PURPOSE: The rate of second primary lung cancer development for patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) has been noted. The aim of our study was to evaluate the incidence and clinical features of suspected second primary lung cancer that developed in patients with primary HNC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study of 469 patients who were newly diagnosed with HNC at the Korea University Medical Center between January 2000 and December 2006. RESULTS: A total of 469 patients were included (389 men and 80 women). Eighteen patients (3.8%) had suspected second primary lung cancers. Statistically significant clinical variables for lung cancer development included the origin site for the primary HNC (oro-hypopharynx and larynx) (p=0.048), abnormal chest x-ray findings (p=0.027) and the histological HNC type (squamous cell carcinoma) (p=0.032). When the second primary lung cancers were combined with HNCs, the adjusted overall survival of patients with a second primary lung cancer was 16 months (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Considering the relative risk factors for a second primary lung cancer developing in patients with HNC, advanced diagnostic tools, such as chest CT or PET CT scan, should be applied for the early detection of a second primary lung cancer.
Academic Medical Centers ; Head ; Head and Neck Neoplasms ; Humans ; Incidence ; Korea ; Lung ; Lung Neoplasms ; Male ; Neoplasms, Second Primary ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Thorax

PURPOSE: Tumor cells are known to express hypoxia-related proteins such as glucose transporter-1 (Glut-1). These hypoxia-induced changes may allow tumor cells to survive under sustained hypoxic microenvironments, and the surviving tumor cell under hypoxia may develop a more aggressive phenotype and so result in a poor prognosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Glut-1 expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry, and its association with the prognosis was assessed in 60 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue. RESULTS: The Glut-1 expression was diffuse with a membranous pattern, and the median percentage of Glut-1 positive tumor cells was 60% (range: 0.0~90.0%). A high Glut-1 expression (the percentage of positive tumor cells > or = the median value, 60%) was associated with the location of primary lesion, lymph node metastasis status and disease stage (p<0.05). The expression of Glut-1 was correlated with the Ki-67 expression (r=0.406, p=0.001). Microvessel density, as represented by CD31 staining, was also correlated with the Glut-1 expression although its significance is weak (r=0.267, p=0.039). On the univariate analysis, the group with a high Glut-1 expression showed poorer overall survival than the group with a low Glut-1 expression (p<0.05). However, the Glut-1 expression failed to show any independent prognostic significance on the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: The expression of Glut-1 may be useful for predicting the prognosis and determining the treatment strategy for the management of squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue.
Anoxia ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell* ; Glucose* ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Lymph Nodes ; Microvessels ; Multivariate Analysis ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Phenotype ; Prognosis ; Tongue*

PURPOSE: Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta is recognized as being associated with cataractogenesis. We quantitated the mRNA expression of TGF-beta isoforms in cataractous crystalline lens to determine the effect of the isoforms on cataractogenesis. METHODS: With lens epithelial cells from thirty eyes in thirty patients, the mRNA expressions of TGF-beta1, beta2 and beta3 were quantitated by real-time SYBR Green polymerase chain reaction and the results were compared according to cataract type and presence of diabetes mellitus. RESULTS: Each isoform mRNA of TGF-beta was expressed: TGF-beta3 in all 30 eyes, TGF-beta1 in 29 eyes (96.7%), with the exception being one diabetic senile cataract, and TGF-beta2 in 9 eyes. The amount of TGF-beta1 mRNA expression was significantly lower in the diabetic cataracts than in the non-diabetic cataracts (P=0.056). CONCLUSIONS: TGF-beta was associated with cataractogenesis. It is significant that the expression of TGF-beta2 mRNA was decreased in all cataracts. The decrease of TGF-beta1 mRNA expression was more meaningful in the diabetic cataracts than in the non-diabetic cataracts.
Cataract* ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Epithelial Cells* ; Humans ; Lens, Crystalline ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Protein Isoforms ; RNA, Messenger* ; Transforming Growth Factor beta* ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1 ; Transforming Growth Factor beta2 ; Transforming Growth Factor beta3 ; Transforming Growth Factors

PURPOSE: To study the effect of the 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) injection into the bleb after the Ahmed glaucoma valve implant in rabbits. METHODS: Ahmed valve was implanted in normal 10 rabbits without previous ophthalmic history. In 4 of 10 rabbits, 5-FU (50 mg/ml, 0.1ml) was injected into filtering bleb in every two weeks for two times at postoperative 1 month and others were followed up as a control group. We obtained histological findings in 2 rabbis of control group at postoperative 1 month. In the control group and 5-FU injected 4 rabbit eyes, each 2 rabbit eyes were enucleated at postoperative 3 months and 6 months in both groups. The dissected bleb was examined through light microscopy with hematoxyline and eosin (H and E) stain and Masson-Trichrome (M-T) stain, and electron microscopy. RESULTS: The bleb was relatively avascular on gross and histological examination in the 5-FU injected group, and collagen fibers of the 5-FU injected group were less compact than that of the control group at postopeative 3 months. The number of inflammatory cells, fibroblasts and capillaris in outer layer was decreased in the 5-FU injected group. Under the electron microscopic examination, the density of collagen fibers was decreased and the space among them was widened. This change was more prominent in the 5-FU injected group. CONCLUSIONS: We found that the histological changes of blebs were made by the influx of aqueous humor through the Ahmed glaucoma valve and more stimulated by injection of 5-FU into the bleb after implantation of Ahmed glaucoma valve in a rabbit model.
Aqueous Humor ; Blister* ; Collagen ; Eosine Yellowish-(YS) ; Fibroblasts ; Fluorouracil* ; Glaucoma ; Hematoxylin ; Microscopy ; Microscopy, Electron ; Rabbits

Sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid is a rare tumor that usually arises from tarsal sebaceous gland. Because the clinical manifestations can masquerade as unilateral recurrent chalasion or chronic blepharoconjunctivitis, its diagnosis may be delayed. Therefore, early biopsy for diagnosis is needed for the persistently recurring unilateral blepharoconjunctivitis. The masquerade syndrome was first described in 1967 by Theodore and Irvine as chronic blepharoconjunctivitis due to an underlying conjunctival carcinoma. While the originally described neoplasms were squamous cell carcinomas, many of the tumors producing this clinical picture are believed to be sebaceous in origin. We experienced a case of pathologically confirmed sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid which originally masqueraded as chronic blepharoconjunctivitis and was treated with topical antibiotics and steroids for 1 year and 8 months, finally being treated by partial orbital exenteration.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Biopsy ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Conjunctivitis* ; Diagnosis ; Eyelids ; Orbit ; Sebaceous Glands ; Steroids

This prospective study was done to investigate the correlation between central corneal thickness before excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy in myopic eyes and clinical factors including age, sex, left or right eye, myopic degree, and preoperative contact lens wearings, and also the relationship between the changes in postoperative central corneal thickness and age, sex, and myopic degrees. The average values of preoperative groups of less than -6.0D and over -6.0D were 519.78+/-29.87micrometer and 514.63+/-3 0.5 3 micrometerrespectively, showing much thinner value in high degree myopic eyes with statistical significance(p=0.02). Female patient's value was much thinner than male patient's value with statistical significance(p=0.016). The postoperative changes according to time process in central corneal thickness in 79 eyes which were followed up for more than six months were statistically significant(p=0.046). Among the changes in postoperative central corneal thickness, the recovery pace had no relations with age but female patient and over -6.0D in myopic degree showed faster recovery paces than male patient(p=0.035) and under -6.0D in myopic degree respectively during follow up period(p=0.001).
Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Lasers, Excimer* ; Male ; Myopia* ; Photorefractive Keratectomy ; Prospective Studies

Authors recorded standard electroretinogram in two groups of diabetic patients. Group A, consisted of 60 eyes with no visible diabetic retinopathy and Group B, 30 eyes with mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy. The electroretinogram was recorded according to the standard electroretinogram procedure recommanded by the ISCEV. In rod and cone response, the amplitude of b wave were 329.0+/-46.9 microvoltin Group A and 308.8+/-37.8 microvoltin Group B. The implicit time of b wave were 40.5+/-3. 0microvoltin Group A and 45.8+/-5.4microvolti n Group B. The summed amplitude of oscillatory potentials were 125.7+/-38.7microvolt in Group A and 112.0+/-17.7microvoltin Group B. Above results indicate that for the disgnostic criteria for diabetic retinopathy, the amplitude and implict time of b wave, and the summed amplitude of oscillatory potentials in maximal combined response were useful. On receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curves in maximal combined response, cut off value for the amplitude and implicit time of b wave were 315 microvoltand 42ms espectively. Cut off value for the summed amplitude of oscillatory potentia-als was 118 microvolt. In results, on ROC curve, the implicit time of b wave in maximal combined response was most accurate, and the summed amplitude of oscillary potentials was the next, followed by the amplitude of b wave in the maximal combined response.
Diabetic Retinopathy* ; Early Diagnosis* ; Humans ; ROC Curve

Photoablation with 193-nm excimer laser was performed on the corneal infiltration after induction of experimental Candida albicans keratitis and Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis in rabbits in order to evaluate the therapeutic effect of excimer laser. The excimer laser eradicated the corneal infiltration in all eight eyes of the C, albicans group. In the A, fumigatus group, two corneas were perforated during treatment and one cornea left the fungal hyphae in the deep corneal stroma after treatment. Though it cannot remove the hyphae completely in the deeply invaded fungal keratitis because of corneal perforation during treatment, excimer laser photoablation may be an effective technique to eradicate early, localized, superficial fungal keratitis.
Aspergillus fumigatus ; Candida albicans ; Cornea ; Corneal Perforation ; Corneal Stroma ; Hyphae ; Keratitis* ; Lasers, Excimer* ; Rabbits

An experimental study was performed on 16 rabbits to evaluate the toxicity of benzalkonium chloride(BAK) on the corneal endothelium. Each rabbit received two drops of 0.01% BAK in the right eye and BSS in the left eye as control. The rabbits were divided into 4 groups: instillation of BAK 20 times at 6-minute intervals in normal cornea(group 1), instillation of BAK 40 times at 3-minute intervals in normal cornea (group 2), instillation of BAK 20 times at 6-minute intervals in de-epithelized condition with the size of 6mm diameter(group 3) and instillation of BAK 40 times at 3-minute intervals in deepithelized cornea(group 4). After the last instillation of BAK, histopathologic examination was performed with electron microscope. Group 1 showed nearly normal corneal endothelial findings, but group 2, 3 and 4 showed enlarged rough endoplasmic reticulum, partially distrupted Goigi apparatus and mitochodria, the presence of vacuoles and phagosomes. Group 4 showed severe destruction of subcellular structures. The results of this study indicate that an exaggerated use of topical drug containing 0.01% BAK may induce corneal endothelial damage, especially when the epithelium was already damaged.
Benzalkonium Compounds* ; Cornea ; Endoplasmic Reticulum, Rough ; Endothelium, Corneal* ; Epithelium ; Phagosomes ; Rabbits* ; Vacuoles

This experiment involved 12 rabbits of both sexes, weighing 2.1 kg. After anesthesia, the kidneys were exposed, isolated and cannulated in the renal artery, ureter and sometimes in the vein as well. The kidney were perfused through the renal artery with Krebs-Henseleit solution, which were then filtered to be free of particles, gased with 95% O2-5% CO2, and kept at 37 degrees C. We measured RBCs concentrations by means of Coulter Counter in the venous outflow collected, and plotted them against the volume perfused. Using 2 different flow rates, 9 ml/min (group I) and 19 ml/min (group II), we found that the RBCs decreased in a multiexponential decay fashion and a biophysical model for each flow rate was constructed. These models indicated that there were more cell stores (2.20 x 10(10)) in the fast compartment of group II than in group I (1.72 x 10(10)). This difference is not statistically significant, but certainly coincides with urine flow collected from ureter cannula during perfusion. Our present data clearly suggest that in order to clear 99% blood cells out of 10-12 gm rabbit kidneys, at least 3-6 ml of cell free perfusate is required while clearing the whole blood cells out of human kidneys (200-240 gm) may need 600 ml or more. Thus, we recommend that at least 600 ml of perfusate should be used to clear most of the blood cells in the renal vasculature before renal transplantation is performed.
Animal ; Erythrocyte Count ; Erythrocytes/*physiology ; Female ; In Vitro ; Kinetics ; Male ; Models, Biological ; Perfusion ; Rabbits ; *Renal Circulation ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't