The multiple layers of the skin cover and protect our entire body. Among the skin layers, the epidermis is in direct contact with the outer environment and serves as the first line of defense. The epidermis functions as a physical and immunological barrier. To maintain barrier function, the epidermis continually regenerates and repairs itself when injured. Interactions between tissue-resident immune cells and epithelial cells are essential to sustain epidermal regeneration and repair. In this review, we will dissect the crosstalk between epithelial cells and specific immune cell populations located in the epidermis during homeostasis and wound repair. In addition, we will analyze the contribution of dysregulated immune-epithelial interactions in chronic inflammatory diseases.

The multiple layers of the skin cover and protect our entire body. Among the skin layers, the epidermis is in direct contact with the outer environment and serves as the first line of defense. The epidermis functions as a physical and immunological barrier. To maintain barrier function, the epidermis continually regenerates and repairs itself when injured. Interactions between tissue-resident immune cells and epithelial cells are essential to sustain epidermal regeneration and repair. In this review, we will dissect the crosstalk between epithelial cells and specific immune cell populations located in the epidermis during homeostasis and wound repair. In addition, we will analyze the contribution of dysregulated immune-epithelial interactions in chronic inflammatory diseases.

The multiple layers of the skin cover and protect our entire body. Among the skin layers, the epidermis is in direct contact with the outer environment and serves as the first line of defense. The epidermis functions as a physical and immunological barrier. To maintain barrier function, the epidermis continually regenerates and repairs itself when injured. Interactions between tissue-resident immune cells and epithelial cells are essential to sustain epidermal regeneration and repair. In this review, we will dissect the crosstalk between epithelial cells and specific immune cell populations located in the epidermis during homeostasis and wound repair. In addition, we will analyze the contribution of dysregulated immune-epithelial interactions in chronic inflammatory diseases.

Purpose: To report a case of nutritional optic neuropathy due to folic acid deficiency and who recoverd from oral supplementation with folic acid.Case summary: A 45-year-old man was referred to our hospital because of visual disturbance and color vision on the both eye without pain. There were no abnormal findings in the anterior segment and retina. An afferent pupillary defect was found in the left eye. Visual field examination showed central scotoma in both eyes and total color blindness on Hahn color vision test. The patient had a history of chronic alcoholism and had not eaten often recently. The folic acid level was decreased in the blood and after oral folic acid supplementation, visual acuity and visual field recovered after 6 weeks. Conclusions We report a new case of nutritional optic neuropathy due to folic acid deficiency and who recovered from oral supplementation with folic acid.

Purpose: To report a case of nutritional optic neuropathy due to folic acid deficiency and who recoverd from oral supplementation with folic acid.Case summary: A 45-year-old man was referred to our hospital because of visual disturbance and color vision on the both eye without pain. There were no abnormal findings in the anterior segment and retina. An afferent pupillary defect was found in the left eye. Visual field examination showed central scotoma in both eyes and total color blindness on Hahn color vision test. The patient had a history of chronic alcoholism and had not eaten often recently. The folic acid level was decreased in the blood and after oral folic acid supplementation, visual acuity and visual field recovered after 6 weeks. Conclusions We report a new case of nutritional optic neuropathy due to folic acid deficiency and who recovered from oral supplementation with folic acid.

Purpose: To evaluate the surgical outcomes of microincision pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) and intravitreal torsional phacoemulsification in eyes with dropped nuclear fragments following complicated cataract surgery. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 22 eyes of 22 patients who underwent microincison PPV for lens fragments dropped into the vitreous cavity during cataract surgery between January 2014 and December 2017 with a minimum 6-month follow-up was performed. Pre- and postoperative visual acuity, and intra- and postoperative complications (retinal detachment, retinal tear, cystoid macular edema, and thermal burns of the sclerotomy site) were recorded. Results: The study included 17 males and 5 females. The mean age of patients was 71.3 ± 8.2 years. The mean interval between cataract surgery and PPV was 0.4 ± 0.8 days, and all PPV procedures were performed within 3 days after cataract surgery. The mean best-corrected visual acuity (LogMAR) was 1.37 ± 0.79 in the preoperative state, which improved significantly to 0.21 ± 0.15 in the postoperative state (p < 0.001). No complication such as thermal burns of the sclerotomy site and retinal damage due to lens fragments occurred during intravitreal torsional phacoemulsification. Postoperative cystoid macular edema occurred in two eyes, which was managed medically. No retinal detachment was noted. Conclusions Microincision PPV and intravitreal phacoemulsification using a torsional phacoemulsification probe for lens fragments dropped into the vitreous cavity during cataract surgery was a safe and effective method, which resulted in visual improvement without any complication directly attributable to the probe.

Dental implants have become a popular and rapidly advancing technique to replace missing teeth. They have increasingly been used in the past few decades and have been associated with an increasing number of complications. There may be mechanical side effects, such as implant fracture while chewing, but side effects related to general procedures, such as bleeding and inflammation, may occur. Here, we report an autopsy case of death from pulmonary abscess and pneumonia due to septic emboli from gingival inflammation and sinusitis associated with dental implant surgery.

PURPOSE: To report a case of bilateral corneal opacities and rare spinal muscular atrophy type III (Kugelberg-Welander disease) in a galactokinase-deficiency patient.CASE SUMMARY: A 6-year-old female presented with bilateral ground glass-like superficial stromal corneal opacities in the corneal center. The patient exhibited developmental motor delay. On muscle biopsy, skeletal muscle neurogenic atrophy consistent with spinal muscular atrophy type III, i.e., Kugelberg-Welander disease, was diagnosed, as well as galactokinase deficiency. On genetic examination, mutation analysis showed an A198V mutation of galactokinase in chromosome 17q24 (“Osaka” variant). CONCLUSIONS Bilateral corneal opacities and spinal muscular atrophy type III was found in a galactokinase-deficiency patient.

PURPOSE: We explored the mydriatic effects of injected intracameral epinephrine after phacoemulsification (PE) combined with phacovitrectomy to treat proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). METHODS: We enrolled 96 patients (96 eyes) who underwent phacovitrectomy to treat PDR; we used ImageJ software to measure pupil sizes and the ratios of pupil to cornea area (PCA) before and after PE and after pars plana vitrectomy (PPV). We compared pupil sizes between those who received intracameral epinephrine (0.001% w/v) after PE but before PPV (study group, 46 eyes) and patients not so treated (control group, 50 eyes). RESULTS: The PCA ratios of the study group were 0.52 ± 0.11 before PE, 0.43 ± 0.12 after PE, and 0.51 ± 0.11 after PPV, respectively. Changes in pupil size were significant (p < 0.001, p < 0.001 respectively). The PCA ratios of the control group were 0.52 ± 0.10 before PE, 0.39 ± 0.15 after PE, and 0.43 ± 0.15 after PPV, respectively. Changes in pupil size after PE were significant (p = 0.011) but the change after PPV was not (p = 0.056). CONCLUSIONS: Intracameral epinephrine given after PE but before PPV effectively dilates the pupils during phacovitrectomy to treat PDR.
Cornea ; Diabetic Retinopathy ; Epinephrine ; Humans ; Mydriatics ; Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis ; Phacoemulsification ; Pupil ; Vitrectomy

This study evaluated the anti-Helicobacter and anti-inflammatory effects of Sohamhyungtang (SHHT). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of SHHT against Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) was determined by the agar dilution method. Expression of the H. pylori cagA gene in the presence of SHHT was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Inhibition of H. pylori urease by SHHT was determined by the phenol-hypochlorite assay. Antiadhesion activity of SHHT was measured by ureaphenol red reagent. Inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production in AGS cells was measured with Griess reagent. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and IL-8 mRNA expression in AGS cells which were infected with H. pylori was determined by qRT-PCR. IL-8 level was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The MIC of SHHT was 100 µg/mL and the expression of cagA gene was decreased about 25 folds in the presence of SHHT. H. pylori urease was inhibited 90% by SHHT. SHHT inhibited H. pylori adhesion on AGS cell in a concentration dependent manner. mRNA expression of iNOS and IL-8 and the production of NO and IL-8 were significantly decreased in the presence of SHHT. In conclusion, SHHT showed anti-Helicobacter activity and has potent anti-inflammatory effect on H. pylori-induced inflammation in human gastric epithelial AGS cells.
Agar ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Helicobacter pylori ; Helicobacter* ; Humans* ; Inflammation ; Interleukin-8 ; Methods ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Nitric Oxide ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Messenger ; Urease