first-line hemostasis treatments. Methods: This is a multicenter, prospective, single-blinded, randomized clinical trial involving 96 hepatectomy patients. TachoSil was used as a comparator group. Three-minute and 10-minute hemostatic success rates were monitored. Rebleeding rates were also observed. Safety was assessed by recording all novel undesirable symptoms. Results: InnoSEAL Plus showed a 3-minute hemostasis rate of 100%, while TachoSil had a rate of 98.0% (48 of 49 patients), demonstrating that the 2 had similar hemostatic efficacies. The difference in efficacy between the test and comparator group was 2.04%, and the lower limit of the one-sided 97.5% confidence interval was –1.92%; as this is greater than the noninferiority limit of –23.9%, the 2 treatments were equivalent. Meanwhile, the 10-minute hemostatic success rate was the same in both groups (100%). No rebleeding occurred in either group. In the safety evaluation, 89 patients experienced adverse events (45 in the test group and 44 in the comparator group). The difference between the 2 groups was not significant. No death occurred after application of the test or comparator group product. Conclusion Given that InnoSEAL Plus is a coagulation factor-free product, the hemostasis results are encouraging, especially considering that TachoSil contains a coagulation factor. InnoSEAL Plus was found to be a safe and effective hemostatic material for control of bleeding in hepatectomy patients.