Medical diagnostics plays a significant role in clinical decisions. The first medical laboratory test to be developed was urine analysis, in which urine properties were analyzed for diagnosis. Urine analysis has been long used as a routine laboratory test that was improved with the development of sampling and test methods. As the field of hematology progressed with the invention of the microscope, blood tests were developed. Demands for tests based on clinical chemistry have existed since the 17th century, and research using patient blood began in the 18th century. In the 20th century, with the development of the spectrophotometer, chemical analyses were performed for diagnostic purposes. With the appearance of cholera outbreaks, the identification of microorganisms was necessary for patient diagnosis, and the development of specific test methods contributed to microorganism detection in the laboratory. Blood transfusion, which started with blood collection in the 15th century, is currently used as a therapeutic method in medicine. Moreover, once the hypothesis of acquired immunity was proven in the 18th century, various methods for measuring immunity were developed. Molecular diagnosis, which was established during the 20th century after the presentation of Mendel's Genetic Laws in the 19th century, developed rapidly and became the predominant field in medical laboratory diagnostics. Thus, medical laboratory technology became an academic field, with foundations based on basic sciences. Modern medicine will further progress thanks to medical advancements, leading to an extension of average human lifespan up to 100 years. Laboratory medicine will provide significant support for this development.
Adaptive Immunity ; Blood Transfusion ; Chemistry, Clinical ; Cholera ; Diagnosis ; Disease Outbreaks ; Foundations ; Hematologic Tests ; Hematology ; History, Modern 1601- ; Humans ; Inventions ; Jurisprudence ; Medical Laboratory Science ; Methods ; Pathology, Molecular

Acupuncture scientization was a consensus of most of acupuncture scholars who had long-term perspectives in the 20th century, among them Ms. ZHULian was the important one. Ms. ZHU Lian built a systemic new acupuncture" academic structure in practice and theory aspects. At the same time, as the main architect of Institute of Acupuncture-moxibustion of China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ms. ZHU Lian was the first one who began to carry out the acupuncture clinical trail and laboratory experiment in modern way, which meant "acupuncture therapy" was transformed into "acupuncture science" by Ms. ZHULian's endeavor.
Acupuncture ; education ; history ; standards ; Acupuncture Therapy ; history ; methods ; standards ; China ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Science ; history

By following the acupuncture scholar ZHU Lian's academic thought in modern times, and comparing with other contemporary acupuncture scholars, it is found that since the Republic of China, there has been an obvious practice tendency of scientization among academic thoughts of acupuncture, especially in ZHU Lian. This tendency of scientization continues until the early stage of New China. Accompanied with the process of acupuncture high education, academic thoughts represented by acupuncture-moxibustion textbook are different from scientization that is represented by ZHU Lian, and the basic path of acupuncture-moxibustion education and academic theory changed from here.
Acupuncture Therapy ; history ; standards ; China ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Moxibustion ; history ; standards ; Science ; history ; standards ; Social Change ; history

Female ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Nobel Prize ; Philately ; Radiology ; history ; Science ; history ; Women

During the development of the DSM-5, even the lay press questioned psychiatr's scientific validity. This review provides 21st century psychiatry residents with ways of answering these attacks by defining the concepts and history of psychiatry (a branch of medicine), medicine and science. Psychiatric language has two levels: first, describing symptoms and signs (19th century descriptive psychopathology developed in France and Germany), and second, describing disorders (psychiatric nosology was developed in the early 20th century by Kraepelin and resuscitated by the US neo-Kraepelinian revolution leading to the DSM-III). Science is a complex trial-and-error historical process that can be threatened by those who believe too much in it and disregard its limitations. The most important psychiatric advances, electroconvulsive therapy and major psychopharmacological agents, were discovered by "chance", not by scientific planning. Jaspers's General Psychopathology is a complex 100-year-old book that describes: 1) psychiatric disorders as heterogeneous and 2) psychiatry as a hybrid scientific discipline requiring a combination of understanding (a social science method) and explanation (a natural science method). In the 21st century Berrios reminds us of psychiatry's unfortunate methodological issues due to hybrid symptoms and disorders, some of which are better understood as problems in communication between interacting human beings; in those situations neuroscience methods such as brain imaging make no sense. A new language is needed in psychiatry. East Asian psychiatry residents, who are not particularly attached to the antiquated language currently used, may be particularly equipped for the task of recreating psychiatric language using 21st century knowledge.
Asia ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Electroconvulsive Therapy ; Europe ; Far East ; France ; History ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Mental Disorders ; Methods ; Natural Science Disciplines ; Neuroimaging ; Neurosciences ; Psychiatry* ; Psychopathology ; Social Sciences ; United States

Biological Science Disciplines ; history ; China ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Plant Physiological Phenomena

Proteins are major executors of life processes, carrying out essential and nonessential functions inside and outside of the cell, in species ranging from simple unicellular organisms to mammals. Thus, not surprisingly, studies of structure and function of proteins span the entire spectrum of molecular biology and modern biomedical sciences in general. Due to historical reasons, protein science research in China was isolated and limited in scope until late 1970s. In the last two decades, China has seen an outburst of research activities, government initiatives, and aggregation of human talents in protein science research. This article provides an overview of major initiatives in research funding, investment in infrastructures, and research forces for protein science research in China.
Animals ; Biomedical Research ; economics ; history ; China ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Proteins ; economics ; history ; Research Support as Topic ; Science ; economics ; history

Biological Science Disciplines ; history ; China ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Internationality ; Massachusetts

Animals ; Biological Science Disciplines ; history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Universities ; history

Prof. MA, a famous medical historian and a founder of TCM literature science in our country. He works industriously and in the past over 60 years, he has attained great achievements in the field of acupuncture and moxibustion, and made great contribution to the acupoint science and channel and collateral science, published The Concise Acupuncture and Moxibustion Bone-setting, color teaching hanging chart of The Reference Chart of Anatomic Positions of Stimulating Points for Acupuncture and Moxibustion Therapy, Bronze Acupuncture Figure and Point Location of the Bronze Figure, Textual Criticism of Ancient Medical Books in Dunhuang, Studies on Unearthed Ancient Medical Books No Longer Extant, etc., which have important influences on studies of acupuncture and moxibustion history and acupuncture and moxibustion literature.
Acupuncture ; education ; Acupuncture Therapy ; history ; Books ; China ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Moxibustion ; history ; Science