The shift to remote learning during the pandemic highlighted the importance of self-regulated learning (SRL). Education scholars posit that SRL promotes positive remote learning experiences in various student populations. Students cannot be expected to be self-regulated learners in a remote setup by exposing themselves to online courses alone. Thus, the Department of Occupational Therapy of the University of the Philippines Manila College of Allied Medical Professions created a webinar based on the constructs of SRL to aid students in transitioning to this setup. The webinar was organized for students to understand the concept of SRL and to identify SRL strategies they can use. Faculty shared practical tips, personal experiences, and contextualized examples on how students can use these strategies to thrive in the remote setup. Given the positive feedback, there is value found in similar activities to utilizing SRL dimensions to prepare students for remote learning. Recommendations for future studies about SRL are stated.
Self-Control ; Education, Distance

Objective: To analyze the trajectories of HIV testing self-efficacy among men who have sex with men (MSM) based on latent class growth model. Methods: From August 2019 to May 2021, 404 MSM were recruited in Shandong Province and subjected to a 1-year follow-up study with individual intervention (pushing intervention pictures and videos in WeChat and follow-up questionnaires) and community intervention (forwarding to friends and sharing and discussing HIV testing-related information in WeChat groups). The level of HIV testing self-efficacy among MSM was measured. The long-term trend of HIV testing self-efficacy was analyzed using the latent class growth model (LCGM), and the influencing factors of the trend were analyzed. Results: A total of 404 MSM were (28.25±8.95) years old, with the oldest being 58 and the youngest being 18. The scores of HIV testing self-efficacy M(Q₁, Q₃) at baseline and 4 follow-ups were 18.00 (17.00, 21.00), 19.00 (18.00, 22.00), 19.00 (18.00, 22.00), 19.00 (18.00, 22.00) and 19.00 (18.00, 22.00). The results of the freely estimated two-category LCGM model showed that the trend of HIV testing self-efficacy among MSM could be divided into two classes, "intervention response group" [255(63.1%)] and "intervention non-response group" [149(36.9%)]. The former had a higher level of HIV testing self-efficacy which tended to increase at first and then decrease over time, while the latter had a lower and more stable level. The results of the multifactorial logistic regression analysis showed that the OR values of MSM in business or service and jobless or unemployed were 0.261 (95%CI: 0.108-0.633) and 0.186 (95%CI: 0.057-0.610), respectively, using the students as the reference group. Conclusion: There is a group heterogeneity in the trend of HIV testing self-efficacy in the intervention conditions among MSM, and occupation may be an influencing factor.
Male ; Humans ; Young Adult ; Adult ; Homosexuality, Male ; HIV Infections/prevention & control* ; Sexual and Gender Minorities ; Follow-Up Studies ; Self Efficacy ; HIV Testing

To explore the effect of Internet+diet self-management intervention technology on the blood pressure control of hypertension high-risk population through the intervention of hypertension high-risk population in Haikou City community, so as to provide scientific evidence for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The multi-stage cluster sampling method was used, and 295 hypertension high-risk participants were recruited from 15 communities in Haikou City from July to December 2021. The 15 communities were randomly divided into three groups: blank group, traditional group and Internet plus group by random number table method. The blank group referred to the group (99 participants) that did not take special intervention measures but the routine interventions in accordance with the "National Basic Public Health Service Standards (the Third Edition) Health Education Service Standards". On the basis of the blank group, the traditional group (95 participants) was intervened by giving additional traditional methods such as holding lectures and distributing popular science books. The Internet plus group (101 participants) was given additional Internet measures on the basis of the intervention of the traditional group. After 6 months, questionnaires, laboratory biochemical tests, and physical measurements were conducted. SPSS 25.0 software was applied for data analysis. Measurement data that followed normal distribution were statistically described by using mean±standard deviation, analysis of variance was used for inter group comparisons before intervention, analysis of covariance was used for inter group comparisons after intervention, and Bonferroni adjustment was used for pairwise comparisons between groups. Measurement data that did not follow the Normal distribution were represented by M (Q₁, Q₃). The rank sum test was used for inter group comparison. The k sample Kruskal Wallis single factor ANOVA was used to compare the distribution between different groups. Counting data were described by composition ratio or rate. Under the premise of balanced comparison between groups before intervention, Chi-squared test was used for inter group comparison after intervention, and Bonferroni adjustment method was used for pairwise comparison between groups. The results showed that a total of 295 participants were included, with males accounting for 35.6% (105) and females accounting for 64.4% (190). The age ranged from 55 to 74 years old, with an average age of (64.69±5.73) years. The number of married accounted for 95.6% (282 participants). There were no statistically significant differences in gender, age, family history, education level, occupation, marital status, drinking habits, regular exercise, dietary status, SBP (systolic blood pressure), DBP (diastolic blood pressure), pulse pressure difference, BMI (body mass index), folic acid, and 24-hour urine sodium among the three groups upon enrollment (P values>0.05). After the intervention, the drinking rate was as follows: Internet plus group (29, 28.7%)2=28.948, P<0.001); Regular exercise rate was higher in the Internet plus group (37, 36.6%) than in the traditional group (18, 18.9%) and the blank group (16, 16.2%) (χ²=13.476, P=0.001). After the intervention, compared with the participants in the blank group, the intake of energy, carbohydrate, dietary fiber, sodium and folic acid in the Internet plus group were significantly different (all P<0.05); Compared with the participants in the traditional group, the energy, carbohydrate and dietary fiber intake of the participants in the Internet plus group were significantly different (all P<0.05). After the intervention, the blood pressure levels in the Internet plus group [ SBP: (128.95±6.55) mmHg, DBP: (79.88±5.75) mmHg ] and the traditional group [ SBP: (129.63±8.41) mmHg, DBP: (79.77±7.73) mmHg ] were lower than those in the blank group [ SBP: (132.93±8.41) mmHg, DBP: (82.42±7.76) mmHg ] (SBP: F=9.417, P<0.001; DBP: F=6.967, P=0.001), the 24-hour urinary sodium level in the Internet plus group (143.63±38.58) mmol/24 h was lower than that in the traditional group (163.31±35.67) mmol/24 h and the blank group (154.14±35.52) mmol/24 h (F=11.509, P<0.001). In conclusion, compared with the traditional intervention mode, the "Internet plus diet self-management intervention" mode is more likely to promote the development of a healthy lifestyle for people at high risk of hypertension, effectively improve blood pressure and 24-hour urine sodium level, and facilitate CVD prevention.
Male ; Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Aged ; Blood Pressure ; Self-Management ; Hypertension/prevention & control* ; Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control* ; Diet ; Sodium ; Internet ; Folic Acid

Diabetes is one of the most important non-communicable chronic diseases. Although a large amount of clinical evidence on the effectiveness of diabetes prevention and treatment interventions has been established, the current quality of care and results are still insufficient. Implementation Research can bridge the gap between research and practice. Implementation Research on diabetes management can clarify what is effective and what is ineffective in management, and promote the transformation of complex, multi-component interventions into medical practice faster and more effectively. This paper reviews the main research contents and application of implementation research of diabetes management at home and abroad, aiming to provide reference for related research and promote the application of implementation research in diabetes management in China.
Humans ; Self Care/methods* ; China ; Diabetes Mellitus/prevention & control*

To explore the effect of Internet+diet self-management intervention technology on the blood pressure control of hypertension high-risk population through the intervention of hypertension high-risk population in Haikou City community, so as to provide scientific evidence for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The multi-stage cluster sampling method was used, and 295 hypertension high-risk participants were recruited from 15 communities in Haikou City from July to December 2021. The 15 communities were randomly divided into three groups: blank group, traditional group and Internet plus group by random number table method. The blank group referred to the group (99 participants) that did not take special intervention measures but the routine interventions in accordance with the "National Basic Public Health Service Standards (the Third Edition) Health Education Service Standards". On the basis of the blank group, the traditional group (95 participants) was intervened by giving additional traditional methods such as holding lectures and distributing popular science books. The Internet plus group (101 participants) was given additional Internet measures on the basis of the intervention of the traditional group. After 6 months, questionnaires, laboratory biochemical tests, and physical measurements were conducted. SPSS 25.0 software was applied for data analysis. Measurement data that followed normal distribution were statistically described by using mean±standard deviation, analysis of variance was used for inter group comparisons before intervention, analysis of covariance was used for inter group comparisons after intervention, and Bonferroni adjustment was used for pairwise comparisons between groups. Measurement data that did not follow the Normal distribution were represented by M (Q₁, Q₃). The rank sum test was used for inter group comparison. The k sample Kruskal Wallis single factor ANOVA was used to compare the distribution between different groups. Counting data were described by composition ratio or rate. Under the premise of balanced comparison between groups before intervention, Chi-squared test was used for inter group comparison after intervention, and Bonferroni adjustment method was used for pairwise comparison between groups. The results showed that a total of 295 participants were included, with males accounting for 35.6% (105) and females accounting for 64.4% (190). The age ranged from 55 to 74 years old, with an average age of (64.69±5.73) years. The number of married accounted for 95.6% (282 participants). There were no statistically significant differences in gender, age, family history, education level, occupation, marital status, drinking habits, regular exercise, dietary status, SBP (systolic blood pressure), DBP (diastolic blood pressure), pulse pressure difference, BMI (body mass index), folic acid, and 24-hour urine sodium among the three groups upon enrollment (P values>0.05). After the intervention, the drinking rate was as follows: Internet plus group (29, 28.7%)2=28.948, P<0.001); Regular exercise rate was higher in the Internet plus group (37, 36.6%) than in the traditional group (18, 18.9%) and the blank group (16, 16.2%) (χ²=13.476, P=0.001). After the intervention, compared with the participants in the blank group, the intake of energy, carbohydrate, dietary fiber, sodium and folic acid in the Internet plus group were significantly different (all P<0.05); Compared with the participants in the traditional group, the energy, carbohydrate and dietary fiber intake of the participants in the Internet plus group were significantly different (all P<0.05). After the intervention, the blood pressure levels in the Internet plus group [ SBP: (128.95±6.55) mmHg, DBP: (79.88±5.75) mmHg ] and the traditional group [ SBP: (129.63±8.41) mmHg, DBP: (79.77±7.73) mmHg ] were lower than those in the blank group [ SBP: (132.93±8.41) mmHg, DBP: (82.42±7.76) mmHg ] (SBP: F=9.417, P<0.001; DBP: F=6.967, P=0.001), the 24-hour urinary sodium level in the Internet plus group (143.63±38.58) mmol/24 h was lower than that in the traditional group (163.31±35.67) mmol/24 h and the blank group (154.14±35.52) mmol/24 h (F=11.509, P<0.001). In conclusion, compared with the traditional intervention mode, the "Internet plus diet self-management intervention" mode is more likely to promote the development of a healthy lifestyle for people at high risk of hypertension, effectively improve blood pressure and 24-hour urine sodium level, and facilitate CVD prevention.
Male ; Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Aged ; Blood Pressure ; Self-Management ; Hypertension/prevention & control* ; Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control* ; Diet ; Sodium ; Internet ; Folic Acid

Diabetes is one of the most important non-communicable chronic diseases. Although a large amount of clinical evidence on the effectiveness of diabetes prevention and treatment interventions has been established, the current quality of care and results are still insufficient. Implementation Research can bridge the gap between research and practice. Implementation Research on diabetes management can clarify what is effective and what is ineffective in management, and promote the transformation of complex, multi-component interventions into medical practice faster and more effectively. This paper reviews the main research contents and application of implementation research of diabetes management at home and abroad, aiming to provide reference for related research and promote the application of implementation research in diabetes management in China.
Humans ; Self Care/methods* ; China ; Diabetes Mellitus/prevention & control*

OBJECTIVES: Patients with classical type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) require lifelong dependence on exogenous insulin therapy due to pancreatic beta-cell destruction and absolute insulin deficiency. T1DM accounts for about 90% of children with diabetes in China, with a rapid increase in incidence and a younger-age trend. Epidemiological studies have shown that the overall glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and compliance rate are low in Chinese children with T1DM. Optimal glucose control is the key for diabetes treatment, and maintaining blood glucose within the target range can prevent or delay chronic vascular complications in patients with T1DM. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the glycemic control of children with T1DM from Hunan and Henan Province with flash glucose monitoring system (FGMS), and to explore factors associated with glycemic variability. METHODS: A total of 215 children with T1DM under 14 years old were enrolled continuously in 16 hospitals from August 2017 to August 2020. All subjects wore a FGMS device to collect glucose data. Correlation of HbA1c, duration of diabetes, or glucose scan rates with glycemic variability was analyzed. Glucose variability was compared according to the duration of diabetes, HbA1c, glucose scan rates and insulin schema. RESULTS: HbA1c and duration of diabetes were positively correlated with mean blood glucose, standard deviation of glucose, mean amplitude of glucose excursions (MAGE), and coefficient of variation (CV) of glucose (all P<0.01). The glucose scan rates during FGMS wearing was significantly positively correlated with time in range (TIR) (P=0.001) and negatively correlated with MAGE and mean duration of hypoglycemia (all P<0.01). Children with duration ≤1 year had lower time below range (TBR) and MAGE when compared with those with duration >1 year (all P<0.05). TIR and TBR in patients with HbA1c ≤7.5% were higher (TIR: 65% vs 45%, TBR: 5% vs 4%, P<0.05), MAGE was lower (7.0 mmol/L vs 9.4 mmol/L, P<0.001) than those in HbA1c >7.5% group. Compared to the multiple daily insulin injections group, TIR was higher (60% vs 52%, P=0.006), MAGE was lower (P=0.006) in the continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion group. HbA1c was lower in the high scan rates (≥14 times/d) group (7.4% vs 8.0%, P=0.046), TIR was significantly higher (58% vs 47%, P<0.001), and MAGE was lower (P<0.001) than those in the low scan rate (<14 times/d) group. CONCLUSIONS The overall glycemic control of T1DM patients under 14 years old in Hunan and Henan Province is under a high risk of hypoglycemia and great glycemic variability. Shorter duration of diabetes, targeted HbA1c, higher glucose scan rates, and CSII are associated with less glycemic variability.
Adolescent ; Blood Glucose ; Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring ; Child ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/drug therapy* ; Glucose ; Glycated Hemoglobin A/analysis* ; Humans ; Hypoglycemia/prevention & control* ; Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use* ; Insulin/therapeutic use*

Background: Self-control is an integral concept in understanding the sexual behaviors of men who have sex with men (MSM). It has varying definitions and descriptions which may affect its practical and scientific use. Objective: To examine self-control in the context of MSM's sexual behaviors. Methodology: Walker and Avant's concept analysis method was used to clarify the attributes, antecedents, consequences, and empirical referents of self-control. Results: The attributes of self-control were recognition of sexual impulses, rationalization of sexual perceptions, and regulation of sexual behaviors. The antecedents of self-control were personal drivers, situational experiences, social linkages, and environmental structures. Self-control promotes empowered decision-making toward sexual behaviors and HIV risk reduction. Variations exist in how self-control is conceptualized and measured. Conclusion Self-control does not automatically mean inhibiting sexual urges and avoiding sexual engagements. It involves a conscious effort to make independent decisions over one's sexual thoughts, emotions, and actions.
Sexual and Gender Minorities ; Health Education ; Self-Control

Self-sampling is a method by which the subject collects the own specimens for disease detection. It has the advantages of strong privacy, convenient and simple operation, free time and place, etc. It can improve the compliance of people in remote areas, affected by traditional concepts, limited by working hours and underdeveloped transportation and medical treatment to participate in disease detection and screening. With the development of "Internet+health care" and "Internet+nursing service", home-based self-sampling testing will become a developing situation for disease detection and screening. Human immunodeficiency virus and Human papillomavirus infection bring a heavy burden to individuals and society. In the absence of effective and widespread primary prevention, secondary prevention, namely "early detection, early diagnosis and early treatment" is an effective measure to control the adverse consequences. At present, there are many researches on HPV and HIV self-sampling test, whose test results are highly reliable and highly accepted in the population, and is of great significance for improving the coverage rate of cervical cancer screening and the diagnosis rate of HIV carriers.
Female ; Humans ; Papillomaviridae ; Early Detection of Cancer/methods* ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/prevention & control* ; Alphapapillomavirus ; Self Care/methods* ; Papillomavirus Infections/prevention & control* ; Specimen Handling/methods* ; Mass Screening/methods* ; HIV Infections/diagnosis* ; HIV ; Vaginal Smears/methods*

The shift to remote learning during the pandemic highlighted the importance of self-regulated learning (SRL). Education scholars posit that SRL promotes positive remote learning experiences in various student populations. Students cannot be expected to be self-regulated learners in a remote setup by exposing themselves to online courses alone. Thus, the Department of Occupational Therapy of the University of the Philippines Manila College of Allied Medical Professions created a webinar based on the constructs of SRL to aid students in transitioning to this setup. The webinar was organized for students to understand the concept of SRL and to identify SRL strategies they can use. Faculty shared practical tips, personal experiences, and contextualized examples on how students can use these strategies to thrive in the remote setup. Given the positive feedback, there is value found in similar activities to utilizing SRL dimensions to prepare students for remote learning. Recommendations for future studies about SRL are stated.
Self-Control ; Education, Distance