Nasal myiasis is an infestation by dipterous larvae within the nasal cavity, where they feed on both living tissue andfluid. This condition predominantly occurs in rural areas of tropical countries, where inadequate sanitation and ahot, humid climate create an ideal environment for larvae development. A 57-year-old, otherwise healthy male ruralworker presented with a toothache in the region of the maxillary incisors. Imaging studies identified a punctiformradiopaque/hyperdense area near the nasal septum in the left nasal fossa. The larva was surgically excised andsent for histopathological analysis. Histologic sections confirmed the clinical diagnosis, and the patient remainedasymptomatic after a 2-month follow-up. Nasal myiasis can mimic the symptoms of a toothache in the anterior region of the maxilla. This condition can affect even immunocompetent patients, and complementary imaging studies may be decisive in diagnosing it.

The urgency for climate action is recognised by international government and healthcare organisations, including the United Nations (UN) and World Health Organisation (WHO). Climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution negatively impact all life on earth. All populations are impacted but not equally; the most vulnerable are at highest risk, an inequity further exacerbated by differences in access to healthcare globally. The delivery of healthcare exacerbates the planetary health crisis through greenhouse gas emissions, largely due to combustion of fossil fuels for medical equipment production and operation, creation of medical and non-medical waste, and contamination of water supplies. As representatives of radiology societies from across the globe who work closely with industry, and both governmental and non-governmental leaders in multiple capacities, we advocate together for urgent, impactful, and measurable changes to the way we deliver care by further engaging our members, policymakers, industry partners, and our patients. Simultaneous challenges including global health disparities, resource allocation, and access to care must inform these efforts. Climate literacy should be increasingly added to radiology training programmes. More research is required to understand and measure the environmental impact of radiological services and inform mitigation, adaptation and monitoring efforts. Deeper collaboration with industry partners is necessary to support innovations in the supply chain, energy utilization, and circular economy. Many solutions have been proposed and are already available, but we must understand and address barriers to implementation of current and future sustainable innovations.

Bone and mineral metabolism in the human body undergoes significant adaptations during pregnancy and lactation to meet the physiological demands of both the mother and fetus. The growing fetus requires approx imately 30 g of calcium, with 80% of this transferred from the mother during the third trimester. These adap tations involve complex hormonal changes, such as increased parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, ensuring the mother maintains calcium balance despite fetal demands. However, these changes can also exacerbate pre-existing metabolic bone disorders, presenting unique challenges during preg nancy. This narrative review, framed around illustrative case examples, focuses on the management of metabolic bone disorders in pregnancy. Relevant case studies of hypercalcemia, hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, and osteoporosis and chronic kidney disease mineral bone disorder are reviewed to illustrate the biochemical changes, clinical implications, and therapeutic strategies available during pregnancy and lactation. We analyze literature from case reports and existing guidelines to provide practical clinical recommendations. The review highlights critical pregnancy-related metabolic adaptations, such as increased intestinal calcium absorption and skeletal resorption. Disorders like primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) and familial hypocalciuric hypercalce mia present significant maternal and fetal risks, including miscarriage, growth restriction, and neonatal com plications. Early identification and tailored treatment, including hydration, parathyroidectomy, and vitamin D supplementation, mitigate these risks, with surgical interventions in PHPT improving pregnancy outcomes compared to conservative management. Management of metabolic bone disorders during pregnancy and lacta tion requires a nuanced approach to meet the dual needs of the mother and fetus.

Purpose: The Cow’s Milk-related Symptom Score (CoMiSS) improves the recognition of cow milk allergy (CMA) symptoms. A score of ≥10 should raise awareness of CMA. The median CoMiSS in healthy European infants aged <6 months is 3. This study aimed to determine the impact of different regions on CoMiSS in healthy infants aged <12 months to evaluate regional and age-related differences. Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted at one hospital each in Indonesia (Jakarta) and Brazil (Sergipe). CoMiSS was assessed in healthy infants aged –12 months old. Results: In Jakarta, a total of 286 infants (50.7% boys) were included. The median (interquartile range) CoMiSS was 1.5 (0–4); the 95th percentile was 7. In Sergipe, 101 infants (60.4% boys) were included. The median (interquartile range) CoMiSS was 4 (4–6); the 95th centile was 10.9. Age (odds ratio [OR], 0.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.94–0.99;p<0.001) and country (OR, 2.40; 95% CI, 2.06–2.79; p<0.001) were significant independent predictors of changes in mean CoMiSS in a linear regression model (r2 =0.27). Conclusion Median CoMiSS in healthy infants differed between Jakarta and Sergipe (1.5 vs. 4.0).These findings highlight that the perceived normality of parents may be region-dependent.

Purpose: Metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus may play a role in the development and progression of prostate cancer (PC); however, this association remains to be explored in the context of specific PC stages. The objective of this study was to systematically review the evidence for an association between diabetes and overall, early, or advanced PC risk. Materials and Methods: A systematic review with meta-analysis was performed (MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CINAHL) from inception until September 2023. Cohort and case-control studies that assessed PC risk in adult males (≥18 years) associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus or diabetes (if there was no distinction between diabetes type) were included. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to assess study bias; those with NOS<7 were excluded. Evidence certainty was assessed with the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) method. Results: Thirty-four studies (n=26 cohorts and n=8 case-controls) were included. Of these, 32 assessed diabetes and all PC stages combined, 12 included early PC stages, and 15 included advanced PC stages. Our meta-analysis showed diabetes had a protective effect against early PC development (n=11, risk ratio [RR]=0.71; 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.61–0.83, I2=84%) but no association was found for combined (n=21, RR=0.95; 95% CI=0.79–1.13, I2=99%) or advanced PC stages (n=15, RR=0.96; 95% CI=0.77–1.18, I2=98%) at diagnosis. According to GRADE, the evidence certainty was very low. Conclusions Diabetes may be protective against early PC stages, yet evidence linking diabetes to risk across all stages, and advanced PC specifically, is less conclusive. High heterogeneity may partially explain discrepancy in findings and was mostly associated with study design, method used for PC diagnosis, and risk measures. Our results may aid risk stratification of males with diabetes and inform new approaches for PC screening in this group, especially considering the reduced sensitivity of prostate-specific antigen values for those with diabetes.

Purpose: Rare diseases occur in <50 per 100000 people and require lifelong management. However, essential epidemiological data on such diseases are lacking, and a consecutive monitoring system across time and regions remains to be established. Standardized digital phenotypes are required to leverage an international data network for research on rare endocrine diseases. We developed digital phenotypes for rare endocrine diseases using the observational medical outcome partnership common data model. Materials and Methods: Digital phenotypes of three rare endocrine diseases (medullary thyroid cancer, hypoparathyroidism, pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma) were validated across three databases that use different vocabularies: Severance Hospital’s electronic health record from South Korea; IQVIA’s United Kingdom (UK) database for general practitioners; and IQVIA’s United States (US) hospital database for general hospitals. We estimated the performance of different digital phenotyping methods based on International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10 in the UK and the US or systematized nomenclature of medicine clinical terms (SNOMED CT) in Korea. Results: The positive predictive value of digital phenotyping was higher using SNOMED CT-based phenotyping than ICD-10-based phenotyping for all three diseases in Korea (e.g., pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma: ICD-10, 58%–62%; SNOMED CT, 89%). Estimated incidence rates by digital phenotyping were as follows: medullary thyroid cancer, 0.34–2.07 (Korea), 0.13–0.30 (US); hypoparathyroidism, 0.40–1.20 (Korea), 0.59–1.01 (US), 0.00–1.78 (UK); and pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma, 0.95–1.67 (Korea), 0.35–0.77 (US), 0.00–0.49 (UK). Conclusion Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of developing digital phenotyping of rare endocrine diseases and highlight the importance of implementing SNOMED CT in routine clinical practice to provide granularity for research.

Background and Objectives: Auditory sensory gating deficits are abnormalities in patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) that may lead to sensory processing difficulties. It is particularly difficult for children with ASD to distinguish multiple auditory stimuli, which hinders them from focusing on a single auditory stimulus and separating unnecessary sounds. Suppression of otoacoustic emission (OAE) is an approach used to identify sensory gating deficits in the general population, specifically for children with ASD. This study aimed to investigate the suppression effect of various types of sound suppressors to measure their sensory gating capacity in children with ASD. Subjects and Methods: Twenty children including 10 with ASD and 10 normally developing children aged 6-12 years were recruited for this study. One accessible ear was exposed to transient-evoked OAE, whereas the other was exposed to suppressor tones. Contralateral suppressors included white noise, Quranic recitations, environmental noise, and natural sound. The magnitude of OAE suppression was determined from the difference between the OAE amplitude with and without the masker (in dB sound pressure levels) for all sound types. The sound with the highest suppression effect was determined using effect size calculation and repeated-measures analysis of variance at a 95% confidence level. A high suppression effect may suggest a high sensory gating performance, whereas low suppression may indicate low sensory gating performance. Results: Based on the analysis, the sound with the highest suppression effect was that of the waterfall. The suppression results were supported by descriptive analysis findings and effect-size calculations. Conclusions This study provides a better understanding of the alternative sound stimuli, besides the standard white noise tone, for the assessment of sensory gating deficits among children with ASD. Sounds with a high suppression effect have the potential to be used as sound therapy interventions for children with ASD as part of rehabilitation and therapy.

Background: The optimal screening interval for diabetic retinopathy (DR) remains controversial. This study aimed to develop a risk algorithm to predict the individual risk of referable sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy (STDR) in a mainly Chinese population and to provide evidence for risk-based screening intervals. Methods: The retrospective cohort data from 117,418 subjects who received systematic DR screening in Hong Kong between 2010 and 2016 were included to develop and validate the risk algorithm using a parametric survival model. The risk algorithm can be used to predict the individual risk of STDR within a specific time interval, or the time to reach a specific risk margin and thus to allocate a screening interval. The calibration performance was assessed by comparing the cumulative STDR events versus predicted risk over 2 years, and discrimination by using receiver operative characteristics (ROC) curve. Results: Duration of diabetes, glycosylated hemoglobin, systolic blood pressure, presence of chronic kidney disease, diabetes medication, and age were included in the risk algorithm. The validation of prediction performance showed that there was no significant difference between predicted and observed STDR risks in males (5.6% vs. 5.1%, P=0.724) or females (4.8% vs. 4.6%, P=0.099). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.80 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.78 to 0.81) for males and 0.81 (95% CI, 0.79 to 0.83) for females. Conclusion The risk algorithm has good prediction performance for referable STDR. Using a risk-based screening interval allows us to allocate screening visits disproportionally more to those at higher risk, while reducing the frequency of screening of lower risk people.

Purpose: Recent development in perioperative treatment of resectable non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have changed the landscape of early lung cancer management. The ADAURA trial has demonstrated the efficacy of adjuvant osimertinib treatment in resectable NSCLC patients; however, studies are required to show which subgroup of patients are at a high risk of relapse and require adjuvant epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment. This study evaluated risk factors for postoperative relapse among patients who underwent complete resection. Materials and Methods: Data were obtained from the Korean Association for Lung Cancer Registry (KALC-R), a database created using a retrospective sampling survey by the Korean Central Cancer Registry (KCCR) and the Lung Cancer Registration Committee. Results: A total of 3,176 patients who underwent curative resection was evaluated. The mean observation time was approximately 35.4 months. Among stage I to IIIA NSCLC patients, the EGFR-mutant subgroup included 867 patients, and 75.2%, 11.2%, and 11.8% were classified as stage I, stage II, and stage III, respectively. Within the EGFR-mutant subgroup, 44 (5.1%) and 121 (14.0%) patients showed early and late recurrence, respectively. Multivariate analysis on association with postoperative relapse among the EGFR-mutant subgroup showed that age, pathologic N and TNM stages, pleural invasion status, and surgery type were independent significant factors. Conclusion Among the population that underwent complete resection for early NSCLC with EGFR mutation, patients with advanced stage, pleural invasion, or limited resection are more likely to show postoperative relapse.