Objective To investigate the status of exclusive breastfeeding and bottle feeding in remote rural areas of Sichuan province and explore the relationship between negative emotions of mothers and feeding patterns of infants.Methods Multistage cluster sampling was employed to select the infants aged 0-6 months and their mothers in remote rural areas of Sichuan province.A self-designed questionnaire was used to collect the demographic characteristics of mothers and infants and the basic family information.The Chinese version of Depression Anxiety Stress scale was used to evaluate mothers' negative emotions,and the Breastfeeding Self-efficacy scale to assess the confidence level of mothers' behavior of adhering to exclusive breastfeeding.Results Totally 723 pairs of infants and their mothers were included.The exclusive breastfeeding and bottle feeding rates were 34.16% (247/723) and 57.54% (416/723),respectively.Mothers with depression tendency were less likely to adopt exclusive breastfeeding (OR=0.532,95%CI=0.291-0.974,P=0.041) and more likely to adopt bottle feeding (OR=1.877,95%CI=1.054-3.344,P=0.033).Further subgroup analysis of breastfeeding self-efficacy showed that in the group of low self-efficacy,the mothers with depression tendency were less likely to adopt exclusive breastfeeding (OR=0.461,95%CI=0.236-0.902,P=0.024) and more likely to adopt bottle feeding (OR=1.968,95%CI=1.047-3.701,P=0.036) than the mothers without depression tendency.In the group of high self-efficacy,mothers' depression,anxiety,and stress tendency had no significant correlation with infant feeding patterns (all P>0.05).Conclusions The mothers in the remote rural areas of Sichuan province are more likely to employ bottle feeding than exclusive breastfeeding.The mothers with stronger depression tendency demonstrate lower possibility of exclusive breastfeeding and higher possibility of bottle feeding.Breastfeeding self-efficacy may affect the association between maternal depression and infant feeding patterns.
Humans ; Infant ; Anxiety ; China ; Feeding Behavior ; Self Efficacy ; East Asian People ; Mothers/psychology* ; Depression/epidemiology*

Objective: To analyze the trajectories of HIV testing self-efficacy among men who have sex with men (MSM) based on latent class growth model. Methods: From August 2019 to May 2021, 404 MSM were recruited in Shandong Province and subjected to a 1-year follow-up study with individual intervention (pushing intervention pictures and videos in WeChat and follow-up questionnaires) and community intervention (forwarding to friends and sharing and discussing HIV testing-related information in WeChat groups). The level of HIV testing self-efficacy among MSM was measured. The long-term trend of HIV testing self-efficacy was analyzed using the latent class growth model (LCGM), and the influencing factors of the trend were analyzed. Results: A total of 404 MSM were (28.25±8.95) years old, with the oldest being 58 and the youngest being 18. The scores of HIV testing self-efficacy M(Q₁, Q₃) at baseline and 4 follow-ups were 18.00 (17.00, 21.00), 19.00 (18.00, 22.00), 19.00 (18.00, 22.00), 19.00 (18.00, 22.00) and 19.00 (18.00, 22.00). The results of the freely estimated two-category LCGM model showed that the trend of HIV testing self-efficacy among MSM could be divided into two classes, "intervention response group" [255(63.1%)] and "intervention non-response group" [149(36.9%)]. The former had a higher level of HIV testing self-efficacy which tended to increase at first and then decrease over time, while the latter had a lower and more stable level. The results of the multifactorial logistic regression analysis showed that the OR values of MSM in business or service and jobless or unemployed were 0.261 (95%CI: 0.108-0.633) and 0.186 (95%CI: 0.057-0.610), respectively, using the students as the reference group. Conclusion: There is a group heterogeneity in the trend of HIV testing self-efficacy in the intervention conditions among MSM, and occupation may be an influencing factor.
Male ; Humans ; Young Adult ; Adult ; Homosexuality, Male ; HIV Infections/prevention & control* ; Sexual and Gender Minorities ; Follow-Up Studies ; Self Efficacy ; HIV Testing

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the mechanism of self-efficacy between self-management ability and self-management behavior and its differences among patients with different disease courses through mediation tests. METHODS: In the study, 489 patients with type 2 diabetes who attended the endocrinology departments of four hospitals in Shanxi Province and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region from July to September 2022 were enrolled as the study population. They were investigated by General Information Questionnaire, Diabetes Self-Management Scale, Chinese version of Diabetes Empowerment Simplified Scale, and Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale. Mediation analyses were performed using the linear regression model, Sobel test, and Bootstrap test in the software Stata version 15.0 and divided the patients into different disease course groups for subgroup analysis according to whether the disease course was > 5 years. RESULTS: In this study, the score of self-management behavior in the patients with type 2 diabetes was 6.16±1.41, the score of self-management ability was 3.99±0.74, and the score of self-efficacy was 7.05±1.90. The results of the study showed that self-efficacy was positively correlated with self-management ability (r=0.33) as well as self-management behavior (r=0.47) in the patients with type 2 diabetes (P < 0.01). The mediating effect of self-efficacy accounted for 38.28% of the total effect of self-management ability on self-management behaviors and was higher in the behaviors of blood glucose monitoring (43.45%) and diet control (52.63%). The mediating effect of self-efficacy accounted for approximately 40.99% of the total effect for the patients with disease course ≤ 5 years, while for the patients with disease course > 5 years, the mediating effect accounted for 39.20% of the total effect. CONCLUSION Self-efficacy enhanced the effect of self-management ability on the behavior of the patients with type 2 diabetes, and this positive effect was more significant for the patients with shorter disease course. Targeted health education should be carried out to enhance patients' self-efficacy and self-management ability according to their disease characteristics, to stimulate their inner action, to promote the development of their self-management behaviors, and to form a more stable and long-term mechanism for disease management.
Humans ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/therapy* ; Self Efficacy ; Self-Management ; Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring ; Blood Glucose ; Self Care

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly disrupted students' lives and daily routines, resulting in increased stress and mental health issues that impact their perceived life satisfaction and self-efficacy. While life satisfaction and self-efficacy may influence student academic performance and success, current data on life satisfaction and self-efficacy in Filipino occupational therapy students is limited. Objectives: This study aims to describe the life satisfaction and self-efficacy level of occupational therapy students at a university in Metro Manila, Philippines, during the COVID-19 pandemic and explore the relationship between these two variables. Methods: The study adopted an analytic cross-sectional study design and records review methodology utilizing the Student Life Survey 2021 database. Data from the survey participants who fit the study's inclusion criteria were extracted to determine their life satisfaction and self-efficacy based on their responses on the Satisfaction with Life Scale and Self-Efficacy Formative Questionnaire. Descriptive statistics using measures of central tendency and dispersion were used to analyze data. Spearman-Rho correlation analysis was performed to examine the correlation between participants’ life satisfaction and self-efficacy. Results: A total of 205 occupational therapy students completed the survey. Results reveal that the participants were slightly dissatisfied with their lives (M=18.45; SD=1.52) and that they had satisfactory or adequate self-efficacy (M=64.66; SD=1.37). An analysis of their self-efficacy scores reveals that participants had a poor belief in their personal ability (M=37.71; SD=1.33) and a satisfactory or adequate belief that their ability can grow with effort (M=26.92; SD=1.32). Life satisfaction and self-efficacy were found to decrease as the participants’ year level increased. Furthermore, correlation analysis revealed a statistically significant moderate correlation between participants’ life satisfaction and self-efficacy (⍴=0.40, p<0.05). Conclusion The participants have a slightly dissatisfied level of life satisfaction and a satisfactory or adequate level of self-efficacy during the COVID-19 pandemic. Life satisfaction and self-efficacy were found to have moderate correlation. Online learning adjustments, pandemic restrictions, and societal expectations are factors that may have influenced these findings, as emphasized in existing studies. This study may inform the academe in modifying existing learning environments and providing enhancement programs to deliberately target these constructs influencing overall academic performance.
Self Efficacy

PURPOSE: This study aims to examine the effects of nursing interventions based on the Extended Theory of Planned Behavior (ETPB) regarding self-efficacy for exercise (SEE), physical activity (PA), physical function (PF), and quality of life (QOL) in patients with lung cancer who have undergone pulmonary resection.METHODS: This quasi-experimental study was conducted between July 2015 and June 2018 in two university-affiliated hospitals. The intervention included pre-operative patient education, goal setting (action and coping planning), and feedback (behavior intention and perceived behavioral control). The intervention group (IG) (n=51) received nursing interventions from the day before surgery to 12 months after lung resection, while the comparison group (CG) (n=36) received usual care. SEE, PA, PF (dyspnea, functional status, and 6-minute walking distance [6MWD]), and QOL were measured before surgery and at one, three, six, and 12 months after surgery. Data were analyzed using the χ² test, Fisher's exact test, Mann–Whitney U test, t-test, and generalized estimation equations (GEE).RESULTS: There were significant differences between the two groups regarding SEE (χ²=13.53, p=.009), PA (χ²=9.51, p=.049), functional status (χ²=10.55, p=.032), and 6MWD (χ²=15.62, p=.004). Although there were no time or group effects, the QOL mental component (Z=−2.78, p=.005) of the IG was higher than that of the CG one month after surgery. Interventions did not affect dyspnea or the QOL physical component.CONCLUSION: The intervention of this study was effective in improving SEE, PA, functional status, and 6MWD of lung cancer patients after lung resection. Further extended investigations that utilize ETPB are warranted to confirm these results.
Dyspnea ; Exercise ; Humans ; Intention ; Lung Neoplasms ; Lung ; Motor Activity ; Non-Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Nursing ; Patient Education as Topic ; Quality of Life ; Self Efficacy ; Walking

PURPOSE: To examine the effects of a smartphone application-based exercise program on self-efficacy expectations (SEE) and outcome expectations regarding exercise (OEE), physical fitness, activity level, physiological indices, and health-related quality of life in a sample of hemodialysis patients.METHODS: A quasi-experimental control group pre-test post-test design was used. Subjects were recruited from two university hospitals in G city. The subjects were assigned randomly by coin toss: 33 participants to the experimental group and 30 to the control group. A literature review and the self-efficacy theory were used to develop the smartphone program. Experts designed and verified the program to be userfriendly and in consideration of user interaction. Data were collected through a self-report pre-test post-test questionnaire and online medical records.RESULTS: In the experimental group, the levels of physical fitness and physical activity were significantly improved post-test, but the scores on health-related quality of life and the physical indices did not improve. In the experimental group, the SEE and OEE post-test scores were also significantly higher than the pre-test scores, but the control group's scores did not change.CONCLUSION: The smartphone application-based exercise program based on self-efficacy theory significantly improved the level of physical fitness and activity, SEE, and OEE for hemodialysis patients. The use of this application-based exercise program for hemodialysis patients might be an effective nursing intervention tool for improving SEE, OEE, level of physical fitness, and physical activity.
Hospitals, University ; Humans ; Medical Records ; Motor Activity ; Numismatics ; Nursing ; Physical Fitness ; Quality of Life ; Renal Dialysis ; Self Efficacy ; Smartphone

This descriptive correlational study determined the level of hope and spiritual wellbeing among Filipino caregivers of terminally-ill cancer patients, and the relationship of hope and spiritual wellbeing to various patient and caregiver characteristics. The study involved 50 caregivers of terminally-ill-cancer patients, mostly belonging to 51-60 age group (42%) with mean age of 44 years (SD=15), mostly females (72%), married (62%), Roman Catholic (90%), high school graduates (50%), spouses of patients (28%), with an average of 18.36 hours of caregiving in a day for an average duration of 21.4 months. The hope and spirituality scores of caregivers were 3.24 (SD=0.28) and 3.25 (SD=0.46) respectively. Caregivers had high self-efficacy (3.29) but low social support (1.72). Patient's age was moderately correlated with caregiver's hope (r=0.3; p=0.03). Caregiver's educational attainment was significantly associated with hope (p<0.01) and spiritual wellbeing (p<0.01). Caregiver's self-efficacy was moderately correlated with their spiritual wellbeing (r=0.46, p<0.01). Caregiver's hopes were (1) for their patients to get well and recover from their illness, (2) to have strong spiritual faith and be healed with God's help (3) to be hopeful and positive, (4) hope for longer life, (5) resumption of family relations, and (6) free of pain and other discomforts. Caregivers' thoughts on spiritual wellbeing were to have: (1) stronger faith, (2) being prayerful, and (3) being positive. Compared to other studies, Filipino caregivers had lower hope scores, but higher spiritual wellbeing scores. Nursing interventions promoting hope and spiritual wellbeing should be conducted in patients' room, clinic appointments, or during home visits. Nursing care promoting hope and spiritual wellbeing should be part of patients' activities for daily living.
Humans ; Female ; Adult ; Caregivers ; Spirituality ; Family Relations ; Spouses ; Self Efficacy ; Catholicism ; Patients' ; Rooms ; House Calls ; Terminally Ill ; Hope ; Marriage ; Spiritual Therapies ; Social Support ; Neoplasms ; Pain ; Schools

PURPOSE: The Korean Triage and Acuity Scale (KTAS) is a tool used to classify the severity and urgency of emergency department (ED) patients, focusing on their symptoms. In consideration of the importance of the KTAS, a web-based learning program has emerged as a new mode of education; it enables ED triage nurses to access it anytime and anywhere, and according to their own learning abilities. This study aimed to develop a web-based KTAS learning program and evaluate its effects on self-efficacy and triage performance ability in ED nurses. METHODS: A quasi-experimental design with a non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest was used. The conceptual framework was Bandura's self-efficacy theory. There were 30 participants in the experimental group and 29 in the control group. The experimental group attended an orientation and 4 sessions of a web-based KTAS learning program. The learning program lasted 280 minutes over five weeks, consisting of 40 minutes of orientation and four 60-minute sessions. RESULTS: The scores of self-efficacy, triage performance ability in KTAS level, and chief complaints significantly increased in the experimental group compared to the control group. In addition, the numbers of under-triage in KTAS significantly decreased in the experimental group in comparison to the control group. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the learning program was effective in improving ED nurses' level of self-efficacy and triage performance ability (KTAS level and KTAS chief complaint). Accordingly, the web-based KTAS learning program can be applied as an education intervention to improve ED nurses' triage skill.
Education ; Emergencies ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Humans ; Learning ; Self Efficacy ; Triage

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a daily life-based physical activity enhancement program performed by middle-aged women at risk for cardiovascular disease. METHODS: This study used a randomized control group pretest-posttest design. Middle-aged women aged 45 to 64 were recruited from two outpatient cardiology departments, and randomly assigned to an experimental group (n=28) and a control group (n=30). For the experimental group, after providing one-on-one counseling and education, we provided customized text messages to motivate them in daily life. To monitor the practice of physical activity, they also used an exercise diary and mobile pedometer for 12 weeks. Subjects' physical activities (MET-min/week) were measured using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Their physiological data were obtained by blood tests using a portable analyzer, and the data were analyzed using the SPSS 21.0/WIN program. RESULTS: There were significant differences in exercise self-efficacy, health behavior, IPAQ score, body fat, body muscle, and fasting blood sugar between the two groups. However, there were no significant differences in total cholesterol, hemoglobin A1c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and waist-to-hip ratio. CONCLUSION: Strengthening physical activity in daily life without being limited by cost burden and time and space constraints. Therefore, it is essential to motivate middle-aged women at risk for cardiovascular disease to practice activities that are easily performed in their daily lives.
Adipose Tissue ; Blood Glucose ; Cardiology ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Cholesterol ; Counseling ; Education ; Fasting ; Female ; Health Behavior ; Hematologic Tests ; Humans ; Lipoproteins ; Motor Activity ; Outpatients ; Patient Education as Topic ; Self Efficacy ; Text Messaging ; Waist-Hip Ratio

PURPOSE: This study was performed to determine effects of a structure-centered cooperative learning safety education program based on blended learning for elementary school students. METHODS: The study is developed in non-equivalent control group non-synchronized design. The subjects included 24 sixth grade students in the experimental group and 23 sixth grade students in the control group, respectively. To prevent diffusion of the experiment, it was carried out from May 20th to June 24th in 2015 with the control group and the other from August 26th to September 30th in 2015 with the experimental group. It was performed on experimental group after the structure-centered cooperative learning safety education program based on blended learning once a week for 6weeks. Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, paired t-test and independent t-test. RESULTS: After the intervention, the experimental group showed significant increases in the self-directed learning attitudes and safety behavior compared to the control group except for the academic self-efficacy. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the structure-centered cooperative learning safety education program based on blended learning program is effective in safety education for 6th graders.
Diffusion ; Education ; Humans ; Learning ; Self Efficacy